List of asteroid close approaches to Earth

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Trajectory of 2004 FH in the Earth–Moon system.
Goldstone radar images of asteroid 2007 PA8's Earth flyby in 2012.

This is a list of examples where an asteroid or meteoroid travels close to the Earth. Some are regarded as potentially hazardous objects if they are estimated to be large enough to cause regional devastation.

Near-Earth object detection technology greatly improved about 1998, so objects being detected as of 2004 could have been missed only a decade earlier due to a lack of dedicated Near-Earth sky surveys. As dedicated Near-Earth sky surveys improve, smaller and smaller asteroids are regularly being discovered. The small near-Earth asteroids 2008 TC3, 2014 AA, and 2018 LA are the only three asteroids discovered before impacting into Earth (see Asteroid impact prediction). Scientists estimate that several dozen asteroids in the 6–12 m (20–39 ft) size range fly by Earth at a distance closer than the moon every year, but only a fraction of these are actually detected.[1][2]

Timeline of known close approaches within one lunar distance to Earth

The average distance to the Moon (or lunar distance LD) is about 384,400 km (238,900 mi), which is around 30 times the width of the earth.[3] Below are lists of close approaches less than one LD for a given year. (See also near-Earth asteroids published by the International Astronomical Union[note 1] and NEO Earth Close Approaches).

Known asteroids passing <1 LD from Earth
year discovered on Opposition discovered later discovered prior
2001
1
1
0
2002
2
0
0
2003
5
0
0
2004
10
0
0
2005
6
0
0
2006
12
0
0
2007
15
0
1
2008
20
0
0
2009
19
0
0
2010
22
0
0
2011
27
0
3
2011
22
0
0
2013
23
0
1
2014
32
0
0
2015
27
0
0
2016
60
0
0
2017
56
0
1
2018
61
0
2
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
  •   Discovered > 1 year in advance
  •   Discovered > 1 week in advance
  •   Discovered up to 1 week in advance
  •   < 24 hours warning
  •   No warning

Closest known per year

Satellites in geostationary orbit.

From the list in the first section, these are the closest known asteroids per year that approach Earth within one lunar distance LD. More than one asteroid per year may be listed if its geocentric distance[note 2] is within a tenth of the lunar distance, or 0.10 LD. For comparison, since a satellite in a geostationary orbit has an altitude of about 36,000 km (22,000 mi), then its geocentric distance is 0.11 LD (approximately 3 times the width of the Earth).

The table shows that the years 2016 and 2017 had a total of 13 such close encounters. Of these, eight were undetected until after they'd happened and only one was detected with more than 24 hours notice. 2018 has fared better so far, with four out of the five known close encounters being detected beforehand, albeit with less than 24 hours notice in each case.

This list does not include any of the hundreds of objects that collided with earth, which were not discovered in advance, but were recorded by sensors designed to detect detonation of nuclear devices. Of the objects so detected, 78 had an impact energy greater than that of a 1 kiloton device, including 11 which had an impact energy greater than that of a 10 kiloton device i.e. comparable to the atomic bombs used in the Second World War. [4].

  Rows highlighted red indicate objects which were not discovered until after closest approach

  Rows highlighted yellow indicate objects discovered less than 24 hours before closest approach

  Rows highlighted green indicate objects discovered more than one week before closest approach

  Rows highlighted blue indicate objects discovered more than one year before closest approach, i.e. objects successfully cataloged on a previous orbit, rather than being detected during final approach.

