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All Souls' Day

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For other uses, see All Souls' Day (novel) and All Souls Day (film).
"Holy Souls" redirects here. For other uses, see Holy Souls (disambiguation). "Faithful Departed" redirects here. For the Cranberries album, see To the Faithful Departed.

All Souls' Day
All Souls' Day by William-Adolphe Bouguereau
Also called
  • Feast of All Souls
  • Defuncts' Day
  • Day of Remembrance
  • Commemoration of all the faithful departed
Observed by
Liturgical colorBlack, where it is tradition[1] (otherwise violet or purple)[1]or violet
TypeChristian
SignificanceFor the souls of all the faithful departed
Observances
  • Prayer for the departed
  • visits to cemeteries
  • decking of graves
  • special pastries and food
Date2 November
FrequencyAnnual
Related to

All Souls' Day, also called The Commemoration of All the Faithful Departed,[2] is a day of prayer and remembrance for the faithful departed,[3] observed by Christians on 2 November.[4][5] In Western Christianity, including Roman Catholicism and certain parts of Lutheranism and Anglicanism, All Souls' Day is the third day of Allhallowtide, after All Saints' Day (1 November) and All Hallows' Eve (31 October).[6] Before the standardization of Western Christian observance on 2 November by St. Odilo of Cluny in the 10th century, many Roman Catholic congregations celebrated All Souls' Day on various dates during the Easter season as it is still observed in the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Eastern Catholic churches and the Eastern Lutheran churches. Churches of the East Syriac Rite (Assyrian Church of the East, Ancient Church of the East, Syro-Malabar Catholic Church, Chaldean Catholic Church) commemorate all the faithful departed on the Friday before Lent.[7] As with other days of the Allhallowtide season, popular practices for All Souls Day include attending Mass offered for the souls of the faithful departed, as well as Christian families visiting graveyards in order to pray and decorate their family graves with garlands, flowers, candles and incense.[8][9][10] Given that many Christian cemeteries are interdenominational in nature, All Souls Day observances often have an ecumenical dimension, with believers from various Christian denominations praying together and cooperating to adorn graves.[11][12]

In other languages

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Known in Latin as Commemoratio Omnium Fidelium Defunctorum, All Souls' Day is known

  • in other Germanic languages as Allerseelen (German), Allerzielen (Dutch), Alla själars dag (Swedish), and Alle Sjæles Dag (Danish);
  • in the Romance languages as Dia de Finados or Dia dos Fiéis Defuntos (Portuguese), Commémoration de tous les fidèles Défunts (French), Día de los Fieles Difuntos (Spanish), Commemorazione di tutti i fedeli defunti (Italian), and Ziua morților or Luminația (Romanian);
  • in the Slavic languages as Wspomnienie Wszystkich Wiernych Zmarłych or Zaduszki (Polish), Vzpomínka na všechny věrné zesnulé, Památka zesnulých or Dušičky (Czech), Pamiatka zosnulých or Dušičky (Slovak), Spomen svih vjernih mrtvih (Croatian), and День всех усопших верных or День поминовения всех усопших (Den' vsekh usopshikh vernykh; Den' pominoveniya vsekh usopshih) (Russian)
  • in the Baltic languages: Vėlinės or Visų Šventųjų Diena
  • in Hungarian: Halottak napja
  • and in Welsh: Dygwyl y Meirw, lit. 'Feast of the Dead'.

