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Pranab Mukherjee
Mukherjee during the India Economic Summit in New Delhi (2009)
President of India
Elect
Assuming office
25 July 2012
Prime MinisterManmohan Singh
SucceedingPratibha Patil
Minister of Finance
In office
24 January 2009 – 26 June 2012
Prime MinisterManmohan Singh
Preceded byManmohan Singh
Succeeded byManmohan Singh
In office
15 January 1982 – 31 December 1984
Prime MinisterIndira Gandhi
Rajiv Gandhi
Preceded byRamaswamy Venkataraman
Succeeded byVishwanath Pratap Singh
Minister of External Affairs
In office
10 February 1995 – 16 May 1996
Prime MinisterNarasimha Rao
Preceded byDinesh Singh
Succeeded byAtal Bihari Vajpayee
Minister of Defence
In office
22 May 2004 – 26 October 2006
Prime MinisterManmohan Singh
Preceded byGeorge Fernandes
Succeeded byArackaparambil Kurien Antony
Deputy Chairperson of the Planning Commission
In office
24 June 1991 – 15 May 1996
Prime MinisterNarasimha Rao
Preceded byMohan Dharia
Succeeded byMadhu Dandavate
Personal details
Born
Pranab Kumar Mukherjee

(1935-12-11) 11 December 1935 (age 88)
Mirati, British India
(now India)
Political partyIndian National Congress (Before 1986; 1989–present)
Rashtriya Samajwadi Congress (1986–1989)
Other political
affiliations		United Front (1996–2004)
United Progressive Alliance (2004–present)
SpouseSuvra Mukherjee (1957–present)
ChildrenSharmistha
Abhijit
Indrajit
Alma materUniversity of Calcutta
AwardsPadma Vibhushan (2008)
WebsiteOfficial website
Presidential styles of
Pranab Mukherjee
Reference styleHis Excellency Pranab Mukherjee, President of the Republic of India
Spoken stylePresident Mukherjee
Alternative styleMister President

Pranab Kumar Mukherjee (/prŋb kjuːmɑːr m[invalid input: 'ʉ']khərɡiː/; born 11 December 1935) is the president-elect of India. Mukherjee was a senior leader of the Indian National Congress until he resigned from political office preceding his election as president on 22 July 2012. He will take office as the 13th President of India on 25 July 2012.[1][2][3]

Pranab Mukherjee began his political career with the Indian National Congress in 1969 under Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. He became one of her top lieutenants and was often described as her "man for all seasons". His rise was meteoric in the early phase of his career and he became a cabinet minister in Indira Gandhi's government in 1973. Mukherjee rose through a series of cabinet posts to become the Finance Minister of India from 1982 to 1984. Mukherjee was Leader of the House in the Rajya Sabha from 1980 to 1985.[4]

Mukherjee was sidelined from the Congress during the Rajiv Gandhi era. He had viewed himself, and not the rookie Rajiv Gandhi, as the rightful successor to Indira Gandhi.[4] Mukherjee lost out in the ensuing power struggle. He formed his own political party, the Rashtriya Samajwadi Congress, but later merged it with Congress in 1989 after reaching a political compromise with Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi. Mukherjee's political career revived when Prime Minister Narasimha Rao chose to appoint him as Deputy Chairperson of the Planning Commission and subsequently as a union cabinet minister in the 1990s. He served as the Minister of External Affairs (Foreign Minister) from 1995 to 1996 in Rao's cabinet.[4] Mukherjee was the principal architect of Sonia Gandhi's entry into Indian politics in the 1990s.[4] He became the elder statesman of the Congress party during this period. Mukherjee was Leader of the House in the Lok Sabha from 2004 to 2012. He served as the Minister of Defence from 2004 to 2006 and again served as the Minister of External Affairs from 2006 to 2009. He was the Finance Minister from 2009 to 2012 in the government of Prime Minister Manmohan Singh.