Year Date of
closest approach		 Date
discovered		 Object Nominal
geocentric
distance[note 3]
(in thousand km)		 Nominal
geocentric
distance
(in LD)		 Size of object
(in meters)
 (H)
2034 2034-05-06 2014-04-29 2014 HB177 88.9 0.23 6-14 28.1[5]
2029 2029-04-13 2004-06-19 99942 Apophis 38.0 0.10 310–340 19.7[6]
2028 2028-06-26 2001-11-20 (153814) 2001 WN5 248.7 0.65 610–1400 18.2[7]
2018 2018-06-02 2018-06-02 2018 LA 5.0 (Impact) 0.0152 (Impact) 2–4 30.5[8]
2018-01-22 2018-01-22 A106fgF 20? 0.03? 2–5 30.6[9]
2018-06-17 2018-06-17 A107j4p 30.8 0.080 4–11 28.9[10]
2018-08-10 2018-08-11 2018 PD20 33.5 0.087 7–22 27.4[11]
2018-01-18 2018-01-18 2018 BD 39.2 0.10 2–6 30.2[12]
2017 2017-04-04 2017-04-03 2017 GM 16.3 0.042 2–7 29.9[13]
2017-10-20 2017-10-21 2017 UJ2 18.0 0.047 1–5 30.8[14]
2017-10-22 2017-10-30
(Unconfirmed)		 YU95BEF 19.4 0.051 5–15 28.2
2017-03-02 2017-03-02 2017 EA 20.9 0.054 1–5 30.7[15]
2017-11-26 2017-11-26 2017 WE30 30.1 0.078 1–3 31.8[16]
2017-11-14 2017-11-20
(Unconfirmed)		 P10ELNY 31.7 0.083 4–12 28.8
2017-11-08 2017-11-16
(Unconfirmed)		 A104Vqx 33.2 0.086 4–14 28.4
2016 2016-02-25 2016-02-26 2016 DY30 14.3 0.04 2–5 30.5[17]
2016-09-11 2016-09-11 2016 RN41 23.7 0.06 1–5 31.0[18]
2016-01-12 2016-01-13 2016 AH164 26.7 0.07 3–7 29.6[19]
2016-03-11 2016-03-15 2016 EF195[20] 31.7 0.08 16–31 25.6[21]
2016-11-05 2016-11-14
(Unconfirmed)		 XV88D4F 36.7 0.09 2–7 30.0[22]
2016-01-14 2016-01-14 2016 AN164 37.0 0.10 2–5 30.5[23]
2015 2015-09-22 2015-09-24 2015 SK7 26.6 0.07 3–14 28.9[24]
2015-11-15 2015-11-14 2015 VY105 34.6 0.09 4–9 29.0[25]
2014 2014-01-02 2014-01-01 2014 AA 0.45 (Impact)[26][27] 0.001 (Impact) 2–4 30.9
2014-06-03 2014-06-02 2014 LY21 16.7 0.04 4–8 29.1[28]
2013 2013-12-23 2013-12-23 2013 YB 27.3 0.07 3 31.4[29]
2013-02-15 2012-02-23 367943 Duende 34.1 0.09 30 24.0[30]
2012 2012-05-29 2012-05-28 2012 KT42 20.8 0.05 9 29.0[31]
2011 2011-02-04 2011-02-04 2011 CQ1[32] 11.9 0.03 1 32.1[33]
2011-06-27 2011-06-22 2011 MD 18.7 0.05 14 28.0[34]
2010 2010-11-17 2010-11-16 2010 WA 38.9 0.10 2–6 30.0[35]
2009 2009-11-06 2009-11-06 2009 VA 20.4 0.05 4–13 28.6[36]
2008 2008-10-09 2008-10-09 2008 TS26 12.6 0.03 0.5-1.6 33.2[37]
2008-10-20 2008-10-21 2008 US 32.9 0.09 1–4 31.4[38]
2007 2007-10-17 2007-10-21 2007 UN12 69.7 0.18 4–11 28.7[39]
2006 2006-02-23 2006-02-22 2006 DD1 117.5 0.31 12–30 26.5[40]
2005 2005-11-26 2005-11-25 2005 WN3 83.8 0.22 3–6 29.9[41]
2004 2004-03-31 2004-03-31 2004 FU162 12.9 0.03 4–12 28.7[42]
2003 2003-09-27 2003-09-28 2003 SQ222 84.2 0.22 2–6 30.1[43]
2002 2002-12-11 2002-12-13 2002 XV90 117.7 0.31 19–47 25.5[44]
2001 2001-01-15 2001-01-19 2001 BA16 79.0 0.21 15–38 26.0[45]
1999 1999-03-12 2013 2013 EC20 315.4 0.82 3–12 29.0[46]
1994 1994-12-09 1994-12-09 1994 XM1 105.5 0.27 5–16 28.2[47]
1993 1993-05-20 1993-05-21 1993 KA2 149.2 0.39 3–11 29.0[48]
1991 1991-01-18 1991-01-18 1991 BA 168.2 0.44 4–13 28.6[49]
1990 1990-09-19 2003 2003 SW130 213.9 0.56 3–10 29.1[50]
1984 1984-01-10 2016 2016 TB57 294.8 0.77 13–43 26.0[51]
1982 1982-11-04 2012 2012 TY52 314.4 0.82 111–358 21.2[52]
1979 1979-09-02 2014 2014 WX202 334.3 0.87 3–8 29.6[53]
1976 1976-10-17 2013 2013 UG1 328.1 0.85 70–226 22.4[54]
1971 1971-04-11 2002 2002 JE9 237.0 0.62 122–393 21.2[55]
1965 1965-10-27 2005 2005 VL1 289.2 0.75 10–33 26.6[56]
1959 1959-01-27 2012 2012 BX34 203.4 0.53 6–21 27.6[57]
1957 1957-12-10 2010 2010 XW58 60.8 0.16 22–71 24.9[58]
1955 1955-06-19 2015 2015 LR21 225.6 0.59 11–34 26.5[59]
1954 1954-03-13 2013 2013 RZ53 102.7 0.27 1–4 31.1[60]
1949 1949-01-01 2003 2003 YS70 259.6 0.68 3–10 29.1[61]
1938 1938-11-02 2018 2018 RW 105.0 0.27 2-5 30.3[62]
1936 1936-01-06 2010 2010 VB1 212.6 0.55 61–140 23.2[63]
1935 1935-03-08 2015 2015 DD54 182.8 0.48 18–57 25.4[64]
1925 1925-03-29 2012 2012 FT35 39.3 0.10 4-9 29.2[65]
1918 1918-09-17 2011 (458732) 2011 MD5 350.1 0.91 556–1795 17.9[66]
1914 1914-12-31 1998 (152680) 1998 KJ9 232.9 0.61 279–900 19.4[67]
1910 1910-05-09 2007 2007 JB21 288.7 0.75 18–57 25.4[68]

