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Haplogroup R (Y-DNA)

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For the mitochondrial DNA haplogroup, see Haplogroup R (mtDNA).
Haplogroup R
Possible time of origin19,000–27,000 years BP (Hallast 2014)[1] [2]
Possible place of originCentral Asia or South Asia
AncestorP1 (P-M45), the only primary clade of P* (P-P295)
DescendantsR1 (R-M173), R2 (R-M479) (R2)
Defining mutationsM207/Page37/UTY2, CTS207/M600/PF5992, CTS2426/M661/PF6033, CTS2913/M667, CTS3229/M672/PF6036/YSC0001265, CTS3622/PF6037, CTS5815/M696, CTS6417/Y480, CTS7876/PF6052, CTS7880/M725/PF6053, CTS8311/M732, CTS9005/M741, CTS10663/M788, CTS11075/M795/P6078, CTS11647/Y369, F33/M603/PF6013, F63/M614/PF6016, F82/M620, F154/M636, F295/M685, F356/M703/PF5919, F370/M708/Y479, F459/Y482, F652/M805, F765, FGC1168, L248.3/M705.3, L747/M702/PF5918/YSC0000287, L760/M642/PF5877/YSC0000286, L1225/M789/YSC0000232, L1347/M792/PF6077/YSC0000233, M613, M628/PF5868, M651/Y296, M718, M734/PF6057/S4/YSC0000201, M760/Y506, M764/PF5953, M799, P224/PF6050, P227, P229/PF6019, P232, P280, P285, PF5938, PF6014/S9 (ISOGG 2016)

Haplogroup R or R-M207, is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It is both numerous and widespread amongst modern populations.

Some descendant subclades are common throughout Europe, Central Asia and South Asia, and also common in parts of the West Asia, Africa and North America. Others are primarily from West Asia and South Asia. This line is a descendant of haplogroup P-M45 (P1).

Karafet et al. (2014) "rapid diversification process of K-M526 likely occurred in Southeast Asia, with subsequent westward expansions of the ancestors of haplogroups R and Q." [3]

Origins

The SNP defining this haplogroup is believed to have arisen during the Upper Paleolithic era: about 19,000 – 27,000 years ago (ISOGG 2016) (Hallast 2014) (Karafet 2008).

Karafet et al. (2014) "rapid diversification process of K-M526 that likely occurred in Southeast Asia, with subsequent westward expansions of the ancestors of haplogroups R and Q." [4]

The sole confirmed example of basal haplogroup R* has been found in 24,000 year old remains, known as MA-1, found at Mal'ta near Lake Baikal in Siberia.[5] While a living example of R-M207(xM17,M124) was reported in 2012, the sample of 158 ethnic Tajik males from Badakshan, Afghanistan were not tested for the SNP M478; the male concerned may therefore belong to R2*.

Despite the rarity of R*, the relatively rapid expansion – geographically and numerically – of subclades from R1 in particular, was noted in a 2014 paper by Pille Hallast, Chiara Batini, Daniel Zadik and others: "both R1a and R1b comprise young, star-like expansions" (Hallast 2014). The authors noted that living examples found in Central Asian samples included the "deepest subclade" of R-M269 (R1b1a2) – the most numerous branch of R1b in Western Europe. Hallast, Batini, Zadik et al., also noted a Bhutanese individual (with R-PH155) who apparently constituted "an outgroup almost as old as the R1a/R1b split"and which presented a very strong proof of origin in Indian subcontinent.

Distribution

Y-haplogroup R-M207 is common throughout Europe, South Asia and Central Asia (Kayser 2003). It also occurs in the Caucasus and Siberia. Some minorities in Africa also carry subclades of R-M207 at high frequencies.

While some indigenous peoples of The Americas and Australasia also feature high levels of R-M207, it is unclear whether these are deep-rooted, or an effect of European colonisation during the early modern era.

Subclades

Human Y-DNA Phylogenetic Tree
Haplogroup R
M207 (R)
M173 (R1)
M420 (R1a)
M459

(R1a1)

(R1a*)

M343 (R1b)
L278

(R1b1)

(R1b*)

M479 (R2)
M124 (R2a)
L263

(R2a1)

F1092

(R2a2)

Y12100

(R2a3)

(R2*)



Paragroup R-M207

Haplogroup R* Y-DNA (xR1,R2) was found in 24,000-year-old remains from Mal'ta in Siberia near Lake Baikal.[6]

R1(R-M173)

Main article: Haplogroup R-M173 (Y-DNA)

R-M173 was historically known as R1 and has been common throughout Europe and South Asia since pre-history. It has many branches (Semino 2000 and Rosser 2000).

It is the second most common haplogroup in Indigenous peoples of the Americas following haplogroup Q-M242, especially in the Algonquian peoples of Canada and the United States (Malhi 2008). The origin of R-M173 among Native Americans is a matter of controversy:

  • some scholars claim that this is partly or wholly the result of colonial-era immigration from Europe, and not a pre-Columbian founding lineage (see e.g. Malhi 2008);
  • other authorities point to the greater similarity of many R-M173 subclades found in North America to those found in Siberia (e.g. Lell 2002 and Raghavan 2013), suggesting prehistoric immigration from Asia and/or Beringia.

R2(R-M479)

Main article: Haplogroup R-M479

Haplogroup R-M479 is defined by the presence of the marker M479. The paragroup for the R-M479 lineage is found predominantly in South Asia, although deep-rooted examples have also been found among Portuguese, Spanish, Tatar (Bashkortostan, Russia), and Ossetian (Caucasus) populations (Myres 2010).

See also

Genetics

3

Y-DNA R-M207 subclades

3

Y-DNA backbone tree

References

  1. ^ {http://www.isogg.org/tree/ISOGG_HapgrpR.html ISOGG Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree}
  2. ^ Karafet, TM; Mendez, FL; Meilerman, MB; Underhill, PA; Zegura, SL; Hammer, MF (May 2008). "New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree". Genome Res. 18: 830–8. doi:10.1101/gr.7172008. PMC 2336805. PMID 18385274.
  3. ^ Karafet, Tatiana; Mendez, Fernando; Sudoyo, Herawati (2014). "Improved phylogenetic resolution and rapid diversification of Y-chromosome haplogroup K-M526 in Southeast Asia". Nature. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2014.106. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  4. ^ Karafet, Tatiana; Mendez, Fernando; Sudoyo, Herawati (2014). "Improved phylogenetic resolution and rapid diversification of Y-chromosome haplogroup K-M526 in Southeast Asia". Nature. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2014.106. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  5. ^ Raghavan, M. et al. 2014. Upper Palaeolithic Siberian genome reveals dual ancestry of Native Americans, Nature, 505, 87–91.
  6. ^ Raghavan, Maanasa; Pontus Skoglund; Kelly E. Graf; Mait Metspalu; Anders Albrechtsen; Ida Moltke; Simon Rasmussen; Thomas W. Stafford Jr; Ludovic Orlando; Ene Metspalu; Monika Karmin; Kristiina Tambets; Siiri Rootsi; Reedik Mägi; Paula F. Campos; Elena Balanovska; Oleg Balanovsky; Elza Khusnutdinova; Sergey Litvinov; Ludmila P. Osipova; Sardana A. Fedorova; Mikhail I. Voevoda; Michael DeGiorgio; Thomas Sicheritz-Ponten; Søren Brunak; et al. (2 January 2014). "Upper Palaeolithic Siberian genome reveals dual ancestry of Native Americans". Nature. 505 (7481): 87–91. doi:10.1038/nature12736. PMC 4105016. PMID 24256729.

Further reading

Discussion and projects

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