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Anni Albers

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Anni Albers
Born
Annelise Elsa Frieda Fleischmann

(1899-06-12)June 12, 1899
Berlin, German Empire
DiedMay 9, 1994(1994-05-09) (aged 94)
Orange, Connecticut, U.S.
EducationBauhaus
Known forTextiles
Graphic design
Fine Art
Spouse
​
​
(m. 1925; died 1976)​
Websitewww.albersfoundation.org

Anni Albers (born Annelise Elsa Frieda Fleischmann; June 12, 1899 – May 9, 1994)[1] was a German-Jewish visual artist and printmaker. A leading textile artist of the 20th century, she is credited with blurring the lines between traditional craft and art.[2][3][4] Born in Berlin in 1899, Fleischmann initially studied under impressionist painter Martin Brandenburg from 1916 to 1919 and briefly attended the Kunstgewerbeschule in Hamburg in 1919. She later enrolled at the Bauhaus, an avant-garde art and architecture school founded by Walter Gropius in Weimar in 1922, where she began exploring weaving after facing restrictions in other disciplines due to gender biases at the institution.

Under the guidance of Gunta Stölzl, Fleischmann developed a passion for the tactile qualities of weaving, shifting her artistic focus from painting to textile art. In 1926, Fleischmann married fellow Bauhaus figure Josef Albers, taking on her husband's last name, and moved with the school to Dessau. The Bauhaus's emphasis on functional design led to innovations in materials that combined aesthetics with practical benefits like sound absorption and light reflection. She eventually headed the weaving workshop after Gunta Stölzl's departure in 1931. The political pressures of Nazi Germany forced the Albers to relocate to the United States in 1933, where Anni Albers took up a teaching position at Black Mountain College in North Carolina.

In 1949, Albers became the first textile designer to have a solo exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art in New York. After leaving Black Mountain College, she continued to create textile designs and ventured into printmaking. In the subsequent years, the Josef and Anni Albers Foundation was founded to "perpetuate the vision of Anni and Josef Albers through exhibitions, publications, education, and outreach concomitant with the Alberses’ personal values".[5]

Early life and education

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Anni Albers was a textile artist born Annelise Elsa Frieda Fleischmann on June 12, 1899, in Berlin, Germany.[6] Her mother was from a family in the publishing industry and her father was a furniture maker.[7] Even in her childhood, she was intrigued by art and the visual world. She painted during her youth and studied under impressionist artist Martin Brandenburg, from 1916 to 1919,[3] but was very discouraged from continuing after a meeting with artist Oskar Kokoschka, who upon seeing a portrait of hers asked her sharply "Why do you paint?"[8]: 154 

Fleischmann eventually decided to attend art school, even though the challenges for art students were often great and the living conditions harsh. Such a lifestyle sharply contrasted with the affluent and comfortable living that she had been used to. She attended the Kunstgewerbeschule in Hamburg for only two months in 1919, then in April 1922 began her studies at the Bauhaus at Weimar.[9]

Design for Wall Hanging, 1925 (Harvard Art Museums)
Design for a Silk Tapestry, 1926 (Harvard Art Museums)
Design for a Jacquard Weaving, 1926 (Harvard Art Museums)
Design for a Rug, 1927 (Harvard Art Museums)

At the Bauhaus she began her first year under Georg Muche and then Johannes Itten.[10] Fleischmann struggled to find her particular workshop at the Bauhaus. Women were barred from certain disciplines taught at the school[11] and during her second year, unable to gain admission to a glass workshop with future husband Josef Albers, Fleischmann deferred reluctantly to weaving, the only workshop available to women.[3] Fleischmann had never tried weaving and believed it to be too "sissy" of a craft.[12] However, with her instructor Gunta Stölzl, the only woman 'master' at the school, Fleischmann soon learned to appreciate the challenges of tactile construction and began producing geometric designs.[13] In her writing, titled Material as Metaphor, Albers mentions her Bauhaus beginnings: "In my case it was threads that caught me, really against my will. To work with threads seemed sissy to me. I wanted something to be conquered. But circumstances held me to threads and they won me over."[14]