Notable cases are the relatively large asteroids 2016 EF195 and Duende, with the latter coincidentally approaching just a few hours after the unrelated Chelyabinsk meteor.

Largest per year

From the lists in the first section, these are the largest known asteroids per year that approach Earth within one LD. (More than one asteroid per year may be listed if its size is 100 m (330 ft) or more.) For comparison, the 1908 Tunguska event was caused by an object about 60–190 m (200–620 ft) in size, while the 2013 Chelyabinsk meteor which injured thousands of people and buildings when it generated a large airburst over Russia was estimated to be just 20 m (66 ft) across.

The table shows about 14 events in the 12 decades of 1900-2020 involving a body with an upper size estimate of 100 m (330 ft) or more making a close approach to Earth within one LD, with one (the Tunguska object) making impact.

Animation of the trajectory of the asteroid 2005 YU55 compared with the orbits of Earth and the Moon on 8–9 November 2011.
Trajectory of the relatively large 2005 YU55 compared with the orbits of Earth and the Moon on 8–9 Nov 2011.
Year Date of
closest approach		 Object Nominal
geocentric
distance
(in thousand km)		 Nominal
geocentric
distance
(in LD)		 Size of object
(approx.)		 (H)
2029 2029-04-13 99942 Apophis 38.0 0.10 310–340 meters 19.7[6]
2028 2028-06-26 (153814) 2001 WN5 248.7 0.65 921–942 meters 18.3[7]
2018 2018-01-03 2018 AH 298 0.77 65–226 meters 22.5[69]
2018-05-15 2010 WC9 203 0.53 42-136 meters 23.5[70]
2018-04-15 2018 GE3 193 0.50 48–110 meters 23.6[71]
2017 2017-07-21 2017 QP1 63 0.16 31–91 meters 24.3[72]
2016 2016-03-21 2016 FN56 384 1.00 35–86 meters 24.2[73]
2015 2015-01-18 2015 BP513 240 0.62 12–27 meters 26.7[74]
2014 2014-03-05 2014 DX110 349 0.91 20–40 meters 25.7[75]
2013 2013-08-04 2013 PJ10 371 0.97 60 meters 24.6[76]
2012 2012-04-01 2012 EG5 230 0.60 60 meters 24.3[77]
2011 2011-11-08 (308635) 2005 YU55 324 0.84 360 meters 21.9[78]
2011-12-03 2011 XC2 347 0.90 100 meters 23.1[79]
2010 2010-11-02 2010 UJ7 286 0.74 20–49 meters 25.4[80]
2009 2009-03-02 2009 DD45 72 0.19 15–47 meters 25.8[81]
2008 2008-02-15 2008 CK70 371 0.97 22–71 meters 24.9[82]
2007 2007-01-18 2007 BD 324 0.84 18–57 meters 25.4[83]
2006 2006-02-23 2006 DD1 117 0.31 11–34 meters 26.5[40]
2005 2005-12-05 2005 XA8 217 0.57 15–49 meters 25.7[84]
2004 2004-03-18 2004 FH 49 0.13 15–49 meters 25.7[85]
2003 2003-12-06 2003 XJ7 148 0.39 11–36 meters 26.4[86]
2002 2002-06-14 2002 MN 120 0.31 40–130 meters 23.6[87]
2001 2001-01-15 2001 BA16 306 0.80 13–43 meters 26.0[45]
1999 1999-08-12 2016 CD137 179 0.47 13–43 meters 26.0[88]
1994 1994-12-09 1994 XM1 105 0.27 5–16 meters 28.2[47]
1993 1993-05-20 1993 KA2 149 0.39 3–11 meters 29.0[48]
1991 1991-04-08 2012 UE34 322 0.84 46–149 meters 23.3[89]
1990 1990-09-19 2003 SW130 186 0.48 3–10 meters 29.1[50]
1988 1988-10-16 2010 UK 322 0.84 9–30 meters 26.8[90]
1982 1982-11-04 2012 TY52 314 0.82 111-358 meters 21.4[52]
1980 1980-05-18 2009 WW7 74 0.19 4-11 meters 28.9[91]
1976 1976-10-17 2013 UG1 328.1 0.85 70–226 meters 22.4[54]
1971 1971-04-11 2002 JE9 237.0 0.62 122–393 meters 21.2[55]
1936 1936-01-06 2010 VB1 212.6 0.55 48–156 meters 23.2[63]
1925 1925-08-30 (163132) 2002 CU11 347.0 0.90 443–467 meters 18.5[92]
1918 1918-09-17 (458732) 2011 MD5 350.1 0.91 556–1795 meters 17.9[66]
1914 1914-12-31 (152680) 1998 KJ9 232.9 0.61 279–900 meters 19.4[67]

