Jump to content

Changes (David Bowie song)

This is a good article. Click here for more information.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

"Changes"
Cover of the French single
Single by David Bowie
from the album Hunky Dory
B-side"Andy Warhol"
Released7 January 1972 (1972-01-07)
RecordedJune–July 1971
StudioTrident, London
GenreArt pop
Length3:33
LabelRCA
Songwriter(s)David Bowie
Producer(s)
David Bowie singles chronology
"Holy Holy"
(1971) 		"Changes"
(1972) 		"Starman"
(1972)
Music video
"Changes" (Live) on YouTube

"Changes" is a song by the English singer-songwriter David Bowie from his 1971 album Hunky Dory. RCA Records then released it as a single from the album on 7 January 1972. Written following his promotional tour of America in early 1971, "Changes" was recorded at Trident Studios in London between June and July that year. Co-produced by Bowie and Ken Scott, it featured Rick Wakeman on piano and the musicians who would later become known as the Spiders from Mars—Mick Ronson, Trevor Bolder and Mick Woodmansey.

At this point in his career, Bowie had experimented with numerous musical styles, all of which failed to earn him stardom. The lyrics of "Changes" reflect this, with the first verse focusing on the compulsive nature of artistic reinvention and distancing oneself from the rock mainstream. The second verse concerns clashes between children and their parents, urging them to allow their children to be themselves as teenagers, a topic Bowie had spoken out about before. Musically, "Changes" is an art pop song that features a distinctive piano riff. The song flopped as a single, later garnering success following the release of Ziggy Stardust. RCA later chose it as a B-side for the reissue of "Space Oddity" in 1975, which became Bowie's first UK number-one single.

"Changes" is regarded as one of Bowie's best songs, with many praising Bowie's vocal performance and Wakeman's piano playing. It has also appeared on several best-of lists. His biographers have viewed the track as a manifesto of his entire career, predicting a constant change of musical styles. Bowie performed "Changes" frequently during his concert tours; it was the final song he performed on stage before his death in 2016. The song has appeared on numerous compilation albums and is the namesake of several. Several artists have covered the song, including Australian singer Butterfly Boucher for the 2004 film Shrek 2, whose version featured new vocals from Bowie.

Writing and recording

[edit]

After completing a promotional tour of America in early 1971, David Bowie returned to his home at Haddon Hall in Beckenham, London, and began writing songs. In total, Bowie composed over three-dozen songs there, many of which would appear on his next album Hunky Dory and its follow-up The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars.[1][2] One of these tracks was "Changes", which he demoed in June 1971. Featuring Bowie on vocals and piano, the multitracked demo contained different lyrics from the final recording and remained unreleased until 2022, when it was included on the multi-disc box set Divine Symmetry: The Journey to Hunky Dory.[3][4][5][6]

Work on Hunky Dory officially began at Trident Studios in London on 8 June 1971 and concluded on 6 August.[7] "Changes" was recorded sometime between June and July.[3][4][5] Co-produced by Bowie and Ken Scott, he recorded it with pianist Rick Wakeman and the musicians who would later become known as the Spiders from Mars: guitarist Mick Ronson, bassist Trevor Bolder and drummer Mick Woodmansey.[8][9] Wakeman, a noted session musician and member of the Strawbs,[10] was asked to play during the Hunky Dory sessions and accepted.[11] He had previously played Mellotron on Bowie's 1969 self-titled album.[12] He recalled in 1995 that he met with Bowie in late June 1971 at Haddon Hall, where Bowie played him demos of "Changes" and "Life on Mars?" in "their raw brilliance". He recalled: "He [played] the finest selection of songs I have ever heard in one sitting in my entire life...I couldn't wait to get into the studio and record them."[11] Bowie plays a saxophone solo on the final recording – his first feature of the instrument[13]– which he recollected was recorded "when I was still going through ideas of using melodic saxophone."[4] Bowie has said that the track "started out as a parody of a nightclub song, a kind of throwaway".[14][15]