Mukherjee has received several accolades and honors. In 1984, he was rated as the best Finance Minister in the World according to a survey of Euromoney magazine.[5][6] In 2010, he was awarded "Finance Minister of the Year for Asia" by Emerging Markets, the daily newspaper of record for the World Bank and the IMF.[7] In December 2010, The Banker recognised him as the "Finance Minister of the Year."[8] The government of India honored him with the Padma Vibhushan, the second highest civilian award of India, in 2008.[9]

Family and career

Mukherjee was born at Mirati in the Bengal province of British India. His father, Kamada Kinkar Mukherjee, was a member of the Indian National Congress during the Indian independence movement and had spent more than ten years in British jails.[10] His mother's name was Rajlakshmi Mukherjee.[11] He has an elder sister named Annapoorna Mukherjee. K. K Mukherjee later became a member of West Bengal Legislative Council (WBLC) from 1952 to 1964, and was also the President of the District Congress Committee in Birbhum.[10][12][13]

Mukherjee attended the Suri Vidyasagar College in Suri (Birbhum), then affiliated with the University of Calcutta.[14] He holds a Master of Arts degree in History and Political Science and also a degree in law from the University of Calcutta.[10][12] Mukherjee was awarded an honorary Doctor of Letters degree by the University of Wolverhampton in 2011.[15] He was also awarded an honorary D.Litt by the Assam University in March 2012. [16]

Professional career

Mukherjee began his career as an upper-division clerk in the office of the Deputy Accountant-General (Post and Telegraph) in Calcutta before he became a college-teacher and later a journalist.[10] He worked for noted Bengali publication Desher Dak (Call of Motherland).

Mukherjee was chairman of the Indian Statistical Institute in Kolkata.[14][17] He is also the former chairman and president of the Rabindra Bharati University and the Nikhil Bharat Banga Sahitya Sammelan. Mukherjee is a former trustee of the Bangiya Sahitya Parishad and the Bidhan Memorial Trust. Mukherjee used to be on the Planning Board of the Asiatic Society.[14][18]

Personal life

Pranab Mukherjee married Suvra Mukherjee on July 13, 1957 and has two sons, Abhijit and Indrajit and a daughter, Sharmistha Mukherjee.[14][19] He is inspired by Deng Xiaoping & has quoted him quite frequently.[20] His hobbies are reading, gardening and music.[21] His son, Abhijit Mukherjee, is a Congress MLA from West Bengal[10] while his daughter is a Kathak dancer.[19]

Mukherjee celebrates the Durga Puja at his ancestral home in Mirati village in West Bengal's Birbhum district.[22] He makes it a point to be at Mirati village every year to take part in the four-day rituals, the puja having a 'social dimension' for him. "I want to avail of this opportunity to be with the people of my area," Mukherjee said during a puja ceremony on October 4, 2011.[22]

Political career

Mukherjee got involved in the politics of the Indian National Congress in 1969. He had managed the successful election campaign for independent candidate Krishna Menon during the by-elections in Midnapore. Prime Minister and Congress supreme leader Indira Gandhi recognized his talents and made him a part of her party.[23] Gandhi gave Mukherjee a seat in the Rajya Sabha (upper house) of the parliament from the Congress party in July 1969. Mukherjee was later re-elected in 1975, 1981, 1993 and 1999.[14]

Mukherjee became a staunch Indira Gandhi loyalist. He was described as her "man for all seasons".[4] Mukherjee's rise was meteoric in the early phase of his career and he was appointed Union Deputy Minister of Industrial Development in Indira Gandhi's cabinet in 1973. Mukherjee was active in the Indian cabinet during the Emergency. Ruling politicians of the day including Mukherjee were accused of using extra-constitutional power centres to "wreck established norms and rules of governance". The Shah commission under the Janata party indicted Mukherjee but the commission was itself later indicted for stepping "outside its jurisdiction" in 1979. Mukherjee emerged from it unscathed and rose through a series of cabinet posts to become the Finance Minister of India from 1982 to 1984.[24][25] His term was noted for his work in improving the finances of the government that enabled Indira Gandhi to score a political point returning the last instalment of India's first IMF loan.[5] It was Pranab Mukherjee — in his stint as Indira Gandhi's Finance Minister — that had signed the letter appointing Dr. Manmohan Singh as Governor of the Reserve Bank of India.[23]

Pranab Mukherjee addressing delegates of 42nd Regional Conference of SIRC of Institute of Chartered Accountants of India.