The year 2011 was notable as two asteroids with size 100 m (330 ft) or more approached within one lunar distance.

Passed by outside of atmosphere

Objects with distances greater than 100 km (62 mi) are listed here, although there is no discrete beginning of space. The lists do not pretend to completeness.

Objects < 50 meters

Asteroids smaller than about 50 m (160 ft).[93]

Nominal geocentric
distance (AU)		 Nominal geocentric
distance (km)		 Size (m)
(approximate)		 Date of
closest approach		 Object
0.000079 11,900 1 February 4, 2011 2011 CQ1[33]
0.000084 12,500 1 October 9, 2008 2008 TS26[94]
0.000086 12,900 6 March 31, 2004 2004 FU162
0.000125 18,700 10 June 27, 2011 2011 MD1[95][96]
0.000137 20,400 7 November 6, 2009 2009 VA
0.000139 20,800 4–10 May 29, 2012 2012 KT42
0.000177 26,500 3-14 September 22, 2015 2015 SK7
0.00018 27,000 3 December 23, 2013 2013 YB[97]
0.000228 34,100 40×20[98] February 15, 2013 367943 Duende[99][100]
0.000260 38,900 3 November 17, 2010 2010 WA[101]
0.000328 49,100 30 March 18, 2004 2004 FH
0.000346 51,800 5–10 October 12, 2010 2010 TD54
0.000383 57,300 25 May 28, 2012 2012 KP24[102][103]
0.000437 65,400 8 January 27, 2012 2012 BX34
0.000482 72,100 9 September 8, 2010 2010 RK53[104]
0.000483 72,200 19 March 2, 2009 2009 DD45
0.000484 72,400 2–7 December 11, 2013 2013 XS21[105]
0.000531 79,400 7 September 8, 2010 2010 RF12[106]
0.000564 84,300 5 September 27, 2003 2003 SQ222[107]
0.000568 85,000 15 March 18, 2009 2009 FH[108]
0.000635 95,000 17 October 12, 2012 2012 TC4[109]
0.000704 105,400 10 December 9, 1994 1994 XM1[110][111]
0.000856 128,000 2 October 13, 2015 2015 TC25
0.000862 129,000 15–30 January 13, 2010 2010 AL30
0.000998 149,200 7 May 20, 1993 1993 KA2[110][112]
0.001124 168,200 6–10 January 18, 1991 1991 BA
0.001539 230,200 47 April 1, 2012 2012 EG5[113]
0.001655 247,600 12 September 8, 2010 2010 RX30[114]
0.002454 367,100 10–17 March 4, 2013 2013 EC[115]
0.00257 384,400 average distance to the Moon[3]
0.002899 433,600 22 April 9, 2010 2010 GA6

Objects > 50 meters

Goldstone radar image of asteroid 2005 YU55 taken November 7, 2011.