Composition

[edit]

Music

[edit]

Musically, "Changes" is an art pop song.[16][17] While primarily in 4/4 common time, the time signature changes to 2/4 twice (on the lines "different man" and "necks in it"), and four simultaneous bars of 3/4 feature different chords on each bar and are accompanied by Woodmansey's drum fills.[3] According to James Perone, it features a "standard British pop song structure", with "clearly defined" verses, choruses and middle-eight sections.[18] The song begins on a tonic chord (C major 7th) piano and strings, thereafter moving up in semitones: D♭add6th, D minor7, E♭7, F7. Critic Wilfrid Mellers described this intro as "near-anarchic", finding that the sequence "violates orthodox musical grammar".[3] From there, the piano follows the same sequence: C–E–G–B (Cmaj7), D–F–A–C (Dm7), F–A–C–E (Fmaj7), and E♭–G–B♭–D♭ (E♭7). O'Leary calls the progression "quintessential Bowie": it was "found by random movement, that sounded 'right' despite being technically 'wrong'."[3]

After an "oh yeah" from Bowie, piano and kick drum eighth notes build anticipation before a distinctive riff begins.[3] According to author Peter Doggett, Bowie did not know the chord changes on guitar or piano, but "he followed his fingers as they crept, slowly up and down the keyboard, augmenting familiar shapes or simply reproducing them a step or two along the ivories."[5] Played by piano, saxophone, bass and strings, the riff is an eighth note melody that Doggett describes as a rising "diatonic major descent".[3][5] O'Leary notes that the riff only appears twice in the entire song: once before the first verse and second after the first chorus.[3]

The piano and bass are similar to the album track "Oh! You Pretty Things", going up and down a C to D scale. Doggett writes: "It was as if the piano was scared to rest in one place for more than a couple of beats, in case it would be hemmed in or halted. By restlessly moving, it kept its options open and its spirit alive."[5] Like "Oh! You Pretty Things", "Changes" ends how it begins: on the C major 7th chord, although the chord sequence is in reverse. Saxophone, piano, strings and bass all play their final notes, fading into the distance.[3]

Lyrics

[edit]
The chorus of "Changes"
The chorus of "Changes" features Bowie stuttering the 'ch' at the beginning of the word 'changes'.[19] The piano-led track widely differs from the music found in Bowie's previous works.[20]
Problems playing this file? See media help.

The lyrics of "Changes" focus on the compulsive nature of artistic reinvention and distancing oneself from the rock mainstream.[21] Perone calls them "thought-provoking," and "clearly autobiographical."[18] At this point in his career, Bowie was frequently being told how to musically progress by his managers and labels, leading him to experiment with genres such as folk, hard rock and soul.[3] This is reflected in the first verse, in which the narrator looks at himself through a mirror to help find his true identity. Perone argues that the verse serves as a "public acknowledgment" that these earlier styles, all of which failed to earn him stardom, were not the "true David Bowie style."[13] Biographer Nicholas Pegg identifies the line "I turned myself to face me" as mirroring Bowie's encounter with himself in his 1970 track "The Width of a Circle".[4] O'Leary writes that with "Changes", Bowie commits to a "life of constant revision."[3] By saying "look out you rock 'n' rollers", Bowie is "throwing the gauntlet down to existing rockers" and "putting a distance between himself and the rock fraternity."[21]

Like "Life on Mars?", "Changes" was a response to Frank Sinatra's "My Way"; biographer David Buckley cites the line "turn and face the strange" as "not a valedictory farewell, but a prophetic hello."[19] According to Buckley, the phrase 'strange fascination' "not only embodies a continued quest for the new and the bizarre but also carries with it the force of compulsion, the notion of having to change to stay afloat artistically."[22] The first verse elucidates the three most important components in Bowie's quest for stardom: the themes of identity, the "mutability" of character" and a "sense of play" in both first and third person, signaling the creation of Ziggy Stardust. Throughout the 1970s, Bowie had a "pathological fear" of repeating himself, both musically and visually. He gave himself the epithet 'faker' and proclaimed himself as "pop's fraud; the arch-dissembler."[22] Pegg states that his identification of himself as the 'faker' gives him anxiety, believing that he is "much too fast" to be affected by how others' opinion of him.[4]