Indira Gandhi made Mukherjee the Deputy Leader of the Congress in the Rajya Sabha in 1978. He was made Leader of the House in the Rajya Sabha in 1980. Mukherjee was considered the top ranking Indian cabinet minister and he even presided over the cabinet meetings in the absence of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi.[12]

The assassination of Indira Gandhi put Mukherjee's career with the Congress in jeopardy. The Rajiv Gandhi era saw the Congress sideline some Indira loyalists including Mukherjee for harbouring ambitions of becoming Prime Minister. Mukherjee saw himself, and not the rookie Rajiv Gandhi, as the rightful successor to Indira Gandhi. He even floated the Rashtriya Samajwadi Congress (National Socialist Congress) party in 1986 in West Bengal which he would merge with the Indian National Congress three years later after reaching a compromise with Rajiv Gandhi.[26] Many analysts, over the years, have attributed the muting of Mukherjee's political aspirations as the supreme leader due to his inability to emerge as a magnetic mass leader.[4]

Mukherjee's political career revived following the assassination of Rajiv Gandhi in 1991 when P.V. Narasimha Rao chose to appoint him as deputy chairman of the Indian planning commission and subsequently as a union cabinet minister. Mukherjee served as External Affairs Minister for the first time from 1995 to 1996 in Rao's cabinet.[14]

Mukherjee today is considered to be a Gandhi family loyalist and the principal architect of Sonia Gandhi's entry into politics, a mentoring responsibility he is still believed to be shouldering.[4] He was made General Secretary of the AICC in 1998–99 after Sonia Gandhi became Congress President. Mukherjee was made President of the West Bengal Congress in 2000 and held the position until his resignation in 2010. He had earlier held the position in 1985.[12]

Mukherjee became the Leader of the House in the Lok Sabha in 2004. He contested and won a Lok Sabha seat from Jangipur in West Bengal. Mukherjee retained his seat in the 2009 elections.[14]

Mukherjee was briefly considered for the post of the largely ceremonial Indian presidency in 2007. But his name was subsequently dropped after his contribution in the Union Cabinet was considered practically indispensable.[27]

Mukherjee held many important posts in the Manmohan Singh government. He had the distinction of being the Minister for various high profile Ministries including Defence, Finance, and External Affairs. Mukherjee also headed the Congress Parliamentary Party and the Congress Legislative Party which consists of all the Congress MPs and MLAs in the country apart from being Leader of the House in Lok Sabha and Bengal Pradesh Congress Committee President.[14]

Mukherjee ended his affiliation with the Indian National Congress and retired from active political life following his election as President in 2012. The Economic Times had noted: "[the] decades of activity in critical all-round roles make [Mukherjee's] exit both a structural and generation shift. With him, the last of the Congress triumvirate – along with Rao and R Venkataraman – who formed the core team of Indira/Rajiv regimes bows out. While Rao became PM, Pranab's political marathon too ends where [Venkataraman's] did, at the Rashtrapati Bhavan."[28]

Political party role

Mukherjee is "very well respected within the party social circles."[29] Media accounts describe him as having "a reputation as a number-crunching politician with a phenomenal memory and an unerring survival instinct."[30]

Mukherjee became a member of the Congress Working Committee on 27 January 1978. He also became a member of the Central Parliamentary Board of the All India Congress Committee (AICC) that year. Mukherjee briefly held the position of treasurer of the AICC and the Congress party in 1978.[12]

Mukherjee was appointed chairman of the Campaign Committee of AICC for conducting National Elections to Parliament in 1984, 1991, 1996 and 1998. He was chairman of the Central Election Coordination Committee of the AICC from 28 June 1999 to 2012. He was appointed to the Central Election Committee on 12 December 2001. Mukherjee was appointed General Secretary of the AICC in 1998.[12] In 1997 Mukherjee was voted Outstanding Parliamentarian by the Indian Parliamentary Group.