Asteroids larger than about 50 m (160 ft).[93][116]

Nominal geocentric
distance (AU)		 Nominal geocentric
distance (km)		 Size (m)
(approximate)		 Date of
closest approach		 Object
0.000802 120,000 73 June 14, 2002 2002 MN
0.00155* 233,000 500 December 31, 1914 (152680) 1998 KJ9
0.00159* 239,000 200 April 11, 1971 2002 JE9
0.00210* 314,000 200 November 4, 1982 2012 TY52
0.002172 324,900 360 November 8, 2011 (308635) 2005 YU55
0.00219* 328,000 150 October 17, 1976 2013 UG1
0.0022** 329,000 100 April 8, 1991 2012 UE34
0.0023* 340,000 730 August 30, 1925 (163132) 2002 CU11
0.0023 340,000 100 December 3, 2011 2011 XC2
0.00257 384,400 average distance to the Moon[3]
<0.00266* <398,000 100 January 6, 1936 2010 VB1
0.002891 432,400 500 July 3, 2006 2004 XP14
0.003704 554,200 250 January 29, 2008 2007 TU24
0.004241* 634,500 300 April 26, 1942 69230 Hermes
0.004572 684,000 300 March 22, 1989 4581 Asclepius
0.004950 740,500 300 October 30, 1937 69230 Hermes
0.0062* 930,000 200 December 27, 1976 2010 XC15
0.00836 1,251,000 325 June 8, 2014 2014 HQ124
0.0093* 1,390,000 5000 August 27, 1969 (192642) 1999 RD32
0.0124855 1,867,800 400 December 16, 2001 (33342) 1998 WT24
0.036415 5,447,600 1000 June 14, 2012 2012 LZ1
0.043294 6,476,600 1600 November 5, 2012 (214869) 2007 PA8[117][118]
0.046332 6,900,000 5400 December 12, 2012 4179 Toutatis[119][120]

Asteroids with large uncertainty regions are not included.

* Asteroid approach did NOT occur during an observed apparition. Passage is calculated by integrating the equations of motion.

** Only the nominal (best-fit) orbit shows a passage this close. The uncertainty region is still somewhat large due to a short observation arc.

Predicted encounters

Incomplete list of asteroids larger than about 50 m (160 ft) predicted to pass close to Earth (see also Asteroid impact prediction):[116][121]

Nominal geocentric
distance (AU)		 Nominal geocentric
distance (km)		 Size (m)
(approximate)		 Date of
closest approach		 Object
0.000256 38,300 325 April 13, 2029 99942 Apophis
0.000670 100,200 75–170 October 19, 2129 2007 UW1
0.000721 107,800 50–120 April 8, 2041 2012 UE34
0.001572 235,200 170–370 January 2, 2101 (456938) 2007 YV56[122]
0.001585 237,000 360±40 November 8, 2075 (308635) 2005 YU55
0.001629 243,700 370–840 December 1, 2140 (153201) 2000 WO107
0.001635** 244,600 190–420 October 26, 2087 2011 WL2
0.001663 248,800 700–1500 June 26, 2028 (153814) 2001 WN5
0.001980 296,200 170–370 January 22, 2148 (85640) 1998 OX4[123]
0.002222 332,500 190–250 May 28, 2065 2005 WY55
0.002241 335,200 75–170 March 23, 2146 2009 DO111
0.00257 384,400 average distance to the Moon[3]

A list of predicted NEO approaches at larger distances is maintained as a database by the NASA Near Earth Object Program.[124]

** Only the nominal (best-fit) orbit shows a passage this close. The uncertainty region is still somewhat large due to a short observation arc.

Earth grazers

All-sky photo with the Earth-grazing meteoroid of 13 October 1990 (the light track across the picture going from the south to the north) taken at Červená hora (Czechoslovakia), one of the stations of the European Fireball Network. The bright track on the left is the Moon.
Main article: Earth-grazing fireball

Objects which enter and then leave Earth's atmosphere, the so-called 'Earth-grazers,' are a distinct phenomenon, in as much as entering the lower atmosphere can constitute an impact event rather than a close pass. Earth grazer can also be short for a body that "grazes" the orbit of the Earth, in a different context.

Altitude
(km)		 Size (m)
(approximate)		 Mass (kg)
(approximate)		 Date of
closest approach		 Object Note Ref.
0 mean sea level
8.8 Mount Everest (height)
58 5 105–106 August 10, 1972 1972 Great Daylight Fireball above the United States and Canada First scientifically observed [125]
71.4 100 March 29, 2006 2006 Earth-grazing Fireball above Japan

[126]

98.7 44 October 13, 1990 1990 Earth-grazing Fireball above Czechoslovakia and Poland First captured from 2 distant locations, which enabled computing its orbit by geometrical methods [127]
August 7, 2007 2007 Earth-grazing Fireball Its pre-encounter orbit belonged to the rare Aten type. [128]
100 Kármán line

Animations

Known Near-Earth objects – as of January 2018
Video (0:55; July 23, 2018)
Animation of the 2015 TB145 (NEO) flyby, as seen from the center of the Earth, with hourly trace circles along the path of motion

Overview

Plot of orbits of known Potentially Hazardous Asteroids (size over 460 feet (140 m) and passing within 4.7 million miles (7.6×10^6 km) of Earth's orbit) as of early 2013 (alternate image).