The song's chorus, Bowie stuttering the 'ch' at the beginning of the word 'changes',[19] has been compared to the English rock band the Who,[23] specifically their 1965 song "My Generation". Both songs have stuttering vocals and similar lyrics ("hope I die before I get old" versus "pretty soon now you're gonna get older").[4][24] The second verse concerns clashes between children and their parents, urging them to allow their children to be themselves as teenagers.[13] This is reflected in the line "Time may change me, but I can't trace time", which Pegg believes resembles Bob Dylan's "The Times They Are a-Changin'".[4] Bowie had previously spoken about this issue in an interview with The Times in 1968: "We feel our parents' generation has lost control, given up, they're scared of the future. I feel it's basically their fault that things are so bad."[4] In Rolling Stone's contemporary review of Hunky Dory, John Mendelsohn acknowledged this, considering "Changes" to be "construed as a young man's attempt to reckon how he'll react when it's his time to be on the maligned side of the generation schism."[25] The song has also been interpreted by NME editors Roy Carr and Charles Shaar Murray as touting "Modern Kids as a New Race".[9]

Release

[edit]
RCA trade ad for the "Changes" single in Billboard magazine.

RCA Records released Hunky Dory on 17 December 1971,[26] with "Changes" sequenced as the opening track.[8] It was released as the first single of the album on 7 January 1972, with the catalogue number RCA 2160 and fellow album track "Andy Warhol" as the B-side;[27] it was Bowie's first single released by RCA.[4] In France, the B-side was "Song for Bob Dylan", despite the label stating that it was "Andy Warhol". This single has been cited as Bowie's official US chart debut.[28]

Upon release, like the album,[29] it flopped commercially, failing to chart in the UK,[9] and peaking at number 59 and 66 on the US Cash Box Top 100 and Billboard Hot 100 charts, respectively.[30] Despite this, it became English disc jockey Tony Blackburn's record of the week. It was not until the success of Bowie's following album The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars (1972) that recognition was brought upon Hunky Dory and "Changes", which according to Pegg quickly became a "turntable favorite" and "embedded" itself into the "pop-culture psyche".[4] Carr and Murray later argued that "Oh! You Pretty Things" was the "obvious single" from the album over "Changes".[9]

In 1975, RCA released "Changes", along with the Ziggy Stardust outtake "Velvet Goldmine", as a B-side of the UK reissue of "Space Oddity",[27] which became Bowie's first UK number one single.[31] The re-release of the original one also charted higher in the US, at number 38 and 41 on the Cash Box Top 100 and Billboard Hot 100, respectively, and also peaked at number 32 on the Canadian RPM Top Singles chart.[32] Following Bowie's death in 2016, it charted again, peaking at number 49 on the UK Singles Chart,[33] and number 10 on the US Billboard Rock Songs chart.[34] It also reached the top-five in Sweden and number 84 in France.[35][36] In April 2022, the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) awarded the song a gold certification for sales and streams exceeding 400,000 units.[37]

Critical reception

[edit]