The Bauhaus in Dessau, Germany

Career

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In 1925, Fleischmann married Josef Albers, the latter having rapidly become a "Junior Master" at the Bauhaus.[6] The school moved to Dessau in 1926, and a new focus on production rather than craft at the Bauhaus prompted Anni Albers to develop many functionally unique textiles combining properties of light reflection, sound absorption, durability, and minimized wrinkling and warping tendencies. She had several of her designs published and received contracts for wall hangings.[15]

For a time, Albers was a student of Paul Klee, and after Walter Gropius left Dessau in 1928 the Alberses moved into the teaching quarters next to both the Klees and the Kandinskys.[16] During this time, the Alberses began their lifelong habit of traveling extensively: first through Italy, Spain, and the Canary Islands.[8] In 1930, Albers received her Bauhaus diploma for innovative work: her use of a new material, cellophane, to design a sound-absorbing and light-reflecting wallcovering.[17]

When Gunta Stölzl left the Bauhaus in 1931, Albers took over her role as head of the weaving workshop, making her one of the few women to hold such a senior role at the school.[18]

Besides surface qualities, such as rough and smooth, dull and shiny, hard and soft, textiles also includes colour, and, as the dominating element, texture, which is the result of the construction of weaves. Like any craft it may end in producing useful objects, or it may rise to the level of art.

— Anni Albers, On Designing[19]

The Bauhaus at Dessau was closed in 1932 under pressure from the Nazi party and moved briefly to Berlin, permanently closing a year later in August 1933.[20] Albers, who was Jewish, made the move with her husband and the Bauhaus to Berlin, but then fled to North Carolina, where the couple was invited by Philip Johnson to teach at the experimental Black Mountain College, arriving stateside in November 1933.[6] Albers served as an assistant professor of art. The school was focused on "learning by doing" or "hands-on learning." In the early 1940s when Albers moved classrooms and the looms were not yet set up, she had her students go outside and find their own weaving materials. This was a basic exercise on material and structure. Albers regularly experimented with different material in her work and this allowed the students to imagine what it might have been like for the ancient weavers.[21] Anni and Josef Albers both taught at Black Mountain until 1949.[3] During these years Albers's design work, including weavings, were shown throughout the US. She received her US citizenship in 1937. In 1940 and 1941, Albers co-curated a traveling exhibition on jewellery from household with one of the Black Mountain students, Alex Reed, that opened in the Willard Gallery in New York City.[17]

In 1949, Albers became the first textile designer to have a solo exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City.[6] Albers's design exhibition at MoMA began in the fall and then toured the US from 1951 until 1953, establishing her as one of the most important designers of the day. During these years, she also made many trips to Mexico and throughout the Americas, becoming an avid collector of pre-Columbian artwork.[22]

Tapestry, 1948

After leaving Black Mountain in 1949, Albers moved with her husband to Connecticut where she set up a studio in her home.[23] After being commissioned by Gropius to design a variety of bedspreads and other textiles for Harvard University, and following the MoMA exhibition, Albers was approached by Florence Knoll to design textiles for the Knoll furniture company.[24] For the next thirty years she worked on mass-producible fabric patterns, creating the majority of her "pictorial" weavings, some of which are still in production over fifty years later.[25] She also published a half-dozen articles and a collection of her writings, On Designing.[6] In 1961, she was awarded the Craftmanship Medal by the American Institute of Architects.

In 1963, while at the Tamarind Lithography Workshop in Los Angeles with her husband for a lecture of his, Albers was invited to experiment with print media. She immediately grew fond of the technique, and thereafter gave up most of her time to lithography and screen printing. She was invited back as a fellow to Tamarind in 1964. Here she created the six print portfolio titled, Line Involvements. Albers wrote an article for the Encyclopædia Britannica in 1963, and then expanded on it for her second book, On Weaving, published in 1965. The book was a powerful statement of the midcentury textile design movement in the United States.[26] Her design work and writings on design helped establish Design History as a serious area of academic study.[27]

In 1976, Albers had two major exhibitions in Germany, and a handful of exhibitions of her design work, over the next two decades, receiving a half-dozen honorary doctorates and lifetime achievement awards during this time as well, including the second American Craft Council Gold Medal for "uncompromising excellence" in 1981.[28] In 2018, the Tate Modern Gallery in London paired with the Kunstsammlung Nordrhein-Westfalen, in Düsseldorf (Germany) for a retrospective exhibition and book of Albers's work.[21]