After Sonia Gandhi reluctantly agreed to join politics, Mukherjee was one of her mentors, guiding her through difficult situations with examples of how her mother-in-law, Indira Gandhi would have done things.[31] His talents were on display during the negotiations for the Patent's Amendment Bill in early 2005. The Congress was committed to passing an IP bill, but their allies in the United Progressive Alliance from the Left front had a long tradition of opposing some of the monopoly aspects of intellectual property. Pranab Mukherjee, as Defence Minister, was not formally involved but was roped in for his negotiation skills. He drew on many old alliances including the CPI-M leader Jyoti Basu (former Chief Minister of West Bengal), and formed new intermediary positions, which included product patent and little else. Then he had to convince his own colleagues including commerce minister Kamal Nath, at one point saying: "An imperfect legislation is better than no legislation."[32] Finally the bill was approved on March 23, 2005.

Mukherjee played a crucial role in steering the Cabinet pre Lok Sabha elections when Prime Minister Manmohan Singh underwent a by-pass surgery in 2008–09 by taking additional charges as chairman of the Cabinet Committee Of Political Affairs and Union Minister in Finance Ministry despite already being Union Minister of External Affairs.

Mukherjee was the recipent of “The Best Administrator in India” award in 2011. Prime Minister Manmohan Singh commented: "Mr. Mukherjee's knowledge of parliamentary matters was stupendous. The wide respect he commanded and his long association with the political leaders across the spectrum had proved invaluable in conducting the parliamentary business."[33]

Mukherjee's political skills and long experience in government have also led him to heading a large number of committees of Ministers in the government, a device that has been employed to obtain consensus within the members of the governing coalition on contentious issues. At the time of his resignation on being nominated as Presidential candidate, he was heading the following Group(s) of Ministers(GoM) and Empowered Group(s) of Ministers (EGoMs):[34]

GoM EGoM
Review of Fertilizer Policy Spectrum Allocation
Location of National War Memorial Price Revision of Food Grains
Reports of Administrative Reforms Commission Pricing in Disinvestment of Public Sector Enterprises
Civil Aviation Drought Management
Issues relating to WTO Ratnagiri Gas and Power Pvt. Ltd
External Energy Security Interface Gas Pricing and Commercial Utilization
Law relating to Honour Killings National Highways Development Project
Paid News Ultra Mega Power Projects
Corruption Mass Rapid Transit System
Environmental issues relating to Coal Mining Shareholder Agreements of Public Sector Enterprises
Cold wave as an eligible calamity Under-recoveries of Oil Marketing Companies
Coal Mines Amendment Bill Special Economic Zones
ASEAN-India Economic Cooperation Agreement Competition Act, 2002

Government Positions

Defence Minister

Sonia Gandhi appointed Mukherjee Minister of Defence of India when the Congress came to power in 2004. Mukherjee held the post until 2006. He expanded co-operation with the United States during his tenure. The Times of India reported on the Wikileaks cables release and noted how " [United States] is full of praise for the "uniformed leadership" of Indian armed forces, especially Navy, as well as ministers like Mukherjee." Mukherjee in June 2005 had inked the 10-year Indo-US Defence Framework deal.[35]

Foreign Minister

Foreign Minister Pranab Mukherjee with US President George W. Bush in 2008.

Mukherjee was appointed the External Affairs Minister of India in 1995. Under his leadership, India was made "Full Dialogue Partner" of ASEAN as part of the Look East foreign policy initiated by Narasimha Rao. Mukherjee left the position 1996.