"Changes" was met with positive reviews from music critics on release, with Billboard magazine naming it one of the strongest songs on the album.[38] Cash Box said that it has "one of the most infectious chorus lines in recent memory."[39] Record World called it "an appealing slice of [Bowie's] unique musical outlook" that is "different, but adaptable both pop and progressive."[40] Reviewing Hunky Dory, Danny Halloway of NME called "Changes" a "fantastic pop song", describing it as Bowie's "life story".[41] In another review in Rolling Stone, John Mendelsohn called the song's chorus "irresistible".[42] Retrospectively, "Changes" has continued to be viewed in a positive light. In his book The Complete David Bowie, Pegg calls Wakeman's piano performance "superb" and the song overall one of Bowie's "pivotal recordings".[4] Paul Trynka writes that even though the song wasn't a commercial success initially, it would "energize a group of believers, who helped their golden boy ascend to fame over the months that followed."[43] Ned Raggett of AllMusic calls the chorus "absolutely wonderful" and compliments Wakeman's piano, Bowie's vocal performance and the performances of the Spiders from Mars. He concludes saying: "The descending chords of the bass hint at that particular glam rock element's incipient dominance, while Ken Scott's production and Mick Ronson's excellent string arrangement – not to mention Bowie's own winning sax part – complete the package."[14]

"Changes" has frequently appeared on lists of Bowie's greatest songs. Mojo magazine listed it as Bowie's fifth best track in 2015.[44] Ultimate Classic Rock, in their list of Bowie's ten best songs the same year, listed it at number two, calling it "a beautiful tune" and praising Bowie's vocal performance as one of his finest, "showcasing one of the most unique voices in rock history."[45] The staff of Rolling Stone listed "Changes" as one of Bowie's 30 essential songs, writing that although Bowie said it started as somewhat of a "parody of a nightclub song", it ended up being a "st-st-st-stuttering rock anthem".[46] In The Guardian, Alexis Petridis voted it number 15 in his list of Bowie's 50 greatest songs in 2020, calling it a "perfectly written, irresistible mission statement that few heeded at the time."[47] In other lists, "Changes" has ranked at number three, eight and nine by NME, Uncut and Smooth Radio in 2018, 2015 and 2020, respectively.[48][49][50] In another 2016 list ranking every Bowie single from worst to best, Ultimate Classic Rock placed "Changes" at number two, behind "'Heroes'", calling it "a pre-'Ziggy' burst of pop exuberance that still shines".[51]

Accolades

[edit]

"Changes" has appeared on numerous best-of lists. In 2015, Ultimate Classic Rock placed the song on their list of the top 200 songs of the 1970s, writing, "Even before his career took off, Bowie was giving a glimpse of his future, singing about change in a voice that sounded an awful lot like a certain rock 'n' roll troubadour from Mars. After a few stumbling years, Bowie found his voice on 1971's Hunky Dory. "Changes" is his coming-out party."[52] The song was ranked at number 128 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time in 2010;[53] it was re-ranked number 200 in its 2021 revised list.[54] It is one of four of Bowie's songs to be included in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll.[55] In late 2016, the American Recording Academy inducted the song into the Grammy Hall of Fame.[56]

Analysis

[edit]

Retrospectively, "Changes" is described by Bowie's biographers as a manifesto of his entire career.[4][20][43] Throughout the 1970s, Bowie changed his musical styles and appearances constantly; Doggett notes that each album he released between 1974 and 1977—Diamond Dogs, Young Americans, Station to Station and Low—could not have predicted the next.[20] He was dubbed the "chameleon of rock" by numerous publications and biographers due to his constant reinvention throughout his career,[57][58] which matches the overall theme in "Changes".[20] Buckley notes that 1971 was a pivotal year for Bowie; it was the year in which he became "something of a pop-art agent provocateur.[19] In a time when rock musicians looked to traditions and established standards, Bowie looked to be radically different and challenge tradition, reinventing himself again and again, thereby creating new standards and conventions.[19][57] Doggett also notes that "Changes" is a "statement of purpose": it was the first track on Hunky Dory, the first time his audience had heard of him since The Man Who Sold the World (1970), and his previous hard rock and metallic sound was not present. Furthermore, he states that the song was unlike "Space Oddity" and its parent album, but rather "pure, unashamedly melodic, gleefully commercial, gorgeously mellifluous pop."[20]

Live versions

[edit]