Background

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Nun visiting a graveyard at All Souls' Day

In the Catholic Church, "the faithful" refers essentially to baptized Catholics; "all souls" commemorates the church penitent of souls in purgatory, whereas "all saints" commemorates the church triumphant of saints in heaven. In the liturgical books of the Latin Church it is called the Commemoration of All the Faithful Departed (Latin: Commemoratio omnium fidelium defunctorum). The Catholic Church teaches that the purification of the souls in purgatory can be assisted by the actions of the faithful on earth. Its teaching is based also on the practice of prayer for the dead mentioned as far back as 2 Maccabees 12:42–46.[13] The theological basis for the feast is the doctrine that the souls which, on departing from the body, are not perfectly cleansed from venial sins, or have not fully atoned for past transgressions, are debarred from the Beatific vision, and that the faithful on earth can help them by prayers, alms, deeds, and especially by the sacrifice of the Holy Mass.[14]

In the Lutheranism, "the whole people of God in Christ Jesus" are seen as saints and All Souls Day commemorates those believers who have died as the 'faithful departed'.[15]

The United Protestant tradition emphasizes "the Christian belief in bodily resurrection and eternal life" in observances of All Souls Day.[16]

All Souls Day is seen by many Christian leaders are one in which ecumenism is celebrated, given that believers from various denominations collectively visit Christian cemeteries that are interdenominational in nature.[12][11] Christians from the Catholic, Lutheran, Reformed, Anglican, Methodist and Baptist denominations often come together to clean, repair and then decorate graveyards together.[8][11] Ecumenical prayer services are often held at Christian cemeteries on All Souls Day.[11]

Observance by Christian denomination

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Western Christianity

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All Souls' Day, painting by Jakub Schikaneder, 1888

History

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In Western Christianity, there is ample evidence of the custom of praying for the dead in the inscriptions of the catacombs, with their constant prayers for the peace of the souls of the departed and in the early liturgies, which commonly contain commemorations of the dead. Tertullian, Cyprian and other early Western Fathers witness to the regular practice of praying for the dead among the early Christians.[17]

In the sixth century, it was customary in Benedictine monasteries to hold a commemoration of the deceased members at Whitsuntide. In the time of St. Isidore of Seville (d. 636) who lived in what is today Spain, the Monday after Pentecost was designated to remember the deceased. At the beginning of the ninth century, Abbot Eigil of Fulda set 17 December as commemoration of all deceased in part of what is today Germany.[18]

According to Widukind of Corvey (c. 975), there also existed a ceremony praying for the dead on 1 October in Saxony.[14] But it was the day after All Saints' Day that Saint Odilo of Cluny chose when in the 11th century he instituted for all the monasteries dependent on the Abbey of Cluny an annual commemoration of all the faithful departed, to be observed with alms, prayers, and sacrifices for the relief of the suffering souls in purgatory. Odilo decreed that those requesting a Mass be offered for the departed should make an offering for the poor, thus linking almsgiving with fasting and prayer for the dead.[19]

The 2 November date and customs spread from the Cluniac monasteries to other Benedictine monasteries and thence to the Western Church in general.[20] The Diocese of Liège was the first diocese to adopt the practice under Bishop Notger (d. 1008).[14] 2 November was adopted in Italy and Rome in the thirteenth century.[18]

In the 15th century the Dominicans instituted a custom of each priest offering three Masses on the Feast of All Souls. During World War I, given the great number of war dead and the many destroyed churches where Mass could no longer be said, Pope Benedict XV, granted all priests the privilege of offering three Masses on All Souls' Day.[21]

Roman Catholicism

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All Saints' Day at Skogskyrkogården in Stockholm. The graves are lighted with votive lights.

If 2 November falls on a Sunday, All Souls' Day is observed on that day. In the Liturgy of the hours of All Souls' day the sequence Dies irae can be used ad libitum. Every priest is allowed to celebrate three holy Masses on All Souls' Day.