Notes

  1. ^ : "Near Earth Asteroids (NEAs): A Chronology of Milestones".
  2. ^ Distance from the center of Earth to the center of the object. See the NASA/JPL Solar System Dynamics Glossary: Geocentric. Earth has a radius of approximately 6,400 km.
  3. ^ Distance from the center of Earth to the center of the object. See the NASA/JPL Solar System Dynamics Glossary: Geocentric. Earth has a radius of approximately 6,400 km.

References

  1. ^ Responding to Potential Asteroid Redirect Mission Targets
  2. ^ Chang, Kenneth (June 14, 2018). "Asteroids and Adversaries: Challenging What NASA Knows About Space Rocks - Relevant Comments". The New York Times. Retrieved July 21, 2018.
  3. ^ a b c d NASA Staff (10 May 2011). "Solar System Exploration: Planets: Earth's Moon: Facts & Figures". NASA. Retrieved 6 November 2011.
  4. ^ https://cneos.jpl.nasa.gov/fireballs/
  5. ^ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2014 HB177)" (last observation: 2014-05-05).
  6. ^ a b "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (99942 Apophis)" (last observation: 2014-02-26).
  7. ^ a b "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2001 WN5)" (last observation: 2017-12-26).
  8. ^ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2018 LA)" (last observation: 2018-06-02).
  9. ^ "Pseudo-MPEC for A106fgF". archive.is. 29 January 2018. Retrieved 18 June 2018.
  10. ^ "Pseudo-MPEC for A107jp4". archive.is. 18 June 2018. Retrieved 18 June 2018.
  11. ^ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2018 PD20)" (last observation: 2018-08-12).
  12. ^ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2018 BD)" (last observation: 2017-01-18).
  13. ^ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2017 GM)" (last observation: 2017-04-04).
  14. ^ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2017 UJ2)" (last observation: 2017-10-22).
  15. ^ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2017 EA)" (last observation: 2017-03-02).
  16. ^ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2017 WE30)" (last observation: 2017-11-26).
  17. ^ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2016 DY30)" (last observation: 2016-02-27).
  18. ^ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2016 RN41)" (last observation: 2016-09-11).
  19. ^ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2016 AH164)" (last observation: 2016-01-13).
  20. ^ "Small asteroid detected 4 days after passing as close as satellites".
  21. ^ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2016 EF195)" (last observation: 2016-03-17).
  22. ^ With an arc of 1.5 hours and 6 observations, there is a roughly 40% chance it passed further than 0.1 LD, with a maximum distance of 0.13 LD.
  23. ^ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2016 AN164)" (last observation: 2016-01-14).
  24. ^ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2015 SK7)" (last observation: 2015-10-13).
  25. ^ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2015 VY105)" (last observation: 2015-11-15).
  26. ^ Farnocchia, Davide; Chesley, Steven R.; Brown, Peter G.; Chodas, Paul W. (1 August 2016). "The trajectory and atmospheric impact of asteroid 2014 AA". Icarus. 274: 327–333. Bibcode:2016Icar..274..327F. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2016.02.056.
  27. ^ de la Fuente Marcos, C.; de la Fuente Marcos, R.; Mialle, P. (13 October 2016). "Homing in for New Year: impact parameters and pre-impact orbital evolution of meteoroid 2014 AA". Astrophysics and Space Science. 361 (11): 358 (33 pp.). arXiv:1610.01055. Bibcode:2016Ap&SS.361..358D. doi:10.1007/s10509-016-2945-3.
  28. ^ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2014 LY21)" (last observation: 2014-06-02).
  29. ^ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2013 YB)" (last observation: 2013-12-23).
  30. ^ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 367943 Duende (2012 DA14)" (last observation: 2013-02-21).
  31. ^ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2012 KT42)" (2012-05-29 last obs).
  32. ^ Yeomans, Don; Chodas, Paul (4 February 2011). "Very Small Asteroid Makes Close Earth Approach on February 4, 2011". Near-Earth Object Program Office. NASA/JPL. Retrieved 22 February 2013.
  33. ^ a b "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2011 CQ1)" (2011-02-04 last obs).
  34. ^ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2011 MD)" (2011-07-03 last obs (arc=12 days)).
  35. ^ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2010 WA)" (last observation: 2010-11-17).
  36. ^ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2009 VA)" (last observation: 2009-11-06).
  37. ^ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2008 TS26)" (last observation: 2008-10-09).
  38. ^ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2008 US)" (last observation: 2008-10-21).
  39. ^ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2007 UN12)" (last observation: 2007-11-15).
  40. ^ a b "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2006 DD1)" (last observation: 2006-02-23).
  41. ^ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2005 WN3)" (last observation: 2005-11-25).
  42. ^ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2004 FU162)" (last observation: 2004-03-31).
  43. ^ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2003 SQ222)" (last observation: 2003-10-02).