Bowie played the song for the BBC's Johnny Walker Lunchtime Show on 22 May 1972.[4] This was broadcast in early June 1972 and eventually released on Bowie at the Beeb in 2000.[59] Bowie frequently performed "Changes" throughout his concert tours. According to the artist, "it turned into this monster that nobody would stop asking for at concerts: 'Dye-vid, Dye-vid – do Changes!' I had no idea it would become such a popular thing."[15] Performances from the Ziggy Stardust Tour have been released on Ziggy Stardust: The Motion Picture (1983) and Live Santa Monica '72 (2008).[60][61] Another previously unreleased performance from Boston Music Hall on 1 October 1972 was released in 1989 on the original Sound + Vision Plus box set and on the 2003 reissue of his 1973 album Aladdin Sane.[4]

Performances from the Diamond Dogs Tour have been released on David Live (1974),[62] Cracked Actor (Live Los Angeles '74) (2017),[63] and I'm Only Dancing (The Soul Tour 74) (2020).[64] Live versions from the 1976 Isolar Tour, the Glastonbury Festival and the Reality tour were released on Live Nassau Coliseum '76, Glastonbury 2000 (2018) and A Reality Tour (2010), respectively.[65][66][67] On 9 November 2006, Bowie performed the song with American singer Alicia Keys at the Black Ball fundraiser in New York. Also performing "Wild Is the Wind" and "Fantastic Voyage", it was Bowie's final live performance before his death in 2016.[4][68][69]

Legacy

[edit]

"Changes" has appeared on multiple compilation albums, including Changesonebowie (1976),[70] Changesbowie (1990) (its namesakes, along with 1981's Changestwobowie[71]),[72] The Best of David Bowie 1969/1974 (1997),[73] Best of Bowie (2002),[74] Nothing Has Changed (2014)[71] and Legacy (2016).[75] In 2015, the song, along with its parent album, was remastered for the Five Years (1969–1973) box set.[76][77] It was released in CD, vinyl, and digital formats.[78]

A quotation from the song was used as an epigraph for the John Hughes film The Breakfast Club (1985):[4][79][80]

...And these children
that you spit on
as they try to change their worlds
are immune to your consultations.
They're quite aware
Of what they're going through...

The song also appears in the 2015 Off-Broadway musical Lazarus, written by Bowie and playwright Enda Walsh near the end of Bowie's life.[81] The English pop group Bananarama recorded a version of "Changes" in 1993 with producers Mike Stock and Pete Waterman. Although officially unreleased, their version was leaked to the internet in 2016.[82] That same year, the song was ranked at number 74 by internet radio station WDDF Radio in their first top 76 of the 1970s countdown.[83]

In 2004, a new version of "Changes" by Australian artist Butterfly Boucher, featuring Bowie on additional vocals, was recorded for the soundtrack of the animated film Shrek 2. Boucher, who was commissioned by the film's studio to provide a song, sent a recording of "Changes" to Bowie in December 2003 during his A Reality Tour, requesting additional backing vocals from the artist. In the Bahamas for the tour, Bowie travelled to Compass Point Studios, where he had previously recorded with the rock band Tin Machine, where he recorded a harmony vocal against Boucher's lead with Tony Visconti producing. Pegg describes this version as having a "lush arrangement" featuring piano, saxophone and strings. He and O'Leary both praise Bowie's vocal performance as one of the finest of his later career.[3][4] That same year, Brazilian singer Seu Jorge recorded a Portuguese version for the Wes Anderson film The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou.[4]

An alternative mix of "Changes" by Ken Scott was released in December 2021 to celebrate the 50th anniversary of Hunky Dory, accompanied by a new lyric video. Scott explained in a statement:[84][85]

The new version of 'Changes' is a fresh look at David's classic. When listening to the original multi-track I discovered a few things that I had eliminated from the original mix and also a completely different sax solo at the end. It was those things that led me to try a new mix, trying for a slightly harder, more contemporary edge to it.

