Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory
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| Traditional Chinese | 《中英展拓香港界址專條》 | ||||||||||||||||
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The Convention between the United Kingdom and China, Respecting an Extension of Hong Kong Territory,[2] commonly known as the Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory or the Second Convention of Peking, was a lease and unequal treaty signed between Qing China and the United Kingdom in 1898. The original copy of the Covention is now kept in the National Palace Museum in Taiwan. [3]
Background
In the wake of China's defeat in the First Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895), the British took advantage of the other European powers' scramble to carve up the country and forced the treaty on the weakened Chinese government.[4] The convention was signed on 9 June 1898 in Beijing (Peking).[5] The contract was signed to give the British full jurisdiction of the newly acquired land that was necessary to ensure proper military defence of the colony around the island.[6] Some of the earliest proposals for the land's usage in 1894 included cemetery space, an exercise ground for British troops as well as land for development. From the British perspective concerns over security and territorial defence provided the major impetus for the agreement.[5]
Terms
Under the convention the territories north of what is now Boundary Street and south of the Sham Chun River, and the surrounding islands, later known as the "New Territories" were leased to the United Kingdom for 99 years rent-free,[1] expiring on 30 June 1997, and became part of the crown colony of Hong Kong.[6] The Kowloon Walled City was excepted and remained under control by Qing China. The territories which were leased to the United Kingdom were originally governed by Xin'an County, Guangdong province. Claude MacDonald, the British representative during the convention, picked a 99-year lease because he thought it was "as good as forever."[7]
Result
Some of the land under the convention remains rural and it is home to virtually all of Hong Kong's remaining farmland. However, as the city districts have become increasingly crowded the government has developed urban areas since the 1950s. Particularly, the areas closest to Kowloon have become integrated in Kowloon districts and are no longer administratively included in the New Territories. Due to continuing population growth and crowding in the inner city, the New Territories satellite cities grew increasingly important to the point where a slight majority of the population now lives there.
This made it unfeasible to return the leased land alone as it would have split Hong Kong in two parts. The Chinese also started to pressure the British to return all of Hong Kong, taking the position that they would not accept so-called "unequal treaties" that were imposed on them by colonial powers.
The governments of the United Kingdom and the People's Republic of China (PRC) concluded the Sino-British Joint Declaration in 1984, under which the sovereignty of the leased territories, together with Hong Kong Island and Kowloon (south of Boundary Street) ceded under the Treaty of Nanking (1842) and Convention of Peking (1860), was scheduled to be transferred to the PRC on 1 July 1997.[6] The territory was then transferred as scheduled.
See also
- Indigenous inhabitants of the New Territories (Hong Kong)
- Imperialism in Asia
- Punti people in Hong Kong (also known as Weitou people)
- Hakka indigenous people in Hong Kong
- Tanka indigenous people in Hong Kong
- Hoklo indigenous people in Hong Kong
- Treaty of Nanking
- Convention of Peking
References
- ^ a b http://web.archive.org/web/20080217231155/http://www.hkjournal.org/timeline/timeline1800s.html
- ^ http://ebook.lib.hku.hk/HKG/B36227845.pdf
- ^ http://www.npm.gov.tw/exh100/diplomatic/page_en02.html Republic of China's Diplomatic Archives (English)
- ^ China Foreign Policy and Government Guide: Strategic Information and Developments. Vol. 1. 2011. ISBN 9781433006869.
- ^ a b Anand, R.P. (2003) Cultural Factors in International Relations, Abhinav Publications. ISBN 81-7017-134-2
- ^ a b c Ghai, Yash P. (1999) Hong Kong's New Constitutional Order: The Resumption of Chinese Sovereignty and the Basic Law, HK University press. ISBN 962-209-463-5
- ^ Preston, Diana. The Boxer Rebellion. Bloomsbury Publishing USA, 2000, ISBN 0802713610, pg. 370.
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