  44. ^ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2002 XV90)" (last observation: 2003-01-01).
  45. ^ a b "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2001 BA16)" (last observation: 2001-02-28).
  46. ^ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2013 EC20)" (last observation: 2013-03-13).
  47. ^ a b "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (1994 XM1)" (last observation: 1994-12-09).
  48. ^ a b "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (1993 KA2)" (last observation: 1993-05-22).
  49. ^ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (1991 BA)" (last observation: 1991-01-18).
  50. ^ a b "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2003 SW130)" (last observation: 2003-09-28).
  51. ^ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2016 TB57)" (last observation: 2017-04-01).
  52. ^ a b "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2012 TY52)" (last observation: 2015-04-17).
  53. ^ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2014 WX202)" (last observation: 2014-12-08).
  54. ^ a b "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2013 UG1)" (last observation: 2016-12-02).
  55. ^ a b "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2002 JE9)" (last observation: 2012-05-26).
  56. ^ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2005 VL1)" (last observation: 2017-02-02).
  57. ^ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2012 BX34)" (last observation: 2012-01-27).
  58. ^ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2010 XW58)" (last observation: 2013-01-12).
  59. ^ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2015 LR21)" (last observation: 2015-06-21).
  60. ^ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2013 RZ53)" (last observation: 2013-09-16).
  61. ^ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2003 YS70)" (last observation: 2003-12-27).
  62. ^ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2018 RW)" (last observation: 2018-09-08).
  63. ^ a b "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2010 VB1)" (last observation: 2017-07-02).
  64. ^ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2015 DD54)" (last observation: 2015-03-30).
  65. ^ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2012 FT35)" (last observation: 2012-03-28).
  66. ^ a b "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (458732 2011 MD5)" (last observation: 2016-03-11).
  67. ^ a b "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (152680 1998 KJ9)" (last observation: 2011-02-06).
  68. ^ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2007 JB21)" (last observation: 2007-05-18).
  69. ^ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2018 AH)" (last observation: 2018-01-28).
  70. ^ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2010 WC9)" (last observation: 2018-05-15).
  71. ^ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2018 GE3)" (last observation: 2018-04-15).
  72. ^ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2017 QP1)" (last observation: 2017-08-19).
  73. ^ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2016 FN56)" (last observation: 2016-04-05).
  74. ^ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2015 BP513)" (last observation: 2015-01-29).
  75. ^ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2014 DX110)" (last observation: 2014-03-05).
  76. ^ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2013 PJ10)" (last observation: 2013-09-09).
  77. ^ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2012 EG5)" (2012-04-03 last obs).
  78. ^ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2005 YU55)" (2011-12-16 last obs).
  79. ^ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2011 XC2)" (2011-12-30 last obs (arc=22 days)).
  80. ^ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2010 UJ7)" (last observation: 2010-11-02).
  81. ^ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2009 DD45)" (last observation: 2009-03-06).
  82. ^ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2008 CK70)" (last observation: 2008-02-14).
  83. ^ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2007 BD)" (last observation: 2007-01-20).
  84. ^ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2005 XA8)" (last observation: 2005-12-24).
  85. ^ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2004 FH)" (last observation: 2004-03-19).
  86. ^ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2003 XJ7)" (last observation: 2003-12-06).
  87. ^ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2002MN)" (last observation: 2002-08-09).
  88. ^ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2016 CD137)" (last observation: 2016-02-18).
  89. ^ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2012 UE34)" (last observation: 2013-07-05).
  90. ^ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2010 UK)" (last observation: 2011-11-01).
  91. ^ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2009 WW7)" (last observation: 2009-11-23).
  92. ^ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (163132 2002 CU11)" (last observation: 2014-09-12).
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  94. ^ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2008 TS26)" (2008-10-09 last obs). Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  95. ^ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2011 MD)" (2011-07-03 last obs). Retrieved 22 February 2013.
