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Fan game

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A fan game is a video game that is created by fans of a certain topic or IP. They are usually based on one, or in some cases several, video game entries or franchises.[1] Many fan games attempt to clone or remake the original game's design, gameplay, and characters, but it is equally common for fans to develop a unique game using another as a template. Though the quality of fan games has always varied, recent advances in computer technology and in available tools, e.g. through open source software, have made creating high-quality games easier. Fan games can be seen as user-generated content, as part of the retrogaming phenomena, and as expression of the remix culture.

Development

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Fan games are either developed as standalone games with their own engines, or as modifications to existing games that piggyback on the other's engines.[2] Each approach has different advantages, as standalone games are generally accessible to larger audiences but may often be more difficult or time-consuming to develop.

Standalone games

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Taisei Project is an open source fan game set in the world of Touhou Project.

Fan games are often developed using pre-existing tools and game engines. The Unity engine and Adobe Flash allow fans to develop standalone games, as with other programs such as GameMaker, Construct, RPG Maker, or any of the Clickteam products (such as The Games Factory and Multimedia Fusion 2).

Fan game developers often select and use free and open source game engines (such as OGRE, Crystal Space, DarkPlaces, and Spring) to help fans create games without the cost of licensing a commercial alternative. These engines may be altered and redesigned within the terms of their open source license and often cost significantly less than commercial options, but do not always allow developers to easily create high-end visual effects without additional effort.

It is also possible for fans to develop original game engines from scratch using a programming language such as C++, although doing so takes much more time and technical ability than modifying an existing game; an example is the Spring Engine which started as fan-made Total Annihilation game.[3]

Modifications to existing games

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Fan games are sometimes developed as a modification to an existing game, using features and software provided by many game engines. Mods usually are not allowed to modify the original story and game graphics, but rather extend the current content that was provided by the original developer. Modding an existing game is often cheaper than developing a fan game from scratch.

Because of the complexity of developing an entirely new game, fan games are often made using pre-existing tools that either came with the original game, or are readily available elsewhere. Certain games, such as Unreal Tournament 2004 and Neverwinter Nights, come with map-editing and scripting tools to allow fans to develop mods using the engine provided with the original game. Games such as Doom are old enough (end-of-life) that their source code has been released, allowing radical changes to take place; more examples in the List of commercial video games with available source code.

Another form of modding comes from editing the ROM images of older games, such as SNES games. Programs such as Lunar Magic enable a user to modify the existing data in the ROM image and change levels, character graphics, or any other aspect the program allows. While normally played on emulators, these newly edited ROM images could theoretically be used in conjunction with a flash drive to actually create cartridges for the older system, allowing the modified ROM images to run on the original hardware. A notable recent example of such a fan game is The Legend of Zelda: Parallel Worlds which was hailed by reviewers as a remarkable unofficial sequel to A Link to the Past.[4][5][6] Other notable examples include Legend of Zelda: Curse from the Outskirts,[7] Blaster Master: Pimp Your Ride, and Super Mario World - The Second Reality Project 2.[6]

Famous fan mods (for example, Counter-Strike, Day of Defeat, and Pirates, Vikings and Knights II) may even be adopted by the game developer (in all the mentioned cases, Valve) and made into an official addition to the existing game (Half-Life).

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Console releases

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Because fan games are developed with a relatively low budget, a fan game is rarely available on a console system; licensing fees are too prohibitive. However, unlicensed fan games have occasionally made it onto consoles with a significant homebrew scene, such as the Atari 2600, the NES, SNES, the Game Boy line, Sony's PlayStation, PlayStation 2 and PlayStation Portable, and many others.

Suppression and cease and desist

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Some companies shut down fan games as copyright infringements. Original copyright holders can order a cease and desist upon fan game projects, as by definition fan games are unauthorized uses of copyrighted property. Many fan games go as far as taking music and graphics directly from the original games.

A notable case in late 2005 involved Vivendi Universal shutting down a King's Quest fan project, King's Quest IX: Every Cloak Has a Silver Lining. It was to be an unofficial sequel granting closure to the series, which had its last release in 1998. After a letter-writing campaign and fan protests, Vivendi reversed its decision and gave permission for the game to be made.[citation needed] As part of the negotiations, the developers were required to remove "King's Quest" from the title.[8] Conversely, fan protests for the shutting down of Chrono Resurrection (a remake demo of Chrono Trigger) in 2004 have yielded no result on Square Enix's action to block the project.[9]

Nintendo is notorious for its strict protection of its intellectual property (IP)[10] and has shut down many notable fan games, including an HD remake of Super Mario 64,[11] AM2R,[12][13] and No Mario's Sky.[14][15] Nintendo has also taken down various Pokémon fan games such as "Pokenet"[16][17] and "Pokémon Uranium".[18][19]

A Spyro the Dragon fan game, Spyro: Myths Awaken, was shut down by Activision (the current owners of the Spyro IP) in September 2018[20] and later became Zera: Myths Awaken with all Activision-owned content being replaced by original content. After this legal action, other fan-made games like Spyro 2: Spring Savanna stopped the development. Previously in 2007, legal action was also taken by Activision against an open source software named Piano Hero by sending a cease and desist letter, which resulted in a name change to Synthesia.