In Divine Worship: The Missal, used by members of the Anglican Ordinariates, the minor propers (Introit, Gradual, Tract, Sequence, Offertory, and Communion) are those used for Renaissance and Classical musical requiem settings, including the Dies Irae. This permits the performance of traditional requiem settings in the context of the Divine Worship Form of the Roman Rite on All Souls' Day as well as at funerals, votive celebrations of all faithful departed, and anniversaries of deaths.[22]

In the ordinary form of the Roman Rite, as well as in the Personal Ordinariates established by Benedict XVI for former Anglicans, it remains on 2 November if this date falls on a Sunday;[23][24] in the 1962–1969 form of the Roman Rite, use of which is still authorized, it is transferred to Monday, 3 November.[25]

According to the sacred tradition of the Catholic Church, from Nov. 1 to Nov. 8, it is possible to gain plenary indulgence for the benefit of the souls of the departed who are in Purgatory.[26]

All Souls' indulgences
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According to the Enchiridion of Indulgences, a plenary indulgence applicable only to the souls in purgatory (commonly called the poor souls) is granted to the faithful who devoutly visit a cemetery (graveyard) and pray for the dead.[27] The plenary indulgence can be gained between the second and ninth days of Allhallowtide (November 1-8); a partial indulgence is granted on other days of the year.[27] In order to gain the plenary indulgence, the Christian must have received confession and absolution and the eucharist twenty days before or after visiting the graveyard, in addition to praying for the intentions of the Pope.[27]

A plenary indulgence, applicable only to the poor souls, can be obtained by visiting a church, chapel or oratory on All Souls Day and praying the Lord's Prayer there, along with the Apostle's Creed, Athanasian Creed or Nicene Creed. Alternatively, Christians can pray the Lauds or Vespers of the Office of the Dead and the Eternal Rest prayer for the dead.[28][29]

Lutheran churches

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A graveyard outside a Lutheran church in the Swedish city of Röke during Allhallowtide

Among continental Lutherans, its tradition has been more tenaciously maintained. During Luther's lifetime, All Souls' Day was widely observed in Saxony although the Roman Catholic meaning of the day was discarded;[30] ecclesiastically in the Lutheran Church, the day was merged with and is often seen as an extension of All Saints' Day, with many Lutherans still visiting and decorating graves on all the days of Allhallowtide, including All Souls' Day.[10] In the Lutheran Churches, "the whole people of God in Christ Jesus" are seen as saints and All Souls Day commemorates those believers who have died as the 'faithful departed'.[15] Just as it is the custom of French people, of all ranks and creeds, to decorate the graves of their dead on the jour des morts, Germans come to the graveyards on All Souls' Day with offerings of flowers and special grave lights.[30]

Anglican Communion

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All Souls Anglican Church in the Diocese of Sydney, a parish dedicated to All Souls

In the Church of England it is called The Commemoration of the Faithful Departed and is an optional celebration; Anglicans view All Souls' Day as an extension of the observance of All Saints' Day and it serves to "remember those who have died", in connection with the theological doctrines of the resurrection of the body and the Communion of Saints.[31][32]

In the Anglican Communion, All Souls' Day is known liturgically as the Commemoration of All Faithful Departed, and is an optional observance seen as "an extension of All Saints' Day", the latter of which marks the second day of Allhallowtide.[32][33] Historically and at present, several Anglican churches are dedicated to All Souls. During the English Reformation, the observance of All Souls' Day lapsed, although a new Anglican theological understanding of the day has "led to a widespread acceptance of this commemoration among Anglicans".[34] Patricia Bays, with regard to the Anglican view of All Souls' Day, wrote that:[31]

All Souls Day … is a time when we particularly remember those who have died. The prayers appointed for that day remind us that we are joined with the Communion of Saints, that great group of Christians who have finished their earthly life and with who we share the hope of resurrection from the dead.