  96. ^ Benner, Lance A. M. "2011 MD Goldstone Radar Observations Planning". Asteroid Radar Research. JPL/California Institute of Technology. Retrieved 22 February 2013.
  97. ^ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2013 YB)" (2013-12-23 last obs). Retrieved 2013-12-24.
  98. ^ Benner, Lance A. M. "2012 DA14 Goldstone Radar Observations Planning". Asteroid Radar Research. JPL/California Institute of Technology. Retrieved 20 February 2013.
  99. ^ "NEOs Removed from Impact Risk Tables". Near-Earth Object Program Office. NASA/JPL. Retrieved 17 February 2013.
  100. ^ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2012 DA14)" (2013-02-16 last obs). Retrieved 17 February 2013.
  101. ^ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2010 WA)" (2010-11-17 last obs). Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  102. ^ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2012 KP24)" (2012-05-28 last obs). Retrieved 16 February 2013.
  103. ^ Plait, Phil (25 May 2012). "Small asteroid to buzz Earth on May 28". Discover. Retrieved 16 February 2013.
  104. ^ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2010 RK53)" (2010-09-17 last obs). Retrieved 1 March 2013.
  105. ^ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2013 XS21)" (2013-12-14 last obs).
  106. ^ "2010 RF12 Earth Impact Risk Summary". Near-Earth Object Program Office. NASA/JPL. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  107. ^ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2003 SQ222)" (2003-10-02 last obs). Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  108. ^ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2009 FH)" (2009-03-18 last obs). Retrieved 1 March 2013.
  109. ^ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2012 TC4)" (2012-10-11 last obs). Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  110. ^ a b Williams, David R. "Near Earth Object Fact Sheet". Lunar & Planetary Science. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. Archived from the original on 26 September 2015. Retrieved 17 February 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  111. ^ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (1994 XM1)" (1994-12-09 last obs). Retrieved 17 February 2013.
  112. ^ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (1993 KA2)" (1993-05-22 last obs). Retrieved 17 February 2013.
  113. ^ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2012 EG5)" (2012-04-03 last obs). Retrieved 1 March 2013.
  114. ^ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2010 RX30)" (2010-09-08 last obs).
  115. ^ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2013 EC)" (2013-03-03 last obs). Retrieved 4 June 2015.
  116. ^ a b "NEO Earth Close-Approaches (Between 1900 A.D. and 2200 A.D., NEOs with H <=22, nominal distance within 5 LD)". Near-Earth Object Program Office. NASA/JPL. Retrieved 17 May 2015.
  117. ^ Benner, Lance A. M. "(214869) 2007 PA8 Goldstone Radar Observations Planning". Asteroid Radar Research. JPL/California Institute of Technology. Retrieved 14 February 2013.
  118. ^ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 214869 (2007 PA8)" (2013-02-13 last obs). Retrieved 15 February 2013.
  119. ^ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 4179 Toutatis (1989 AC)" (2012-12-08 last obs). Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  120. ^ Atkinson, Nancy (11 December 2012). "Two Asteroids Will Buzz Past Earth on December 11". Universe Today. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  121. ^ "PHA Close Approaches To The Earth". International Astronomical Union/Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 14 November 2011.
  122. ^ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2007 YV56)" (2012-01-29 last obs). Retrieved 17 February 2013.
  123. ^ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 85640 (1998 OX4)" (2008-07-29 last obs). Retrieved 17 February 2013.
  124. ^ NASA, Near Earth Object Program, database NEO Earth Close-Approaches Between 1900 A.D. and 2200 A.D. limited to encounters with reasonably low uncertainty (accessed 20 Sept. 2013)
  125. ^ Ceplecha, Z. (March 1994). "Earth-grazing daylight fireball of August 10, 1972" (PDF). Astronomy and Astrophysics. 283 (1): 287–288. Bibcode:1994A&A...283..287C. ISSN 0004-6361. Retrieved 2015-03-14.
  126. ^ S., Abe; J., Borovička; P., Spurný; P., Koten; Z., Ceplecha; Meteor Network Team in Japan (18–22 September 2006). "Earth-grazing fireball on March 29, 2006". European Planetary Science Congress 2006. Berlin. p. 486. Bibcode:2006epsc.conf..486A. Retrieved 2015-03-14. {{cite conference}}: Unknown parameter |booktitle= ignored (|book-title= suggested) (help)
  127. ^ Borovička, J.; Ceplecha, Z. (April 1992). "Earth-grazing fireball of October 13, 1990". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 257 (1): 323–328. Bibcode:1992A&A...257..323B. ISSN 0004-6361. Retrieved 2015-03-14.
  128. ^ Spurný, P.; Borovička, J.; Ceplecha, Z.; Shrbený, L. (2008), "Precise Multi-Instrument Data on 45 Fireballs Recorded over Central Europe in the Period 2006-2008" (PDF), Asteroids, Comets, Meteors 2008 held July 14–18, 2008 in Baltimore, Maryland, Bibcode:2008LPICo1405.8217S, retrieved 2015-03-14

External links

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