In 2021, a lawsuit was filed by Rockstar Games' parent company Take-Two Interactive against the authors of re3 and reVC, which were reverse engineering projects for the games Grand Theft Auto III and Grand Theft Auto: Vice City that allowed the games to be played on contemporary platforms such as the Nintendo Switch. Take-Two asserted that they "are well aware that they do not possess the right to copy, adapt, or distribute derivative GTA source code, or the audiovisual elements of the games, and that doing so constitutes copyright infringement", and also alleging that the project has caused "irreparable harm" to the company.[21][22] Take-Two dismissed the lawsuits in April 2023.[23]

Also in 2021, Osmany Gomez developed a game called "I Am Batman" using the Unreal Engine 5 engine, using the characters Batman, Joker and Penguin from Tim Burton's duology.[24] In May 2021, the developer posted a video of a demo version of the game on his YouTube channel, but two days later Warner Brothers blocked his video. Gomez does not want to sue the film studio and therefore the project was closed.[25]

Capcom suspended a fan's remake of Code Veronica and the original Resident Evil on copyright grounds.[26][27][28]

Endorsement and turning a blind eye

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Other times, companies have endorsed fan games. For example, Capcom has featured Peter Sjöstrand's Mega Man 2.5D fan game in their community site more than once.[29][30] However, Capcom Senior Vice President Christian Svennson has stated that, while they legally can't sanction fan games, they won't proactively go after them either.[31] In 2012, Capcom took Seo Zong Hui's Street Fighter X Mega Man and funded it, promoting it from a simple fan game to an officially licensed freeware Mega Man game.[32]

In 2008, Christian Whitehead created his own game engine, known as the Retro Engine, for use in the Sonic the Hedgehog fan game Retro Sonic. Whitehead developed a proof-of-concept prototype of Sonic the Hedgehog CD running on the Retro Engine and pitched it to Sega.[33] Sega gave their approval, and a full remake running on Whitehead's engine was released two years later.[34] Whitehead later worked with fellow fan-programmer Simon Thomley to develop mobile remakes of Sonic the Hedgehog and Sonic the Hedgehog 2, and ultimately directed an all-new Sonic the Hedgehog title, Sonic Mania, with a development team made up of individuals noted for their work in the Sonic the Hedgehog fan community.[35] Mania would also be used as the basis for Sonic Superstars.

Skywind is a fan remastering of The Elder Scrolls III: Morrowind (2002) in the game engine of The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim. The original game developers, Bethesda Softworks, have given project volunteers their approval.[36] The remastering team involves over 70 volunteers in artist, composer, designer, developer, and voice acting roles. In November 2014, the team reported to have finished half of the remaster's environment, over 10,000 new dialogue lines, and three hours of series-inspired soundtrack.