— Bays & Hancock 2012, p. 128

As such, Anglican parishes "now commemorate all the faithful departed in the context of the All Saints' Day celebration", in keeping with this fresh perspective.[32] Contributing to the revival was the need "to help Anglicans mourn the deaths of millions of soldiers in World War I".[35] Members of the Guild of All Souls, an Anglican devotional society founded in 1873, "are encouraged to pray for the dying and the dead, to participate in a requiem of All Souls' Day and say a Litany of the Faithful Departed at least once a month".[36]

At the Reformation the celebration of All Souls' Day was fused with All Saints' Day in the Church of England[37] or, in the judgement of some, it was "deservedly abrogated".[38] It was reinstated in certain parishes in connection with the Oxford Movement of the 19th century[37] and is acknowledged in United States Anglicanism in the Holy Women, Holy Men calendar[37] and in the Church of England with the 1980 Alternative Service Book. It features in Common Worship as a Lesser Festival called "Commemoration of the Faithful Departed (All Souls' Day)".[39]

Reformed churches

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Certain Reformed (Continental Reformed, Presbyterian, and Congregationalist) churches observe All Souls Day.[11] In All Souls Day observances by the Reformed Churches, the theological doctrine of "the Christian belief in bodily resurrection and eternal life" is emphasized, along with a remembrance of the faithful departed.[16] Additionally, dead are remembered on the feast of Totensonntag (Totenfest), the last Sunday before Advent. It was introduced in 1816, in Prussia, and in addition to the Reformed, it is observed by Lutherans in addition to Allhallowtide, particularly in areas with a large Germanic presence.[40]

Methodist churches

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In the Methodist Church, saints refer to all Christians and therefore, on All Saints' Day, the Church Universal, as well as the deceased members of a local congregation are honoured and remembered.[41][42] In Methodist congregations that celebrate the liturgy on All Souls' Day, the observance, as with Anglicanism and Lutheranism, is viewed as an extension of All Saints' Day and as such, Methodists "remember our loved ones who had died" in their observance of this feast.[43]

Eastern Catholic, Eastern Lutheran and Eastern Orthodox

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Main article: Saturday of Souls
Kollyva offerings of boiled wheat blessed liturgically on Soul Saturday (Psychosabbaton)

Saturday of Souls (or Soul Saturday) is a day set aside for the commemoration of the dead within the liturgical year of the Eastern Orthodox, Eastern Lutheran and Byzantine Catholic Churches.[7] Saturday is a traditional day of prayer for the dead, because Christ lay dead in the Tomb on Saturday.[44]

These days are devoted to prayer for departed relatives and others among the faithful who would not be commemorated specifically as saints. The Divine Services on these days have special hymns added to them to commemorate the departed. There is often a Panikhida (Memorial Service) either after the Divine Liturgy on Saturday morning or after Vespers on Friday evening, for which Koliva (a dish made of boiled wheatberries or rice and honey) is prepared and placed on the Panikhida table. After the Service, the priest blesses the Koliva. It is then eaten as a memorial by all present.[45]

Radonitsa

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Main article: Radonitsa

Another Memorial Day in the East, Radonitsa, does not fall on a Saturday, but on either Monday or Tuesday of the second week after Pascha (Easter).[46][47] Radonitsa does not have special hymns for the dead at the Divine Services. Instead a Panikhida will follow the Divine Liturgy, and then all will bring paschal foods to the cemeteries to greet the departed with the joy of the Resurrection.[46]

East Syriac tradition

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East Syriac churches including the Syro Malabar Church and Chaldean Catholic Church commemorates the feast of departed faithful on the last Friday of Epiphany season (which means Friday just before start of Great Lent).[48] The season of Epiphany remembers the revelation of Christ to the world. Each Friday of Epiphany season, the church remembers important evangelistic figures.[49]

In the Syro Malabar Church, the Friday before the parish festival is also celebrated as feast of departed faithful when the parish remembers the activities of forebears who worked for the parish and faithful. They also request the intercession of all departed souls for the faithful celebration of parish festival. In East Syriac liturgy, the church remembers departed souls including saints on every Friday throughout the year since the Christ was crucified and died on Friday.[citation needed]

[edit]