Albers continued to travel to Latin America and Europe, to design and make prints, and lecture until her death on May 9, 1994, in Orange, Connecticut.[6] Josef Albers, who had served as the chair of the design department at Yale University after the couple had moved from Black Mountain to Connecticut in 1949, predeceased her in 1976.[29]

Legacy

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In 1971, the Alberses founded the Josef and Anni Albers Foundation,[17] a not-for-profit organization they hoped would further "the revelation and evocation of vision through art."[17] Today, this organization not only serves as the office Estate of both Josef Albers and Anni Albers, but also supports exhibitions and publications focused on Albers works. The official Foundation building is located in Bethany, Connecticut, and "includes a central research and archival storage center to accommodate the Foundation's art collections, library and archives, and offices, as well as residence studios for visiting artists."[30]

Albers was inducted into the Connecticut Women's Hall of Fame in 1994.[31]

Artwork

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Albers was a designer who worked primarily in textiles and, late in life, with printmaking. She worked with multiple techniques, primarily lithography, embossing, silk-screening, and photo-offset.[32] She produced numerous designs in ink washes for her textiles, and occasionally experimented with jewellery design. Her woven works include many wall hangings, curtains and bedspreads, mounted "pictorial" images, and mass-produced yard material. Her weavings are often constructed of both traditional and industrial materials, not hesitating to combine jute, paper, horse hair, and cellophane.[33][34] Albers's early works, such as Drapery material (1923–26) and Design for Smyrna Rug (1925), display some of the characteristics that lasted throughout her career, notably her experimentation with colour, shape, scale and rhythm with abstract, crisscrossing geometric patterns.[35] Her work in printmaking was also experimental as she would "print lines multiple times, first positive then negative, [and print] off-register...She would explore the limits and possibilities of her tools."[32] To Albers, "there is no medium that cannot serve art."[32]

Exhibitions

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Select solo exhibitions

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[36]

1940s

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  • 1941 Willard Gallery, New York, "Anni Albers and Alex Reed: Exhibition of Necklaces," May 5–25, 1941
  • 1943 North Carolina State Art Gallery, State Library Building, Raleigh, North Carolina, "Painting, Prints, and Textiles by Josef and Anni Albers," October 18–29, 1943
  • 1949 Museum of Modern Art, New York "Anni Albers: Textiles," September 14 – October 30, 1949 (Exhibition traveled to twenty-six museums in the United States and Canada)

1950s

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  • 1953 Wadsworth Atheneum, Hartford, Connecticut "Josef and Anni Albers: Paintings, Tapestries and Woven Textiles," July 8 – August 2, 1953
  • 1954 Honolulu Academy of Art, Honolulu, Hawaii, "Josef and Anni Albers: Painting and Weaving," July 1 – August 2, 1954
  • 1959 MIT New Gallery, Cambridge, Massachusetts, "Anni Albers: Pictorial Weavings," May 11 – June 21, 1959. Exhibition traveled to the Carnegie Institute of Technology, Pittsburgh; Baltimore Museum of Art; Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven, Connecticut, December 10, 1959 – January 10, 1960; Contemporary Arts Museum, Houston

1960s

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  • 1969 Retina Gallery, Cambridge, Massachusetts, "Anni Albers Lithographs and Screenprints 1963–1969," October 24 – November 15, 1969

