Commander-in-Chief, Levant

Levant Command
Levant Command
Active	1943-1967
Country	United Kingdom
Allegiance	British Empire
Branch	Royal Navy
Part of	Mediterranean Station (1944-1946); Middle East Command (1946-1967);
Garrison/HQ	HMS Nile, Alexandria, Egypt, (1943-1946); HMS Jufair, Manama, Bahrain, (1946-1959); HMS Sheba, Steamer Point, Aden, (1959-1967)

The Commander-in-Chief, Levant was a senior administrative shore commander of the Royal Navy whose post was established in February 1943. The British Chiefs of Staff Committee ordered at that time that the Mediterranean Fleet was to be divided into two commands; one responsible for naval operations involving ships, and the other administrative and support, responsible for shore establishments.^[1] His subordinate establishments, and staff were sometimes informally known as the Levant Command or Levant Station,^[2] In December 1943 the title was changed to Flag Officer, Levant and East Mediterranean.^[3] In January 1944 the two separate commands were re-unified into a single command with FOLEM merging back into Commander-in-Chief Mediterranean Fleet.^[4]

In August 1946 the command's name was changed once again to Flag Officer, Middle East as part of a unified (air, army, navy) British Middle East Command (MEC) at Aden. In 1958 the East Indies Station was abolished in 1958 and its remaining units were transferred to MEC at Aden. In 1959 the former east indies Persian Gulf and Red Sea divisions were renamed the Arabian Seas and Persian Gulf Station ^[5] until 1962 when the commands name was changed back to its previous name. In October 1967, MEC in Aden was abolished, and the remaining naval forces 'East of Suez' were transferred to the Far East Fleet.^[6]

History

In 1940, responsibility for the Red Seas area of operations was to be transferred from the Commander-in-Chief, East Indies to the Mediterranean Fleet and did not revert until 1942. Previously responsibility for shore-based area commands in the Mediterranean and Middle East theatre lay with the Commander-in-Chief Mediterranean Fleet. Following a meeting in London, the Chiefs of Staff Committee signaled on 2 February 1943 to Admiral Sir Andrew Cunningham Naval Command, in the Mediterranean.^[7]

1). The Mediterranean will be divided into two commands:(a) the area to the west line A to B to be the Mediterranean command. (b) the area to the East of the above line to be the Levant command which will include the Red Sea. 2). For the present the line A to B will be the line running from the Tunisian/Tripolitanian border to a position in Latitude 35 degrees North, Longitude 60 degrees East, thence to Cape Spartivento (Italy).^[7]

Between 1943 and 1945 its subordinate shore commands were Tunisia (1943); North Africa, (1943-1944), Sicily (July–September 1943); Taranto September 1943- May 1945; FO West Italy September 1943.43-October 1944; Northern Mediterranean October 1944; Western Mediterranean (January 1943- January 1944 & July 1944 -1945). Gibraltar Dockyard and Malta Dockyard continued as major bases in support of the new organisation.^[8] In December 1943 the command was renamed Levant and Eastern Mediterranean.^[9] Post World War Two further re-organization of this command continued. In August 1946 the command became a maritime component of unified the tri-services British Middle East Command with the naval element administered by the Flag Officer, Middle East until 1959.^[10]

In 1958 the post of Commander-in-Chief, East Indies was abolished, and his remaining naval forces were reassigned to the joint services Middle East Command in Aden. In 1959, the naval forces of the Persian Gulf Division and Red Sea Division, previously administered by the East Indies command were merged to form the Arabian Seas and Persian Gulf Station.^[5] In 1962 that station was re-titled back to Middle East and it existed until 1967. From that time, following the withdraw of all British Forces in the Arabian Sea, Persian Gulf, Red Sea, the command was abolished.

Levant Command, February to December 1943

Commander-in-Chief, Levant

Post holders included:^[11]

	Rank	Name	Term	Notes/Ref
Commander-in-Chief, Levant ^[12]
1	Vice-Admiral	Vice Admiral Sir Henry Harwood	February – 5 June 1943	^[11]
2	Admiral	Sir John Cunningham	5 June 1943 – August 1943	^[11]
3	Vice-Admiral	Vice Admiral Sir Algernon Willis	14 October – December, 1943	^[11]

Levant and East Mediterranean Command December 1943 to August 1946

Flag Officer, Levant and East Mediterranean

Note:From January 1944 the post holder reported to the Commander-in-Chief Mediterranean Fleet

	Rank	Name	Term	Notes/Ref
Flag Officer, Levant and East Mediterranean ^[12]
3	Vice-Admiral	Sir Bernard Rawlings	28 December 1943 – -October 1944	^[11]
4	Vice-Admiral	Sir William G. Tennant	October 1944 - August 1946	^[13]^[11]

Sub-commands, 1943 to 1946

Naval Officer-in-Charge, Aden

Commander, Levant Area

Commodore, Algeria

Flag Officer, North Africa

	Rank	Flag	Name	Term	Notes/Ref
Flag Officer, North Africa ^[12]
1	Rear Admiral		Geoffrey Watkins	12 May – December, 1943	retired^[14]