On All Souls Day, Christians of various denominational backgrounds, including Catholics, Lutherans, Anglicans and Methodists, among others, often help one another clean the graves of cemeteries, along with adorning them with flowers.[8] The General Secretary of the Church of North India described the ecumenism present in All Souls Day, stating that "This coming together shows Christian unity".[8] With respect to the economy, vendors "sell flowers, candles and incense sticks" to those visiting the graveyards, who are Christians of the Catholic and Protestant traditions.[8] Prayer services with representatives from different Christian denomination for All Souls Day are held at graveyards for those visiting them.[11][12]

All Souls Day emphasizes "the Christian belief in bodily resurrection and eternal life".[16] Some All Souls' Day traditions are associated with the doctrine of the poor souls of purgatory (in Roman Catholicism) or the intermediate state (in Protestantism and Orthodoxy). Bell tolling is done in honour of the dead. Lighting candles serves variously to kindle a light for the poor souls, honour the dead, as well as to ward off demons.[50][51] Soul cakes are given to children going souling—going from door to door to pray for the dead (cf. trick-or-treating, Pão-por-Deus).[52][53]

Europe

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All Souls' Day is celebrated in many European countries with vigils, candles, the decoration of graves, and special prayers as well as many regional customs.[30] Examples of regional customs include leaving cakes for departed loved ones on the table and keeping the room warm for their comfort in Tirol and the custom in Brittany, where people flock to the cemeteries at nightfall to kneel, bareheaded, at the graves of their loved ones and anoint the hollow of the tombstone with holy water or to pour libations of milk on it. At bedtime, supper is left on the table for the souls.[30] All Souls' Day is known in Maltese as Jum il-Mejtin, and is accompanied a traditional supper including roasted pig, based on a custom of letting a pig loose on the streets with a bell around its neck, to be fed by the entire neighborhood and cooked on that day to feed the poor.[54] In Linz, funereal musical pieces known as aequales were played from tower tops on All Souls' Day and the evening before.[55] In the Czech Republic and Slovakia All Souls' Day is called Dušičky, or "little souls". Traditionally, candles are left on graves on Dušičky.[56] In Sicily and other regions of southern Italy, All Souls' Day is celebrated as the Festa dei Morti or U juornu rii morti, the "Commemoration of the Dead" or the "Day of the Dead", which according to Joshua Nicolosi of the Sicilian Post could be seen "halfway between Christian and pagan traditions".[57][58] Families visit and clean grave sites, home altars are decorated with family photos and votive candles, and children are gifted a special basket or cannistru of chocolates, pomegranate, and other gifts from their ancestors.[59][58] Because of the gifting of sugary sweets and the emphasis on sugar puppet decorations, the Commemoration Day has spurred local Sicilian events such as the Notte di Zucchero ("Night of Sugar") in which communities celebrate the dead.[60] Piada dei morti (lit. 'piada of the dead'), a sweet focaccia topped with raisins, almonds, walnuts, and pine nuts,[61][62] is traditionally eaten in November for All Souls' Day in the environs of Rimini, in Emilia-Romagna.[61]

Indian subcontinent

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A Christian woman in India decorates a grave with flower petals

In the Indian subcontinent (India, Pakistan and Bangladesh), Christians hold prayer services in which they pray for the faithful departed, especially remembering their loved ones.[16][12] Christians of various denominations visit cemeteries and adorn graves with flower petals, garlands, candles and incense sticks.[16][12]

Philippines

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Main article: All Saints' Day § Philippines

In the Philippines, Hallow mas is variously called "Undás", "Todos los Santos" (Spanish, "All Saints"), and sometimes "Araw ng mga Patay / Yumao" (Tagalog, "Day of the dead / those who have passed away"), which incorporates All Saints' Day and All Souls' Day.[dubious – discuss] Filipinos traditionally observe this day by visiting the family dead to clean and repair their tombs. Offerings of prayers, flowers, candles,[63] and food. Chinese Filipinos additionally burn incense and kim. Many also spend the day and ensuing night holding reunions at the cemetery with feasts and merriment.