1970s

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  • 1970 Earl Hall Gallery, Southern Connecticut State College, New Haven, Connecticut, "Anni Albers," November 4–24, 1970
  • 1971 Carlson Library, University of Bridgeport, Bridgeport, Connecticut, "Anni Albers: Lithographs and Screenprints," January 20 – February 28, 1971
  • 1973 Pollock Gallery, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, "Anni Albers: Drawings, Prints, Pictorial Weavings," September 30 – October 27, 1973
  • 1975 Kunstmuseum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany, "Anni Albers: Bildweberei, Zeichnung, Druckgrafik," July 10 – August 25, 1975. Exhibition traveled to Bauhaus-Archiv, Berlin, Germany, September 9 – November 11, 1975
  • 1977 Lantern Gallery, Ann Arbor, Michigan, "Anni Albers," January 12–30, 1977
  • 1977 Brooklyn Museum, Brooklyn, New York, "Anni Albers: Drawings and Prints," October 1 – November 11, 1977
  • 1977 Zabriskie Gallery, New York, New York, "Anni Albers: Prints," October 14 – November 12, 1977
  • 1978 Katonah Gallery, Katonah, New York, "Anni Albers: Graphics," December 10, 1978 – January 14, 1979
  • 1978 Pollock Gallery, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, "Anni Albers: Recent Work," October 21 – November 3, 1978
  • 1979 Joseloff Gallery, Hartford Art School, Hartford, Connecticut, "Graphic Work by Anni Albers," October 3–26, 1979
  • 1979 Monmouth Museum, Brookdale Community College, Lincroft, New Jersey, "Anni Albers: Prints," April 1979
  • 1979 Paul Klapper Library, Queens College, New York, "Anni Albers: Graphics," March 5–30, 1979

1980s

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  • 1980 Alice Simsar Gallery, Ann Arbor, Michigan, "Anni Albers: Prints," March 29 – April 23, 1980
  • 1980 Morris Museum of Arts and Science, Morristown, New Jersey, "Anni Albers: Evolving Systems," February 17 – March 3, 1980
  • 1980 University Art Gallery, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, "Anni Albers: Prints and Drawings," February 25 – March 28, 1980
  • 1980 Mattatuck Museum, Waterbury, Connecticut, "Anni Albers: Prints," January 3–13, 1980
  • 1982 Silvermine Gallery, New Canaan, Connecticut, "Anni Albers: Prints," January 9 – February 7, 1982
  • 1983 Carlson Gallery, University of Bridgeport, Bridgeport, Connecticut, "Anni Albers: Printmaker," November 20 – December 18, 1983
  • 1984 Artists Signature Gallery, New Haven, Connecticut, "Anni Albers: Silkscreen Prints," September 23 – November 2, 1984
  • 1985 Arts Club, Chicago, Illinois, " Anni Albers: Prints; Ella Bergmann: Drawings; Ilse Bing: Photographs," September–October 1985
  • 1985 Renwick Gallery, Washington D.C., "The Woven and Graphic Art of Anni Albers," June 12, 1985 – January 5, 1986
  • 1989 Villa Stuck, Munich, Germany, "Anni und Josef Albers: Eine Retrospektive," December 15, 1989 – February 25, 1990. Exhibition traveled to the Josef Albers Museum, Bottrop, Germany, April 29 – June 4, 1990

1990s

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  • 1990 Museum of Modern Art, New York, "Gunta Stölzl, Anni Albers," February 15 – July 10, 1990
  • 1998 Kunstmuseum Bern, Bern, Switzerland, "Josef und Anni Albers: Europa und Amerika," November 6, 1998 – January 31, 1999
  • 1999 Peggy Guggenheim Collection, Venice, Italy, "Anni Albers," March 24 – May 24, 1999. Exhibition traveled to the Josef Albers Museum, Bottrop, Germany, June 12 – August 29, 1999; Musée des Arts Décoratifs, Paris, September 20 – December 31, 1999; Jewish Museum (Manhattan), New York, February 27 – June 4, 2000

2000s

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  • 2001 Davidson Art Center, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut, "Anni Albers: Works on Paper from The Josef and Anni Albers Foundation," September 4 – November 4, 2001
  • 2002 Gus Fisher Gallery, Auckland, New Zealand, "Anni Albers: Works on Paper," May 18 – July 6, 2002
  • 2004 Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum, New York, "Josef and Anni Albers: Designs for Living," October 1, 2004 – February 27, 2005
  • 2004 Fuji Xerox Co., Tokyo, "Print work by Anni and Josef Albers and their life at Black Mountain College," 2004
  • 2006 Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía, Madrid, Spain, "Anni y Josef Albers. Viajes por Latinoamérica," November 14, 2006 – February 12, 2007. Exhibition traveled to Josef Albers Museum, Bottrop, Germany, March 11 – June 3, 2007; Museo de Arte de Lima, Peru, June 27 – September 23, 2007; Antiguo Colegio de San Ildefonso, Mexico City, Mexico, November 6, 2007 – March 23, 2008; Museu Oscar Niemeyer, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil, May 29 – August 24, 2008