The 2021 remix was also included on the 2022 box set Divine Symmetry: The Journey to Hunky Dory.[86]

Track listing

[edit]

All tracks are written by David Bowie.[87]

  1. "Changes" – 3:33
  2. "Andy Warhol" – 3:58

Personnel

[edit]

According to biographers Kevin Cann and Chris O'Leary:[3][8]

Production

Charts

[edit]
Weekly chart performance for "Changes"
Year Chart Peak
position
1972 US Billboard Hot 100[30] 66
US Cash Box Top 100[30] 59
1975 Canada RPM Top Singles[32] 32
US Billboard Hot 100[30] 41
US Cash Box Top 100[30] 38
2016 France (SNEP)[36] 84
Sweden Heatseeker (Sverigetopplistan)[35] 4
UK Singles Chart[33] 49
US Billboard Rock Songs[34] 10

Certifications

[edit]
Certifications and sales for "Changes"
Region Certification Certified units/sales
United Kingdom (BPI)[37] Gold 400,000‡

‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Pegg 2016, p. 338.
  2. ^ Spitz 2009, pp. 156, 159.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m O'Leary 2015, chap. 5.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Pegg 2016, pp. 58–59.
  5. ^ a b c d e Doggett 2012, p. 140.
  6. ^ Divine Symmetry: The Journey to Hunky Dory (Album liner notes). David Bowie. Worldwide: Parlophone. 2022. p. 18. DBDS 71.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
  7. ^ Cann 2010, pp. 219–225.
  8. ^ a b c Cann 2010, p. 232.
  9. ^ a b c d Carr & Murray 1981, pp. 40–44.
  10. ^ Pegg 2016, p. 346.
  11. ^ a b Cann 2010, p. 223.
  12. ^ Cann 2010, p. 155.
  13. ^ a b c Perone 2007, p. 20.
  14. ^ a b Raggett, Ned. ""Changes" – David Bowie". AllMusic. Archived from the original on 4 July 2019. Retrieved 23 April 2020.
  15. ^ a b Sound + Vision (CD liner notes). Loder, Kurt; Bowie, David. US: Rykodisc. 1989. RCD 90120/21/22.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
  16. ^ Butler, Jim (14 June 2016). "Turn and Face the Change". Produce Business UK. Archived from the original on 8 August 2016. Retrieved 22 July 2016.
  17. ^ Quinn, Rick (11 January 2022). "David Bowie's Glam Masterpiece 'Hunky Dory' Turns 50". PopMatters. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 18 January 2022.
  18. ^ a b Perone 2007, p. 19.
  19. ^ a b c d e Buckley 2005, p. 99.
  20. ^ a b c d e Doggett 2012, p. 141.
  21. ^ a b Buckley 2005, pp. 98–99.
  22. ^ a b Buckley 2005, p. 98.
  23. ^ Blake, Mark, ed. (2007). "Future Legend". MOJO 60 Years of Bowie. pp. 74–75.
  24. ^ Unterberger, Richie. ""My Generation" - The Who". AllMusic. Archived from the original on 10 May 2020. Retrieved 30 September 2021.
  25. ^ Mendelsohn, John (6 January 1972). "Hunky Dory". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 10 November 2014. Retrieved 2 April 2020.
  26. ^ Gallucci, Michael (17 December 2016). "Revisiting David Bowie's First Masterpiece 'Hunky Dory'". Ultimate Classic Rock. Archived from the original on 20 September 2019. Retrieved 23 April 2020.
  27. ^ a b O'Leary 2015, Partial Discography.
  28. ^ Cann 2010, p. 238.
  29. ^ Buckley 2005, p. 104.
  30. ^ a b c d e Whitburn 2015, p. 56.
  31. ^ Pegg 2016, p. 258.
  32. ^ a b "Library and Archives Canada: Top Singles". Library and Archives Canada. 15 February 1975. Retrieved 10 April 2016.
  33. ^ a b "David Bowie – Full Chart History". Official Charts Company. Archived from the original on 30 November 2019. Retrieved 23 April 2020.
  34. ^ a b "David Bowie – "Changes" Chart History". Billboard. Retrieved 23 April 2020.
  35. ^ a b "Veckolista Heatseeker, vecka 2, 2016" (in Swedish). Sverigetopplistan. Archived from the original on 2 May 2021. Retrieved 2 May 2021.
  36. ^ a b "David Bowie – Changes" (in French). Les classement single. Retrieved 17 January 2016.
  37. ^ a b "British single certifications – David Bowie – Changes". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 29 April 2022.
  38. ^ "Top Album Picks" (PDF). Billboard. 4 December 1971. p. 44. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 March 2021. Retrieved 22 August 2020 – via worldradiohistory.com.
  39. ^ "CashBox Record Reviews" (PDF). Cash Box. 11 December 1971. p. 18. Retrieved 10 December 2021.