See also

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References

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Citations

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  1. ^ a b General Instruction of the Roman Missal, 346
  2. ^ "The Commemoration of All the Faithful Departed (All Souls' Day)". Archived from the original on 25 November 2022. Retrieved 25 November 2022.
  3. ^ Bregman 2010, p. 45.
  4. ^ Cross & Livingstone 2005, p. 42.
  5. ^ Ball 2003, p. 33: All Souls' Day: The annual commemoration of all the faithful departed, 2 November.
  6. ^ Bannatyne 1998, p. 12.
  7. ^ a b "All Souls' Day: History, significance and all you need to know". The Economic Times. 2 November 2022. Retrieved 2 November 2024.
  8. ^ a b c d e "In South Asia, All Souls' Day is also a tribute to ecumenism". Union of Catholic Asian News. 2014. Retrieved 2 November 2024.
  9. ^ "All Saints Day and} All Souls Day". A Lutheran Layman. 1 November 2022. Retrieved 2 November 2024.
  10. ^ a b Markussen 2013, p. 183.
  11. ^ a b c d e f "Shillong, Dibrugarh residents remember departed loved ones on All Souls' Day". The Times of India. 3 November 2012. Retrieved 2 November 2024.
  12. ^ a b c d e "All Souls Day in South Asia an ecumenical event". Vatican Radio. 2 November 2015. Retrieved 2 November 2024.
  13. ^ "The Final Purification, or Purgatory". Catechism of the Catholic Church. vatican.va. Archived from the original on 14 February 2015. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
  14. ^ a b c Mershman 1907.
  15. ^ a b "All Souls' Day". Ocala: Joy Lutheran Church. 2 November 2023.
  16. ^ a b c d e Deshpande, Sanjana (3 November 2023). "Christians across India commemorate 'All Souls' Day'". Mid-Day. Retrieved 2 November 2024.
  17. ^ Cross & Livingstone 2005, p. 459.
  18. ^ a b MacDonald 1967, p. 119.
  19. ^ Butler 1990, p. 12.
  20. ^ McNamara 2013.
  21. ^ Saunders 2003.
  22. ^ Divine Worship: The Missal, pp. 871–875, 1024–1032
  23. ^ Roman Missal, "The Commemoration of All the Faithful Departed", and "Universal Norms on the Liturgical Year and the Calendar", 59
  24. ^ Divine Worship: The Missal, "Commemoration of All the Faithful Departed (All Souls)", p. 871
  25. ^ Missale Romanum 1962, Rubricæ generales, "De dierum liturgicorum occurentia accidentali eorumque translatione", 96b
  26. ^ "November 1 to 8: Plenary Indulgence for the Deceased".
  27. ^ a b c "Plenary Indulgences for All Souls Week and the Month of November". St. Elizabeth Ann Seton Parish. Retrieved 2 November 2024.
  28. ^ "Enchiridion Indulgentiarum" (in Latin) (4th ed.). Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 16 July 1999. N.15. Archived from the original on 14 January 2010.
  29. ^ "The Enchiridion of Indulgences". Catholic Online. Archived from the original on 8 April 2019. Retrieved 5 July 2019.
  30. ^ a b c d Chisholm 1911.
  31. ^ a b Bays & Hancock 2012, p. 128.
  32. ^ a b c Armentrout & Slocum 1999, p. 7.
  33. ^ Dickison 2014.
  34. ^ Michno 1998, p. 160.
  35. ^ English 2004, p. 4.
  36. ^ Armentrout & Slocum 1999, p. 232.
  37. ^ a b c "All Saints' Day/All Faithful Departed" (PDF). episcopalchurch.org. The Domestic and Foreign Missionary Society. 28 October 2012. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
  38. ^ BCP 1850.
  39. ^ "Lesser Festivals". The Church of England. Archived from the original on 5 December 2020. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
  40. ^ "Totensonntag: Welche Bedeutung hat der stille Gedenktag?". Archived from the original on 19 June 2023. Retrieved 19 June 2023.
  41. ^ Hileman 2003.
  42. ^ Peck 2011.