2010s

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  • 2010 Alan Cristea Gallery, London, "Anni Albers: Prints and Studies," March 18 – April 17, 2010
  • 2010 Design Museum, London, "Anni Albers: Truth to Materials," March 22 – May 10, 2010
  • 2010 Ruthin Craft Centre, Ruthin, Wales, "Anni Albers: Design Pioneer," December 4, 2010 – February 6, 2011
  • 2015  Mudec, Museo delle Culture, Milan, "A Beautiful Confluence: Anni and Josef Albers and the Latin American World," October 28, 2015 – February 21, 2016
  • 2016 Davis Museum at Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts, "Anni Albers: Connections," September 28 – December 18, 2016
  • 2017 Musée des Beaux-Arts, Le Locle, Le Locle, Switzerland, "Anni Albers: L'Oeuvre Gravé," February 19 – May 28, 2017
  • 2017 Mercy Gallery, Loomis Chaffee School, Windsor, Connecticut, "Harmony," April 25 – May 30, 2017
  • 2017 Galleria Carla Sozzani, Milan, "Anni Albers: The Prints," June 16 – September 10, 2017
  • 2017 Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven, Connecticut, "Small-Great Objects: Anni and Josef Albers in the Americas," February 3 – June 25, 2017
  • 2017 Guggenheim Museum Bilbao, Bilbao, Spain, "Anni Albers: Touching Vision," October 6, 2017 – January 14, 2018
  • 2018 K20 Kunstsammlung Nordrhein-Westfalen, Düsseldorf, "Anni Albers," June 9 – September 9, 2018. Exhibition traveled to Tate Modern, London, October 11, 2018 – January 27, 2019
  • 2018 Alan Cristea Gallery, London, "Anni Albers Connections: Prints 1963–1984," October 1 – November 10, 2018
  • 2019 David Zwirner Gallery, New York, "Anni Albers," September 10 – October 19, 2019[37][38]

