Ancient Semitic religion

Ancient Semitic religion encompasses the polytheistic religions of the Semitic peoples from ancient Near East and Northeast Africa. Its origins are intertwined with Mesopotamian mythology. Since the term Semitic itself represents a rough category when referring to cultures, as opposed to languages, the definitive bounds of the term "ancient Semitic religion" are only approximate.

Semitic traditions and their pantheons fall into regional categories: Canaanite religions of the Levant, Sumerian tradition-inspired Assyro-Babylonian religion, and pre-Islamic Arabian polytheism. Semitic polytheism possibly transitioned into Abrahamic monotheism by way of the god El, whose name is a word for "god" in Hebrew, cognate to Islam's Allah.

Proto-Semitic pantheon

Abbreviations: Ac. Akkadian-Babylonian; Ug. Ugaritic; Pp. Phoenician; Ib. Hebrew; Ar. Arabic; OSA Old South Arabian; Et. Ethiopic

ʼIlu - "god" (Sky god, head of pantheon: Ac. Ilu, Ug. il, Pp. ʼl/Ēlos, Ib. El/Elohim, Ar. Allāh, OSA ʼl).
ʼAṯiratu - (Ilu's wife: Ug. aṯrt, Ib. Ašērāh, OSA ʼṯrt) - The meaning of the name is unknown. She is also called ʼIlatu "goddess" (Ac. Ilat, Pp. ʼlt, Ar. Allāt).
ʻAṯtaru - (God of Fertility: Ug. ʻṯtr, OSA ʻṯtr, Et. ʻAstar sky god).
ʻAṯtartu - (Goddess of Fertility: Ac. Ištar, Ug. ʻṯtrt, Pp. ʻštrt / Astarte, Ib. ʻAštoreṯ). The meaning of the name is unknown and not related to ʼAṯiratu.
Haddu/Hadadu - (Storm god: Ac. Adad, Ug. hd, Pp. Adodos). The meaning of the name is probably "thunderer". This god is also known as Baʻlu "husband, lord" (Ac. Bel, Ug. bʻl, Pp. bʻl'/Belos, Ib. Baʻal).
Śamšu - "sun" (Sun goddess: Ug. špš, OSA: šmš, but Ac. Šamaš is a male god).
Wariḫu - "moon" (Moon god: Ug. yrḫ, Ib. Yārēaḥ, OSA wrḫ).

Akkad, Assyria and Babylonia

When the five planets were identified, they were associated with the sun and moon and connected with the chief gods of the Babylonian pantheon. A bilingual list in the British Museum arranges the sevenfold planetary group in the following order:^[1]

The religion of the Assyrian Empire (sometimes called Ashurism) centered on Ashur, patron deity of the city of Assur, and Ishtar, patroness of Nineveh. The last positively recorded worship of Ashur and other Assyrian gods dates back to the 3rd century AD.^[2]^[3]

Ashur, the patron deity of the eponymous capital from the Late Bronze Age, was in constant rivalry with the patron deity of Babylon, Marduk. In Assyria, Ashur eventually superseded Marduk, even becoming the husband of Ishtar.

The major Assyro-Babylonian and Akkadian gods were:

Ashur (Template:Lang-arc) / Anshar, patron of Assur
Ishtar, (Astarte), goddess of love and war and patroness of Nineveh (Template:Lang-arc)
Nabu - god of writing and scribes
Nergal - god of the Underworld
Tiamat - sea goddess
Samnuha^[4]
Kubaba^[5]
Marduk
Enlil
Ninlil
Nisroch
Hanbi - father of Pazuzu
Anu
Ea, Sumerian Enki - god of crafts
Kishar
Sin / Suen, Sumerian Nanna - moon god
Ishara
Shamash - sun god
Adad/Hadad^[6]
Dagan/Dagon
Bel
Tammuz

Major Assyro-Babylonian demons and heroes were:

Canaan

The Canaanite religion was the religion of the people living in the ancient Levant throughout the Bronze Age and Iron Age. Until the excavation of the city of Ras Shamra (also known as Ugarit) in Northern Syria and the discovery of its Bronze Age archive of clay tablet alphabetic cuneiform texts,^[9] little was known of Canaanite religion. Papyrus seems to have been the preferred writing material for scribes at the time. Unlike the papyrus documents found in Egypt, these have simply decayed from exposure to the humid Mediterranean climate. As a result, the accounts in the Bible are the primary sources of information on ancient Canaanite religion. These accounts are supplemented by several secondary and tertiary Greek sources, including Lucian of Samosata's treatise De Dea Syria (The Syrian Goddess), fragments of the Phoenician History of Philo of Byblos, and the writings of Damascius. Additional information about the religion has been uncovered through recent study of the Ugaritic material^[10] and inscriptions from the Levant and Tel Mardikh archive^[11] (excavated in the early 1960s).

The Canaanite religion shows the clear influence of Mesopotamian and Egyptian religious practices. Like other peoples of the ancient Near East, the Canaanites were polytheistic, with families typically focusing worship on ancestral household gods and goddesses while acknowledging the existence of other deities such as Baal, Anath, and El.^[12] Kings also played an important religious role and in certain ceremonies, such as the sacred marriage of the New Year Festival, and may have been revered as gods.