  43. ^ Sherwood, Colin. "All Souls Day Service". St Andrew`s Methodist Church. Methodist Church of Great Britain. Archived from the original on 8 August 2022. Retrieved 21 September 2015. During our All Souls Day Service on 2nd. November, as we remembered our loved ones who had died, some recently and other longer ago, candles were lit in memory of them and placed on a cairn built in front of the pulpit.
  44. ^ "Saints and Feasts: Saturday of Souls". www.goarch.org. Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America. Archived from the original on 18 April 2021. Retrieved 6 November 2020.
  45. ^ Panteleimon of Antinoes (9 March 2013). "Saturday of the Souls". The Orthodox Path. Archived from the original on 20 October 2020. Retrieved 6 November 2020.
  46. ^ a b "The Liturgics of Archbishop Averky". www.holytrinitymission.org. Archived from the original on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 6 November 2020.
  47. ^ S. V. Bulgakov, Handbook for Church Servers, 2nd ed., 1274 pp. (Kharkov, 1900), pp. 586–589. Tr. by Archpriest Eugene D. Tarris © 2007.
  48. ^ "Commemoration of the Departed Faithful". Nasrani Foundation. Archived from the original on 4 November 2016. Retrieved 3 November 2016.
  49. ^ "Syro Malabar Liturgical Calendar 2016" (PDF). Syro-Malabar Major Archiepiscopal Commission for Liturgy. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
  50. ^ "The Burning of Blessed Candles is Beneficial To the Suffering Souls". The Friends of the Poor Souls. 4 April 2006. Retrieved 2 November 2024.
  51. ^ Carter, Albert Howard; Petro, Jane Arbuckle (1998). Rising from the Flames: The Experience of the Severely Burned. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 100. ISBN 978-0-8122-1517-5.
  52. ^ Schousboe 2012, pp. 10–13.
  53. ^ Mosteller, Angie (2 July 2014). Christian Origins of Halloween. Rose Publishing. ISBN 978-1-59636-535-3. In Protestant regions souling remained an important occasion for soliciting food and money from rich neighbors in preparation for the coming cold and dark months.
  54. ^ "Maltese traditions to mark All Souls Day at the Inquisitor's Palace". Times of Malta. 27 October 2016. Archived from the original on 5 July 2019. Retrieved 5 July 2019.
  55. ^ From sleevenotes, Triton Trombone Quartet: "German Trombone Music"; BIS-CD-644
  56. ^ Strašíková, Lucie. "Dušičky – čas symbolického prolínání světa živých a mrtvých". ČT24 (in Czech). Česká televize. Archived from the original on 30 October 2021. Retrieved 30 October 2021.
  57. ^ "Sicilian Post: The Day of the Dead in Sicily". November 2018. Archived from the original on 29 November 2020.
  58. ^ a b "Palermo Street Food - The Sicilian Day of the Dead". November 2014. Archived from the original on 30 March 2016.
  59. ^ "Dooid Magazine - All Souls Day Traditions in Sicily". 12 October 2019. Archived from the original on 2 November 2021.
  60. ^ "Notte di Zucchero". Archived from the original on 1 November 2020.
  61. ^ a b Lazzari, Martina (29 October 2023). "Piada dei morti, preparazione e curiosità sulla dolce "piadina" romagnola" [Piada dei morti: Preparation and curiosity about the sweet Romagnol "piadina"]. RiminiToday (in Italian). Retrieved 17 February 2024.
  62. ^ "Piada dei morti ricetta dolce facile romagnolo per il 2 Novembre" [Easy recipe for sweet Romagnol piada dei morti for 2 November]. Giallo Zafferano (in Italian). 31 October 2017. Retrieved 17 February 2024.
  63. ^ "All Saints Day around the world". The Guardian. 1 November 2010. Archived from the original on 19 April 2019. Retrieved 2 November 2020.

Sources

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Further reading

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