  40. ^ "Single Product" (PDF). Record World. 4 December 1971. p. 10. Retrieved 9 April 2023.
  41. ^ Holloway, Danny (29 January 1972). "David Bowie: Hunky Dory (RCA Victor)". New Musical Express. Archived from the original on 11 October 2020. Retrieved 6 September 2020 – via Rock's Backpages (subscription required).
  42. ^ Mendelsohn, John (6 January 1972). "Hunky Dory". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 10 November 2014. Retrieved 27 October 2014.
  43. ^ a b Trynka 2011, p. 483.
  44. ^ "David Bowie – The 100 Greatest Songs". Mojo. No. 255. February 2015. p. 81.
  45. ^ Kaufman, Spencer (11 January 2016). "Top 10 David Bowie songs". Ultimate Classic Rock. Archived from the original on 31 December 2019. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
  46. ^ "David Bowie: 30 Essential Songs". Rolling Stone. 11 January 2016. Archived from the original on 8 May 2019. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
  47. ^ Petridis, Alexis (19 March 2020). "David Bowie's 50 greatest songs – ranked!". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 22 March 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
  48. ^ Barker, Emily (8 January 2018). "David Bowie's 40 greatest songs – as decided by NME and friends". NME. Archived from the original on 3 November 2019. Retrieved 16 February 2020.
  49. ^ "David Bowie's 30 best songs". Uncut. No. 133. 19 February 2015 [March 2008]. Archived from the original on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
  50. ^ Eames, Tom (26 June 2020). "David Bowie's 20 greatest ever songs, ranked". Smooth Radio. Archived from the original on 22 January 2021. Retrieved 15 April 2021.
  51. ^ "Every David Bowie Single Ranked". Ultimate Classic Rock. 14 January 2016. Archived from the original on 24 July 2021. Retrieved 19 September 2021.
  52. ^ "Top 200 '70s Songs". Ultimate Classic Rock. 6 November 2015. Archived from the original on 9 November 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
  53. ^ "The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time: David Bowie, 'Changes'". Rolling Stone. 7 April 2011. Archived from the original on 7 April 2020. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
  54. ^ "The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time: David Bowie, 'Changes'". Rolling Stone. 15 September 2021. Archived from the original on 16 September 2021. Retrieved 16 September 2021.
  55. ^ "The 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on 17 March 2010. Retrieved 12 January 2008.
  56. ^ Kreps, Daniel (29 November 2016). "Nirvana, Bowie, R.E.M. Songs Among Grammy Hall of Fame's 2017 Inductees". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 22 February 2020. Retrieved 2 April 2020.
  57. ^ a b O'Leary, Naomi (11 January 2016). "David Bowie: Chameleon of rock". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 12 April 2020. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  58. ^ Bell, Susan (14 January 2016). "The life and death of David Bowie, rock's crafty chameleon". USC News. Archived from the original on 12 April 2020. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  59. ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Bowie at the Beeb: The Best of the BBC Radio Sessions 68–72 – David Bowie". AllMusic. Archived from the original on 2 July 2018. Retrieved 10 March 2020.
  60. ^ Viglione, Joe. "Ziggy Stardust: The Motion Picture". AllMusic. Archived from the original on 24 April 2019. Retrieved 10 March 2020.
  61. ^ Pegg 2016, p. 423.
  62. ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "David Live – David Bowie". AllMusic. Archived from the original on 24 April 2019. Retrieved 10 March 2020.
  63. ^ "Cracked Actor: Live in Los Angeles '74 – David Bowie". AllMusic. Archived from the original on 19 August 2017. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
  64. ^ "I'm Only Dancing for Record Store Day 2020". David Bowie Official Website. 19 February 2020. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 31 October 2020.
