Jīva (Jainism)

Jīva (Sanskrit: जीव) or Ātman (/ˈɑːtmən/; Sanskrit: आत्मन्) is a philosophical term used within Jainism to identify the soul.^[1] As per Jain cosmology, jīva or soul is the principle of sentience and is one of the tattvas or one of the fundamental substances forming part of the universe. The Jain metaphysics, states Jagmanderlal Jaini, divides the universe into two independent, everlasting, co-existing and uncreated categories called the jiva (soul) and the ajiva (Sanskrit: अजीव non-soul).^[2] This basic premise of Jainism makes it a dualistic philosophy.^[3] The jiva, according to Jainism, is an essential part of how the process of karma, rebirth and the process of liberation from rebirth works.^[4]

Soul substance

Jains regard soul as one of the six fundamental and eternal substances (dravyas) which forms the universe. The two states of soul substance are mentioned in the Jain texts. These are — Svābhva (pure or natural) and Vibhāva (impure or unnatural state). Souls in transmigration are in impure state and liberated ones are said to be in natural or pure state.^[5]

Jain philosophy is the oldest Indian philosophy that completely separates matter from the soul.^[1] According to The Theosophist, "some religionists hold that Atman (Spirit) and Paramatman (God) are identical, while others assert that they are distinct; but a Jain will say that Atman and Paramatman are identical as well as distinct."^[6]

The five vows of Jain practice are believed in Jainism to aid in freeing the jīva from karmic matter, reduce negative karmic effects and accrue positive karmic benefits.^[4]

Souls and rebirth

Depiction of the concept of soul (in transmigration) in Jainism. Golden color represents *nokarma* – the quasi-karmic matter, Cyan color depicts *dravya karma*– the subtle karmic matter, orange represents the *bhav karma*– the psycho-physical karmic matter and White depicts *sudhatma*, the pure consciousness.

Classification of *Saṃsāri Jīvas* (Transmigrating Souls) as per Jainism.

According to Jain philosophy, rebirth occurs through soul. Depending on the karmic particles attached to a soul, Jain theology states a being is reborn in one of four gatis (states of existence), namely, heavenly being (deva), human (manushya), hell being (naraki) and animals and plants (triyancha).^[7] Besides this there also exist a sub-microscopic life form, Nigoda, possessing only one sense, i.e., of touch.^[8]

In Jain beliefs, souls begin their journey in a primordial state, and exist in a state of consciousness continuum that is constantly evolving through Saṃsāra.^[9] Some evolve to a higher state, some regress asserts the Jaina theory, a movement that is driven by the karma.^[10] Further, Jaina traditions believe that there exist Abhavya (incapable), or a class of souls that can never attain moksha (liberation).^[11]^[12] The Abhavya state of soul is entered after an intentional and shockingly evil act.^[13] Jainism considers souls as pluralistic each in a karma-samsara cycle, and does not subscribe to Advaita style nondualism of Hinduism, or Advaya style nondualism of Buddhism.^[12]

The Jaina theosophy, like ancient Ajivika, but unlike Hindu and Buddhist theosophies, asserts that each soul passes through 8,400,000 birth-situations, as they circle through Saṃsāra.^[14]^[15] As the soul cycles, states Padmanabh Jaini, Jainism traditions believe that it goes through five types of bodies: earth bodies, water bodies, fire bodies, air bodies and vegetable lives.^[16] With all human and non-human activities, such as rainfall, agriculture, eating and even breathing, minuscule living beings are taking birth or dying, their souls are believed to be constantly changing bodies. Perturbing, harming or killing any life form, including any human being, is considered a sin in Jainism, with negative karmic effects.^[17]^[18]

A liberated soul in Jainism is one who has gone beyond Saṃsāra, is at the apex, is omniscient, remains there eternally, and is known as a Siddha.^[19] A male human being is considered closest to the apex with the potential to achieve liberation, particularly through asceticism. Women must gain karmic merit, to be reborn as man, and only then can they achieve spiritual liberation in Jainism, particularly in the Digambara sect of Jainism;^[20]^[21] however, this view has been historically debated within Jainism and different Jaina sects have expressed different views, particularly the Shvetambara sect that believes that women too can achieve liberation from Saṃsāra.^[21]^[22]

In contrast to Buddhist texts which do not expressly or unambiguously condemn injuring or killing plants and minor life forms, Jaina texts do. Jainism considers it a bad karma to injure plants and minor life forms with negative impact on a soul's Saṃsāra.^[23] However, some texts in Buddhism and Hinduism do caution a person from injuring all life forms, including plants and seeds.^[23]^[24]^[25]

Real Self

According to the Jain text, Samayasāra:

Know that the Jiva (soul) which rests on pure faith, knowledge, and conduct, alone is the Real Self. The one which is conditioned by the karmic matter is to be known as the impure self. – Verse 1-2-2