Flag Officer, Northern Area, Mediterranean

	Rank	Flag	Name	Term	Notes/Ref
Flag Officer, Northern Area, Mediterranean ^[12]
1	Rear Admiral		John A. V. Morse	25 October 1944 – August, 1945	^[14]

Flag Officer, Sicily

	Rank	Flag	Name	Term	Notes/Ref
Flag Officer, Sicily ^[12]
1	Rear Admiral		Rhoderick McGrigor	13 July – September, 1943	^[14]

Flag Officer, Taranto Area

	Rank	Name	Term	Notes/Ref
Flag Officer, Taranto and Adriatic ^[12]
1	Rear Admiral	Arthur Peters	13 September – 15 November 1943	and liaison Italy^[14]
2	Rear Admiral	Rhoderick McGrigor	15 November 1943	ditto^[14]

Flag Officer, Tunisia

	Rank	Flag	Name	Term	Notes/Ref
Flag Officer, Tunisia ^[12]
1	Admiral		Sir Gerald C. Dickens	12 May – December, 1943	retired^[14]

Flag Officer, Western Italy

	Rank	Flag	Name	Term	Notes/Ref
Flag Officer, Western Italy ^[12]
1	Rear Admiral		John A. V. Morse	30 July – August, 1943	^[14]

Flag Officer, Western Mediterranean

	Rank	Flag	Name	Term	Notes/Ref
Flag Officer, Western Mediterranean ^[12]
1	Rear Admiral		Charles Morgan	October 1943 - January, 1944	^[14]

Rear-Admiral, Alexandria

Middle East Command, 1946 to 1959

Flag Officer, Middle East

Post holders included:

	Rank	Name	Term	Notes/Ref
Flag Officer, Middle East
1	Rear-Admiral	Henry W. U. McCall	August 1946-September 1948	^[11]
2	Rear-Admiral	Albert L. Poland	September 1948-March 1950	^[11]
3	Rear-Admiral	Ian M.R. Campbell	March 1950-June 1952	^[11]
4	Rear-Admiral	Graham H. Stokes	June 1952-April 1954	^[11]
5	Rear-Admiral	Patrick W. Brock	April 1954-March 1956	^[11]
6	Rear-Admiral	Anthony C.C. Miers	March 1956 – 1958	^[11]

Arabian Seas and Persian Gulf Station, 1959 to 1962

Flag Officer, Arabian Seas and Persian Gulf

Post holders included:

	Rank	Name	Term	Notes/Ref
Flag Officer, Arabian Seas and Persian Gulf
1	Commodore	G. F. M. Best	October 1959 - August 1960	^[15]
2	Rear-Admiral	A.A. Fitzroy Talbot	August 1960 - August 1962	^[11]

Middle East Command, 1962 to 1967

Flag Officer, Middle East

Post holders included:^[11]

	Rank	Name	Term	Notes/Ref
Flag Officer, Middle East
1	Rear-Admiral	John E. Scotland	August 1962-August 1964	^[11]
2	Rear-Admiral	Peter N. Howes	August 1964-September 1966	^[11]
3	Rear-Admiral	John E.L. Martin	September 1966-September 1967	^[11]

References

^ (Viscount), Andrew Browne Cunningham Cunningham of Hyndhope (2006). The Cunningham Papers: Selections from the Private and Official Correspondence of Admiral of the Fleet Viscount Cunningham of Hyndhope. Farnham, England: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 69. ISBN 9780754655985.
^ Stewart, Ninian (2013). The Royal Navy and the Palestine Patrol. Cambridge, England: Routledge. p. 178. ISBN 9781135283506.
^ Roskill, S.W. (2004). The war at sea : 1939-1945 : history of the second world war. Uckfield, Eng.: Naval and Military Press. p. 422. ISBN 9781843428053.
^ Stewart, Ninian (2013). The Royal Navy and the Palestine Patrol. Cambridge, England: Routledge. p. 27. ISBN 9781135283506.
^ ^a ^b Roberts, John (2009). Safeguarding the Nation: The Story of the Modern Royal Navy. Barnsley, England: Seaforth Publishing. p. 18. ISBN 9781848320437.
^ Peterson, J. E. (2016). Defending Arabia. Cambridge, England: Routledge. p. 106. ISBN 9781317229995.
^ ^a ^b (Viscount), Andrew Browne Cunningham Cunningham of Hyndhope (2006). The Cunningham Papers: Selections from the Private and Official Correspondence of Admiral of the Fleet Viscount Cunningham of Hyndhope. Farnham, England: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 68–69. ISBN 9780754655985.
^ Watson, Dr Graham. "Royal Navy Orgnisation in World War 2, 1939-1945". naval-history.net. G. Smith, 19 September 2015. Retrieved 2 July 2018.
^ Grehan, John; Mace, Martin (2014). "Introduction". The War at Sea in the Mediterranean 1940-1944. Barnsley, England: Pen and Sword. p. xi. ISBN 9781473837140.
^ "The Western Powers and the ME". Middle East Record. 2. The Moshe Dayan Center: 90. 1961. Retrieved 2 July 2018.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q Mackie, Colin. "Royal Navy Senior Appointments from 1865: Commander-in-Chief, Levant: Flag Officer, Middle East" (PDF). gulabin,com. C. Mackie, p. 171, June 2018. Retrieved 3 July 2018.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Watson, Dr Graham. "Royal Navy Orgnisation in World War 2, 1939-1945". naval-history.net. Gordon Smith, 19 September 2015. Retrieved 3 July 2018.
^ Cook, Chris (2006). The Routledge Guide to British Political Archives: Sources Since 1945. Cambridge, England: Routledge. p. 192. ISBN 9780415327404.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Niehorster, Leo. "World War II unit histories & officers". www.unithistories.com. L. Niehorster. Retrieved 3 July 2018.
^ "OP SHIPS". Naval Review. 47: 105. 1959.