Select publications

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  • On Designing. The Pellango Press, New Haven, CT, 1959. Second edition, Wesleyan University Press, Middletown, CT, 1962. First paperback edition, Wesleyan University Press, 1971 (ISBN 0-8195-3024-7).
  • On Weaving. Wesleyan University Press, Middletown, CT, 1965.
  • Albers, Anni, and Gene Baro. Anni Albers. Brooklyn, N.Y. : Brooklyn Museum, Division of Publications and Marketing Services, 1977.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Albers, Anni". Who Was Who in America, 1993–1996, vol. 11. New Providence, N.J.: Marquis Who's Who. 1996. p. 3. ISBN 0-8379-0225-8.
  2. ^ Reif, Rita (1994-05-10). "Anni Albers, 94, Textile Artist And the Widow of Josef Albers". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2024-05-05.
  3. ^ a b c d "Anni Albers". Nmwa. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
  4. ^ Gipson, Ferren (2022). Women's work: from feminine arts to feminist art. London: Frances Lincoln. ISBN 978-0-7112-6465-6.
  5. ^ "Foundation". Josef & Anni Albers Foundation. Retrieved 2024-05-05.
  6. ^ a b c d e f "Anni Albers", Encyclopedia Britannica, Retrieved online 14 October 2018.
  7. ^ "Anni Albers' Fabric of Belief at the Tate". Tablet Magazine. 2018-12-19. Retrieved 2019-03-03.
  8. ^ a b Weber, Nicholas Fox; Tabatabai Asbaghi, Pandora (1999). Anni Albers. New York, N.Y.: Guggenheim Museum Publications. pp. 154. ISBN 0810969238. OCLC 41713625.
  9. ^ Reif, Rita (May 10, 1984). "Anni Albers, 94, Textile Artist And the Widow of Josef Albers". The New York Times.
  10. ^ "Anni Albers". AWARE Women artists / Femmes artistes. Retrieved 2019-03-03.
  11. ^ Schönfeld, Christiane; Finnan, Carmel, eds. (2006). Practicing modernity : female creativity in the Weimar Republic. Würzburg: Königshausen & Neumann. ISBN 3826032411. OCLC 71336738.
  12. ^ "Oral history interview with Anni Albers, 1968 July 5". www.aaa.si.edu. Retrieved 2020-03-03.
  13. ^ "Gunta Stölzl and Anni Albers". The Museum of Modern Art. Retrieved 2019-03-03.
  14. ^ Albers, Anni; Danilowitz, Brenda (2000). Anni Albers: selected writings on design. Hanover: University Press of New England. ISBN 0819564478. OCLC 44650776.
  15. ^ Weber, Nicholas Fox; Jacob, Mary Jane; Field, Richard S. (1985). The woven and graphic art of Anni Albers. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN 0874749786. OCLC 11650684.
  16. ^ Weber, Nicholas Fox (28 October 2013). "He lived on another sphere, and made most people feel too normal, less poetic than he was". www.tate.org.uk. Retrieved 2019-03-03.
  17. ^ a b c d Josef and Anni Albers Foundation
  18. ^ Bauhaus100. Anni Albers Archived 2017-02-06 at the Wayback Machine (Accessed: 5 February 2017)
  19. ^ Albers, Anni (1971). Anni Albers: on designing. Wesleyan University Press. ISBN 0819560197. OCLC 71843650.
  20. ^ "After 1933 – Bauhaus-Archiv | Museum für Gestaltung, Berlin". www.bauhaus.de. Retrieved 2019-03-03.
  21. ^ a b Coxon, Ann; Fer, Briony; Müller-Schareck, Maria, eds. (2018). Anni Albers. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300237252. OCLC 1026344189.
  22. ^ Albers, Anni; Bernal, Ignacio; Coe, Michael Douglas; Hill, John T (1970). Pre-Columbian Mexican miniatures the Josef and Anni Albers collection. New York; Washington: Praeger. OCLC 253845585.
  23. ^ "Guggenheim". www.guggenheim-venice.it. Retrieved 2019-03-03.
  24. ^ "Anni Albers | Knoll". Knoll Inc. Retrieved 2022-11-08.
  25. ^ "Josef and Anni Albers Foundation". albersfoundation.org. Retrieved 2022-11-08.
  26. ^ Smith, T'ai (2014). Bauhaus Weaving Theory: From Feminine Craft to Mode of Design. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. p. xiii. ISBN 978-0-8166-8723-7.
  27. ^ Fer, Briony (10 October 2018). "Anni Albers: Weaving Magic". Tate. Retrieved 2 March 2019.
  28. ^ "ACC Gold Medalists | American Craft Council". American Craft Council. Retrieved 2018-02-22.
  29. ^ "Albers, Josef". Benezit Dictionary of Artists. Oxford University Press. 2011. doi:10.1093/benz/9780199773787.article.b00002081. ISBN 978-0-19-977378-7. Retrieved 2018-02-22.
  30. ^ The Josef and Anni Albers Foundation: Mission Statement Archived July 15, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  31. ^ Connecticut Women's Hall of Fame. "Anni Albers Inductee Profile". Archived from the original on December 25, 2015. Retrieved January 25, 2018.
  32. ^ a b c Baro, Gene (1977). Anni Albers. Brooklyn, N.Y.: Brooklyn Museum. ISBN 087273062X. OCLC 3630534.
  33. ^ "With Verticals, 1946 – Museo Guggenheim Bilbao". Museo Guggenheim Bilbao. Retrieved 2018-10-12.
  34. ^ Dickson, Andrew (2018-10-06). "Paul Smith on his muse Anni Albers: 'The rest of us are still struggling to catch up'". The Guardian. Retrieved 2018-10-12.
  35. ^ "Anni Albers | Artworks, Exhibitions, Profile & Content". ocula.com. 2019-03-05. Retrieved 2019-03-05.
  36. ^ "Anni Albers Solo". The Josef & Anni Albers Foundation. Archived from the original on March 30, 2019. Retrieved March 3, 2019.
  37. ^ "A New Exhibition Explores Anni Albers' Textile Art". SURFACE. 2019-09-04. Retrieved 2019-09-20.
  38. ^ "Listening to Threads With Anni Albers". Vanity Fair. Retrieved 2019-10-09.

Further reading

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