According to Vijay Jain, the souls which rest on the pure self are called the Real Self, and only arihant and Siddhas are the Real Self.^[26]

Stages of spiritual development

Jain texts explain that there are fourteen stages of spiritual development called Gunasthana. These are:^[27]

Mithyadristi: The stage of wrong believer
Sasādana: downfall from right faith
Misradrsti: mixed right and wrong belief
Avirata samyagdrsti: vowless right belief
Deśavirata: The stage of partial self-control
Pramattasamyata: Slightly imperfect vows
Apramatta samyata: Perfect vows
Apūrvakaraņa: New thought-activity
Anivāttibādara-sāmparāya: advanced thought-activity (Passions are still occurring)
Sukshma samparaya: slightest delusion
Upaśānta-kasaya: subsided delusion
Ksīna kasāya: destroyed delusion
Sayogi kevali: Omniscience with vibration
Ayogi kevali: The stage of omniscience without any activity

Classification

According to Jainism, sentient beings are ranked based on their senses. Four basic elements, viz. earth, water, air and fire ranks among the lowest in them.^[28]

References

Citation

^ ^a ^b "dravya - Jainism". Encyclopædia Britannica.
^ Jagmanderlal Jaini (2013). Outlines of Jainism. Cambridge University Press. pp. xxii–xxiii. ISBN 978-1-107-61567-0.
^ Jaini 2013, p. 1.
^ ^a ^b Jeffery D. Long (2009). Jainism: An Introduction. I. B. Tauris. pp. 93–100. ISBN 978-1-84511-625-5.
^ Kundakunda, Acharya; Chakravarti, Appaswami; Upādhye, Ādinātha Neminātha (2001). Ācārya Kundakunda's Pañcāstikāya-sāra. Bharatiya Jnanpith. p. 16. ISBN 978-81-263-1813-1.
^ The Theosophist. Theosophical Publishing House. 1609. p. 553. For instance, some religionists hold that Atman (Spirit) and Paramatman (God) are one, while others assert that they are distinct; but a Jain will say that Atman and Paramatman are one as well as distinct.
^ Jaini 1998, p. 108.
^ Jaini 1998, p. 109.
^ Padmanabh Jaini 1980, p. 227.
^ Padmanabh Jaini 1980, pp. 227–228.
^ Padmanabh Jaini 1980, p. 226.
^ ^a ^b Paul Dundas (2003). The Jains. Routledge. pp. 104–105. ISBN 978-0415266055.
^ Padmanabh Jaini 1980, p. 225.
^ Padmanabh Jaini 1980, p. 228.
^ Padmanabh S. Jaini (2000). Collected Papers on Jaina Studies. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 130–131. ISBN 978-81-208-1691-6.
^ Padmanabh Jaini 1980, pp. 223–224.
^ Padmanabh Jaini 1980, pp. 224–225.
^ Tara Sethia (2004). Ahimsā, Anekānta, and Jainism. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 30–31. ISBN 978-81-208-2036-4.
^ Padmanabh Jaini 1980, pp. 222–223.
^ Jeffery D Long (2013). Jainism: An Introduction. I.B.Tauris. pp. 36–37. ISBN 978-0-85773-656-7.
^ ^a ^b Graham Harvey (2016). Religions in Focus: New Approaches to Tradition and Contemporary Practices. Routledge. pp. 182–183. ISBN 978-1-134-93690-8.
^ Paul Dundas (2003). The Jains. Routledge. pp. 55–59. ISBN 978-0415266055.
^ ^a ^b Lambert Schmithausen (1991), Buddhism and Nature, Studia Philologica Buddhica, The International Institute for Buddhist Studies, Tokyo Japan, pages 6–7
^ Rod Preece (1999), Animals and Nature: Cultural Myths, Cultural Realities, ISBN 978-0-7748-0725-8, University of British Columbia Press, pages 212–217
^ Christopher Chapple (1990), Ecological Nonviolence and the Hindu Tradition, in Perspectives on Nonviolence, Springer, ISBN 978-1-4612-4458-5, pages 168–177;
L Alsdorf (1962), Beiträge zur Geschichte von Vegetarismus und Rinderverehrung in Indien, Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur, F. Steiner Wiesbaden, pages 592–593
^ Jain 2012, p. 3.
^ Jain, Vijay K (26 March 2014). Acarya Pujyapada's Istopadesa – the Golden Discourse. Vikalp Printers. p. 14. ISBN 9788190363969.
^ Doniger 1993, p. 238.