In April 2017, Mig Perez and Jeffrey Montoya released Castlevania: The Lecarde Chronicles 2. The game features all new assets and a new soundtrack, as well as new voice acting from actors who appeared in the official Castlevania series, such as Douglas Rye who played Dracula in Curse of Darkness and Robert Belgrade who played Alucard in Symphony of the Night. Konami allowed the game to be released with the contingency that the game remains non-profit.[37][38]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Debora, Ferrari; Luca, Traini (2009). The art of games: nuove frontiere tra gioco e bellezza. TraRari Tipi. p. 171. ISBN 978-88-902991-2-4.
  2. ^ Postigo, Hector (October 2007). "Of Mods and Modders: Chasing Down the Value of Fan-Based Digital Game Modifications". Games and Culture. 2 (4): 300–313. doi:10.1177/1555412007307955. ISSN 1555-4120. S2CID 143727901.
  3. ^ "Spring review in Linux Pratique n51". Linux Pratique. 1 February 2009. pp. 10–12. Archived from the original on 4 February 2009. Retrieved 4 January 2009.
  4. ^ A New SNES Zelda Archived 24 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine. UGO.com. 9 January 2007.
  5. ^ Plunkett, Luke. LttP Remade As Zelda: Parallel Worlds Archived 23 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Kotaku. 10 January 2007.
  6. ^ a b Hacking is Cool: Shame They Don't Teach It at School. Retro Gamer. Issue 35. p. 99. March 2007.
  7. ^ Altered States: The Best ROM Hacks. Retro Gamer. Issue 13. p. 72. January 2005.
  8. ^ "Phoenix Online - The Silver Lining". www.postudios.com.
  9. ^ "Singin' the Brews: The History and Philosophy of Homebrew Game Development from 1UP.com". Archived from the original on 27 January 2011. Retrieved 26 June 2008.
  10. ^ Orland, Kyle (2 September 2016). "Nintendo's DMCA-backed quest against online fan games". Ars Technica. Retrieved 14 November 2023.
  11. ^ Crecente, Brian (31 March 2015). "Fan-made Super Mario 64 HD replaced with Nintendo-made takedown notice (update)". Polygon. Retrieved 9 August 2016.
  12. ^ Alexandra, Heather (9 August 2016). "The Metroid II Remake Nintendo Doesn't Want You To Play". kotaku.com. Retrieved 9 August 2016.
  13. ^ Otero, Jose (8 August 2016). "Nintendo Shuts Down Metroid 2 Fan Remake AM2R". IGN. Retrieved 9 August 2016.
  14. ^ Donnelly, Joe (5 September 2016). "No Mario's Sky parody game blocked by Nintendo lawyers, DMCA's Sky takes its place". Retrieved 6 September 2016.
  15. ^ Walker, Alex (5 September 2016). "No Mario's Sky Taken Down, Replaced With DMCA's Sky". kotaku.com. Retrieved 6 September 2016.
  16. ^ Watt, Meghan (2 April 2010). "Nintendo puts stop to fan-made Pokémon MMO, Pokénet". @geekdotcom. Archived from the original on 27 August 2019. Retrieved 15 August 2016.
  17. ^ Fletcher, JC (2 April 2010). "Nintendo shuts down fan-made Pokemon MMO". Engadget. Retrieved 15 August 2016.
  18. ^ Hernandez, Patricia (15 August 2016). "Despite Takedown, Pokémon Uranium Creators Say It's 'More Alive Than Ever'". Retrieved 15 August 2016.
  19. ^ Murphy, David (14 August 2016). "Nintendo Takes Down Fan-Made 'Pokemon Uranium' Game". pcmag.com. Retrieved 15 August 2016.
  20. ^ Kent, Emma (25 September 2018). "Activision lawyers send Spyro fan game cease and desist". Eurogamer. Retrieved 25 September 2018.
  21. ^ Clayton, Natalie (3 September 2021). "Take-Two is once again trying to kill reverse-engineered versions of GTA III and Vice City". PC Gamer. Retrieved 7 September 2021.
  22. ^ Scullion, Chris (3 September 2021). "Take-Two is suing the creators of GTA 3 and Vice City reverse engineering projects". Video Games Chronicle. Retrieved 3 September 2021.
  23. ^ Andy Chalk (7 April 2023). "Take-Two dismisses lawsuit against Grand Theft Auto modders". PC Gamer. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
  24. ^ "Batman (Tim Burton Universe) Tech Demo Game "Non-commercial project. Fan game demo".
  25. ^ "Batman 1989 inspires Arkham-style fan game complete with Nicholson's Joker". gamerevolution. 4 May 2021.
  26. ^ "Capcom shuts down Resident Evil 1 & Code Veronica fan remakes". 24 December 2022.
  27. ^ "Resident Evil 1 and Code Veronica Fan Remakes Canceled Due to Cease & Desist". 26 December 2022.
  28. ^ "Capcom Reportedly Shuts Down Resident Evil Code Veronica Fan Remake". 28 December 2022.
  29. ^ "Capcom-Unity". Capcom-Unity.
  30. ^ "Capcom-Unity". Capcom-Unity.
  31. ^ Svensson, Christian (5 August 2011). "What is Capcom's stand on fangames?". Capcom-Unity. Archived from the original on 10 January 2012.
  32. ^ Brelston. "Street Fighter X Mega Man coming 17 December". Capcom-Unity.
  33. ^ Rainer Sigl (1 February 2015). "Lieblingsspiele 2.0: Die bewundernswerte Kunst der Fan-Remakes". Der Standard.
  34. ^ Parkin, Simon (22 December 2011). "Sonic CD Review". Eurogamer. Retrieved 21 April 2017. However, after a few weeks, Whitehead's website was taken offline, as was the YouTube video he released to show off his work. It seemed as though Sega's lawyers had issued a cease-and-desist and ordered his work to be scrapped. Two years later and an official Sonic CD release surfaces bearing Whitehead's name. Sega had done what few multinational companies of its size, age and resultant inflexibility could have: made a fan a creative asset.
  35. ^ Seppala, Timothy (22 July 2016). "'Sonic Mania' looks like the 2D sequel fans deserve". Engadget. Retrieved 9 August 2016.
  36. ^ Owen S. Good (10 January 2015). "Fans remastering Morrowind give another glimpse of its landscape". Polygon.
  37. ^ "Castlevania Fan Game Gets Official Voice Actors on Board - Rice Digital". 18 November 2016.
  38. ^ "Lecarde Chronicles 2 Brings Gothic Castlevania Action to 18th Century France". 26 April 2017.
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