Sources

Cook, Chris (2006). The Routledge Guide to British Political Archives: Sources Since 1945. Cambridge, England: Routledge. ISBN
Grehan, John; Mace, Martin (2014). "Introduction". The War at Sea in the Mediterranean 1940-1944. Barnsley, England: Pen and Sword. ISBN 9781473837140.
Mackie, Colin. (2018) "Royal Navy Senior Appointments from 1865" (PDF). gulabin.com. C. Mackie.
Peterson, J. E. (2016). Defending Arabia. Cambridge, England: Routledge. ISBN 9781317229995.
Roberts, John (2009). Safeguarding the Nation: The Story of the Modern Royal Navy. Barnsley, England: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 9781848320437
Roskill, S.W. (2004). The war at sea : 1939-1945 : history of the second world war. Uckfield, Eng.: Naval and Military Press. ISBN 9781843428053.
"The Western Powers and the ME". Middle East Record. The Moshe Dayan Center. 2: 90. 1961.
(Viscount), Andrew Browne Cunningham Cunningham of Hyndhope (2006). The Cunningham Papers: Selections from the Private and Official Correspondence of Admiral of the Fleet Viscount Cunningham of Hyndhope. Farnham, England: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 9780754655985.
Watson, Dr Graham. "Royal Navy Orgnisation in World War 2, 1939-1945". naval-history.net. G. Smith, 19 September 2015.

External links

[1] (Viscount), Andrew Browne Cunningham Cunningham of Hyndhope (2006). The Cunningham Papers: Selections from the Private and Official Correspondence of Admiral of the Fleet Viscount Cunningham of Hyndhope. Farnham, England: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 69. ISBN 9780754655985.

[2] Stewart, Ninian (2013). The Royal Navy and the Palestine Patrol. Cambridge, England: Routledge. p. 178. ISBN 9781135283506.

[3] Roskill, S.W. (2004). The war at sea : 1939-1945 : history of the second world war. Uckfield, Eng.: Naval and Military Press. p. 422. ISBN 9781843428053.

[4] Stewart, Ninian (2013). The Royal Navy and the Palestine Patrol. Cambridge, England: Routledge. p. 27. ISBN 9781135283506.

[Seaforth_Publishing-5] Roberts, John (2009). Safeguarding the Nation: The Story of the Modern Royal Navy. Barnsley, England: Seaforth Publishing. p. 18. ISBN 9781848320437.

[6] Peterson, J. E. (2016). Defending Arabia. Cambridge, England: Routledge. p. 106. ISBN 9781317229995.

[Ashgate_Publishing,_Ltd-7] (Viscount), Andrew Browne Cunningham Cunningham of Hyndhope (2006). The Cunningham Papers: Selections from the Private and Official Correspondence of Admiral of the Fleet Viscount Cunningham of Hyndhope. Farnham, England: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 68–69. ISBN 9780754655985.

[8] Watson, Dr Graham. "Royal Navy Orgnisation in World War 2, 1939-1945". naval-history.net. G. Smith, 19 September 2015. Retrieved 2 July 2018.

[9] Grehan, John; Mace, Martin (2014). "Introduction". The War at Sea in the Mediterranean 1940-1944. Barnsley, England: Pen and Sword. p. xi. ISBN 9781473837140.

[10] "The Western Powers and the ME". Middle East Record. 2. The Moshe Dayan Center: 90. 1961. Retrieved 2 July 2018.

[Mackie_2018-11] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q Mackie, Colin. "Royal Navy Senior Appointments from 1865: Commander-in-Chief, Levant: Flag Officer, Middle East" (PDF). gulabin,com. C. Mackie, p. 171, June 2018. Retrieved 3 July 2018.

[Watson_2015-12] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Watson, Dr Graham. "Royal Navy Orgnisation in World War 2, 1939-1945". naval-history.net. Gordon Smith, 19 September 2015. Retrieved 3 July 2018.

[13] Cook, Chris (2006). The Routledge Guide to British Political Archives: Sources Since 1945. Cambridge, England: Routledge. p. 192. ISBN 9780415327404.

[Royal_Navy_Med_Fleet-14] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Niehorster, Leo. "World War II unit histories & officers". www.unithistories.com. L. Niehorster. Retrieved 3 July 2018.

[15] "OP SHIPS". Naval Review. 47: 105. 1959.

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