Sources

Doniger, Wendy, ed. (1993), Purana Perennis: Reciprocity and Transformation in Hindu and Jaina Texts, State University of New York Press, ISBN 0-7914-1381-0
Jaini, Jagmander Lal (2013), Outlines of Jainism, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-1-107-61567-0
Jain, Vijay K. (2012), Acharya Kundkund's Samayasara, Vikalp Printers, ISBN 978-81-903639-3-8, Non-Copyright
Jaini, Padmanabh S. (1998) [1979], The Jaina Path of Purification, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 81-208-1578-5
Padmanabh Jaini (1980). Wendy Doniger (ed.). Karma and Rebirth in Classical Indian Traditions. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-03923-0.

External links

The Jaina Philosophy, The Jīvas, Surendranath Dasgupta, 1940

[britjivajain-1] "dravya - Jainism". Encyclopædia Britannica.

[2] Jagmanderlal Jaini (2013). Outlines of Jainism. Cambridge University Press. pp. xxii–xxiii. ISBN 978-1-107-61567-0.

[FOOTNOTEJaini20131-3] Jaini 2013, p. 1.

[long93-4] Jeffery D. Long (2009). Jainism: An Introduction. I. B. Tauris. pp. 93–100. ISBN 978-1-84511-625-5.

[5] Kundakunda, Acharya; Chakravarti, Appaswami; Upādhye, Ādinātha Neminātha (2001). Ācārya Kundakunda's Pañcāstikāya-sāra. Bharatiya Jnanpith. p. 16. ISBN 978-81-263-1813-1.

[6] The Theosophist. Theosophical Publishing House. 1609. p. 553. For instance, some religionists hold that Atman (Spirit) and Paramatman (God) are one, while others assert that they are distinct; but a Jain will say that Atman and Paramatman are one as well as distinct.

[FOOTNOTEJaini1998108-7] Jaini 1998, p. 108.

[FOOTNOTEJaini1998109-8] Jaini 1998, p. 109.

[FOOTNOTEPadmanabh_Jaini1980227-9] Padmanabh Jaini 1980, p. 227.

[FOOTNOTEPadmanabh_Jaini1980227–228-10] Padmanabh Jaini 1980, pp. 227–228.

[FOOTNOTEPadmanabh_Jaini1980226-11] Padmanabh Jaini 1980, p. 226.

[Dundas2003p105-12] Paul Dundas (2003). The Jains. Routledge. pp. 104–105. ISBN 978-0415266055.

[FOOTNOTEPadmanabh_Jaini1980225-13] Padmanabh Jaini 1980, p. 225.

[FOOTNOTEPadmanabh_Jaini1980228-14] Padmanabh Jaini 1980, p. 228.

[15] Padmanabh S. Jaini (2000). Collected Papers on Jaina Studies. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 130–131. ISBN 978-81-208-1691-6.

[FOOTNOTEPadmanabh_Jaini1980223–224-16] Padmanabh Jaini 1980, pp. 223–224.

[FOOTNOTEPadmanabh_Jaini1980224–225-17] Padmanabh Jaini 1980, pp. 224–225.

[Sethia2004p31-18] Tara Sethia (2004). Ahimsā, Anekānta, and Jainism. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 30–31. ISBN 978-81-208-2036-4.

[FOOTNOTEPadmanabh_Jaini1980222–223-19] Padmanabh Jaini 1980, pp. 222–223.

[20] Jeffery D Long (2013). Jainism: An Introduction. I.B.Tauris. pp. 36–37. ISBN 978-0-85773-656-7.

[harveyp182-21] Graham Harvey (2016). Religions in Focus: New Approaches to Tradition and Contemporary Practices. Routledge. pp. 182–183. ISBN 978-1-134-93690-8.

[22] Paul Dundas (2003). The Jains. Routledge. pp. 55–59. ISBN 978-0415266055.

[lschmithausen-23] Lambert Schmithausen (1991), Buddhism and Nature, Studia Philologica Buddhica, The International Institute for Buddhist Studies, Tokyo Japan, pages 6–7

[24] Rod Preece (1999), Animals and Nature: Cultural Myths, Cultural Realities, ISBN 978-0-7748-0725-8, University of British Columbia Press, pages 212–217

[25] Christopher Chapple (1990), Ecological Nonviolence and the Hindu Tradition, in Perspectives on Nonviolence, Springer, ISBN 978-1-4612-4458-5, pages 168–177;
L Alsdorf (1962), Beiträge zur Geschichte von Vegetarismus und Rinderverehrung in Indien, Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur, F. Steiner Wiesbaden, pages 592–593

[FOOTNOTEJain20123-26] Jain 2012, p. 3.

[27] Jain, Vijay K (26 March 2014). Acarya Pujyapada's Istopadesa – the Golden Discourse. Vikalp Printers. p. 14. ISBN 9788190363969.

[FOOTNOTEDoniger1993238-28] Doniger 1993, p. 238.

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