According to the pantheon, which is known in Ugarit as 'ilhm (Elohim) or the children of El (cf. the Biblical "sons of God"), the creator^{[clarification needed]} was known as Elion (Biblical El Elyon), who was the father of the divinities. In the Greek sources he was married to Beruth (Beirut, the city). The pantheon was supposedly obtained by Philo of Byblos from Sanchuniathon of Berythus (Beirut). This marriage of the deity with the city seems to have Biblical parallels with the stories that link Melkart and Tyre; Yahweh and Jerusalem; Tanit and Baal Hammon in Carthage. El Elyon is mentioned as God Most High in Genesis 14.18–19 as the God whose priest was Melchizedek king of Salem.

Philo further states that Uranus and Ge (Greek names for Heaven and Earth) were born from the union of El Elyon and his consort. This closely parallels the opening verse of Genesis 1:1 In the beginning God (Elohim) created the Heavens (Shemayim) and the Earth (Eretz). It also parallels the story of the Babylonian Anunaki.

Abrahamic religions

The Enuma Elish has been compared to the Genesis creation narrative.^[13]^[14]^[15]^[16] Some writers trace the story of Esther to Babylonian roots.^[17]

El Elyon also appears in Balaam's story in Numbers and in Moses song in Deuteronomy 32.8. The Masoretic Texts suggest:

When the Most High (`Elyōn) divided to the nations their inheritance, he separated the sons of man (Ādām); he set the bounds of the people according to the number of the sons of Israel.

Rather than "sons of Israel", the Septuagint, the Greek Old Testament, suggests the angelōn theou^{[clarification needed]}, or "angels of God", and a few versions even have huiōn theou (sons of God). The Dead Sea Scrolls version of this suggests that there were in fact 70 sons of the Most High God sent to rule over the 70 nations of the Earth. This idea of the 70 nations of Earth, each ruled over by one of the Elohim (sons of God), is also found in Ugaritic texts. The Arslan Tash inscription suggests that each of the 70 sons of El Elyon was bound to their people by a covenant. Thus, Crossan^[who?] translates:

The Eternal One (`Olam) has made a covenant oath with us,

Asherah has made (a pact) with us.

And all the sons of El,

And the great council of all the Holy Ones (Qedesh).

With oaths of Heaven and Ancient Earth.

References

^ Mackenzie, p. 301.
^ "Brief History of Assyrians". AINA Assyrian International News Agency.
^ Parpola, Simo (1999). "Assyrians after Assyria". Assyriologist. Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies, Vol. XIII No. 2,. The gods Ashur, Sherua, Ishtar, Nanaya, Bel, Nabu and Nergal continued to be worshiped in Assur at least until the early 3rd century AD; the local cultic calendar was that of the imperial period; the temple of Ashur was restored in the 2nd century AD; and the stelae of the local rulers resemble those of Assyrian kings in the imperial period. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
^ Dalley, Stephanie, Mari and Karana: Two Old Babylonian Cities (2002), ISBN 1-931956-02-2, ^{[page needed]}
^ Dalley (2002) ^{[page needed]}
^ Robert Francis Harper (1901). Assyrian and Babylonian literature. D. Appleton and company. p. 26. Retrieved 27 June 2011.
^ Thorkild Jacobsen (1978). The treasures of darkness: a history of Mesopotamian religion. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-02291-9. Retrieved 27 June 2011.
^ "ETCSLhomepage". Etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk. 2006-10-24. Retrieved 2015-05-16.
^ Gray, John, "The Legacy of Canaan the Ras Shamra Texts and Their Relevance to the Old Testament", No. 5. Brill Archive, 1957; for a more recent discussion see Yon, Marguerite, The City of Ugarit at Tell Ras Shamra, Eisenbrauns, 2006.
^ Smith, Mark S., The origins of biblical monotheism: Israel's polytheistic background and the Ugaritic texts, Oxford University Press, 2001.
^ PONS, J. "EPIGRAPHICAL MATERIAL OF ELBA, VOL 1, CATALOG OF CUNEIFORM TEXTS TEL-MARDIKH-EBLA-ITALIAN-PETTINATO, G, ALBERTI, A." (1981): 339-341.
^ "Canaanite religion". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2014-04-17. Retrieved 2016-01-26.
^ "Babylonian Creational Myths Enuma Elish". Crystalinks. Retrieved 2011-12-28.
^ "The Enuma Elish: The Babylonian Creation Myth". Crivoice.org. 2011-11-11. Retrieved 2011-12-28.
^ "ENUMA ELISH - Babylonian Creation Myth - Theories". Stenudd.com. Retrieved 2011-12-28.
^ Sharpes, Donald K. 'Lords of the scrolls: literary traditions in the Bible and Gospels'. Peter Lang, 2005. ISBN 0-8204-7849-0, 978-0-8204-7849-4
^ Gunkel, Hermanh (2006). Creation and Chaos in the Primeval Era and the Eschaton: Religio-Historical Study of Genesis 1 and Revelation 12. William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. p. 198. ISBN 978-0802828040.