  65. ^ "Live Nassau Coliseum '76 – David Bowie". AllMusic. Archived from the original on 17 November 2019. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
  66. ^ Collins, Sean T. (5 December 2018). "David Bowie: Glastonbury 2000 Album Review". Pitchfork. Archived from the original on 11 July 2019. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
  67. ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "A Reality Tour – Davis Bowie". AllMusic. Archived from the original on 18 August 2017. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
  68. ^ Greene, Andy (26 August 2014). "Flashback: David Bowie Sings 'Changes' at His Last Public Performance". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 23 April 2020.
  69. ^ Gilmore, Mikal (2 February 2012). "How Ziggy Stardust Fell to Earth". Rolling Stone. No. 1149. pp. 36–43, 68.
  70. ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas (24 May 2016). "David Bowie: Changesbowie Album Review". Pitchfork. Archived from the original on 10 September 2019. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
  71. ^ a b Wolk, Douglas (20 November 2017). "David Bowie: Nothing Has Changed". Pitchfork. Archived from the original on 12 August 2017. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
  72. ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Changesbowie – David Bowie". AllMusic. Archived from the original on 28 July 2019. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
  73. ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "The Best of David Bowie 1969/1974 – David Bowie". AllMusic. Archived from the original on 8 May 2019. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
  74. ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Best of Bowie – David Bowie". AllMusic. Archived from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
  75. ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Legacy – David Bowie". AllMusic. Archived from the original on 29 March 2020. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
  76. ^ David Bowie (2015). Five Years (1969–1973) (Box set liner notes). UK, Europe & US: Parlophone. DBXL 1.
  77. ^ "Five Years 1969 – 1973 box set due September". David Bowie Official Website. Archived from the original on 18 February 2016. Retrieved 16 February 2016.
  78. ^ Spanos, Brittany (23 June 2015). "David Bowie to Release Massive Box Set 'Five Years 1969–1973'". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 16 August 2020. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
  79. ^ Murphy, Bill Jr. (11 January 2016). "13 Quotes to Remember David Bowie the Right Way". Inc. Archived from the original on 21 April 2016. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
  80. ^ Wickman, Kase (10 March 2015). "29 Things You Didn't Know About 'The Breakfast Club'". MTV. Archived from the original on 27 September 2019. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
  81. ^ Pegg 2016, pp. 684–687.
  82. ^ Daw, Robbie (12 January 2016). "Bananarama's Unreleased 1993 Cover of David Bowie's "Changes" Has Leaked, and It's Guilty-Pleasure Gold". Idolator. Spin. Retrieved 2 April 2020.
  83. ^ "Best of the 70's & 80's". WDDF Radio. Archived from the original on 7 October 2016. Retrieved 6 October 2016.
  84. ^ "Changes 2021 Alt Mix and Hunky Dory picture disc". David Bowie Official Website. 16 December 2021. Archived from the original on 18 December 2021. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
  85. ^ Skinner, Tom (17 December 2021). "David Bowie's 'Hunky Dory' is getting a special 50th anniversary reissue". NME. Archived from the original on 17 December 2021. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
  86. ^ Divine Symmetry: The Journey to Hunky Dory (Album liner notes). David Bowie. Worldwide: Parlophone. 2022. p. 90. DBDS 71.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
  87. ^ "Changes" (Single liner notes). David Bowie. UK: RCA Records. 1972. RCA 2160.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)

Sources

[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Changes_(David_Bowie_song)&oldid=1259174700"