Mukherjee's second term began in 2006. He oversaw the successful signing of the U.S.-India Civil Nuclear Agreement with the US government and then with the Nuclear Suppliers Group, allowing India to participate in civilian nuclear trade in spite of not having signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. Mukherjee left the position in 2009 to take over the Finance ministry.

Finance Minister

File:Rice mukherjee after signing 123 agreement.jpg
Former Finance Minister of India Pranab Mukherjee played a central role in the implementation of the Indo-US civilian nuclear agreement.

Pranab Mukherjee's first stint as the Finance minister of India was during the Indira Gandhi government in 1982. He presented his first annual budget in 1982–83. Mukherjee's first term was noted for his work in improving the finances of the government and for successfully returning the last instalment of India's first IMF loan.[5] Mukherjee signed the letter appointing Manmohan Singh as the Governor of the Reserve Bank of India in 1982.[23] He was criticized for his supposed links with industralists such as Dhirubhai Ambani.[36]

Mukherjee was removed from his position as Finance Minister by Rajiv Gandhi in 1984. Gandhi had wished to bring in his own team of staff to govern India.[28] Mukherjee was removed from his position even though he was rated as the best Finance Minister in the World that year according to a survey of Euromoney magazine.[5]

Mukherjee returned to handling the finance of India during the premiership of Narasimha Rao. He was appointed the Deputy Chairman of the Planning Commission. Since the Prime Minister of India happens to be the ex-officio chairperson of Planning Commission of India, the position of the deputy chairperson has great significance. During Mukherjee's tenure 1991–96, Dr. Manmohan Singh as Finance Minister oversaw many economic reforms to end the Licence Raj system and help open the Indian economy.[37]

Mukherjee again became the Finance Minister of India in 2009. He presented the annual budgets in 2009, 2010 and 2011. The 2010–11 budget included the country's first explicit target to cut public debt as a proportion of GDP and Mukherjee had targeted a budget deficit reduction to 4.1% of GDP in fiscal year 2012–13, from 6.5% in 2008–09.[8]

Mukherjee implemented many tax reforms. He scrapped the Fringe Benefits Tax and the Commodities Transaction Tax. He implemented the Goods and Services Tax during his tenure. These reforms were well received by major corporate executives and economists. The introduction of retrospective taxation by Mukherjee, however, has been criticized by some economists.[38]

Mukherjee expanded funding for several social sector schemes including the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission. He also supported budget increases for improving literacy and health care. He expanded infrastructure programmes such as the National Highway Development Programme. Electricity coverage was also expanded during his tenure. Mukherjee also reaffirmed his commitment to the principle of fiscal prudence as some economists expressed concern about the rising fiscal defits during his tenure, the highest since 1991. Mukherjee declared the expansion in government spending was only temporary.

In 2010 Mukherjee was awarded "Finance Minister of the Year for Asia" by Emerging Markets, the daily newspaper of record for the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Mukherjee was praised for "the confidence [he] has inspired in key stakeholders, by virtue of his fuel price reforms, fiscal transparency and inclusive growth strategies".[7] The Banker also recognised him as "Finance Minister of the Year."[8]

The final years of Mukherjee in the finance ministry were not considered a success. The NDTV upon his resignation as Finance Minister in June 2012 wrote: "There [had] been a clamour from many quarters for a change in the Finance Ministry, with Mr Mukherjee having faced flak for several decisions where politics seemed to overwhelm economic imperatives."[39]

Other positions

Mukherjee's positions in chronological order:

Presidential election

See also: Indian presidential election, 2012

The veteran Congress leader became the President of India after over four decades of life in active politics.[40] He also became the first Bengali to assume the post of the President of India.[27] He officially received 713,763 electoral votes and was presented with the certificate on winning the elections from Rajya Sabha General Secretary. His rival candidate Sangma received 315,987 electoral votes.[41] Pranab Mukherjee gave his victory speech, outside his residence, before the results were officially announced:

"I would like express my deep gratitude to all of you who are waiting. The figure has crossed 7 lakhs, only one state remains. The final figure will come from the returning officer. I would like to thank the people of India for electing me to this high office. The enthusiasm, the warmth of the people was remarkable. I have received much more from the people of this country, from the Parliament, than I have given. Now I have been entrusted with the responsibility of protecting and defending the constitution as President. I will try and justify the trust of the people. I would like to reciprocate the congratulation Shri Purno Sangma has extended."[42]

Mukherjee was nominated as the presidential candidate of the UPA on 15 June 2012 after considerable political intrigue.[43][44] The elections were scheduled to be conducted on 19 July 2012 and the results were expected to be announced on 22 July 2012. As many as 81 other candidates had filed nominations but the Election Commission rejected all except that of P.A. Sangma, the nominee of the NDA.[45] In order to file his nomination for the presidential poll on June 28, Pranab Mukherjee had resigned from the government on 26 June 2012.[39] Prime minister Manmohan Singh had taken the charge of finance ministry after Pranab Mukherjee's resignation.[46] He will be officially sworn in by the Chief Justice of India on 25 July 2012 at 11:30 AM (IST).[47]

  MPs MLAs Total
Pranab Mukherjee[48] 373,116 340,647 713,763
P. A. Sangma[49] 145,848 170,139 315,987

Template:Indian presidential election, 2012

References

  1. ^ "Pranab Mukherjee wins Presidential elections". 22 July 2012.
  2. ^ "It's official, Pranab Mukherjee set to become President of India". 22 July 2012.
  3. ^ "Live blog NDTV". 22 July 2012.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g "Pranab Mukherjee's USP for President: sheer experience". ibnlive. ibnlive. 4 May 2012. Retrieved 11 July 2012.
  5. ^ a b c d "The Pranab Mukherjee Budget". Sanjaya Baru. Business Standard, February 22, 2010. Retrieved 5 August 2010.
  6. ^ Profile from calcuttayellowpages.com
  7. ^ a b "Finance Minister of Asia award: 2010, Pranab". Special Correspondent. The Hindu, October 11, 2010. Retrieved 13 June 2011.
  8. ^ a b c Finance Minister of the Year The Banker, December 23, 2010
  9. ^ "Padma Vibhushan Awardees for year 2008". india.gov.in. Retrieved April 3, 2012 (2012-04-03). {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  10. ^ a b c d e "Who is Pranab Mukherjee?". NDTV. 15 June 2012. Retrieved 11 July 2012.
  11. ^ "Detailed Profile: Shri Pranab Mukherjee". Retrieved 22 July 2012.
  12. ^ a b c d e f "Biography". Pranab Mukherjee. Retrieved 11 July 2012.
  13. ^ "From 'Bangali Dada' to President Pranab". breakingnewsonline. 16 June 2012. Retrieved 22 July 2012.
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h "Shri Pranab Mukherjee". Government of India. Retrieved 11 July 2012.
  15. ^ "Honorary doctorate for Pranab from UK university". Our Bureau. The Hindu, June, 2011. Retrieved 13 June 2011.
  16. ^ Small price for big prize
  17. ^ "Pranab resigned as ISI council chairman on June 20: ISI". Our Bureau. The Hindustan Times. 2 July 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |saccessdate= ignored (help)
  18. ^ "FM Pranab's first priority: Presenting budget 09-10 (page3)". Indian Express. 23 May 2009. Retrieved 23 May 2009.
  19. ^ a b "Dancer who happens to be 'his' daughter-Father Pranab Mukherjee misses Sharmistha's tribute to Tagore, mom in front row". Telegraph India. 12 January 2011. Retrieved 22 July 2012.
  20. ^ 2 June 06 – Pranab Mukherjee, India's Defence Minister – January 15, 2011
  21. ^ http://www.finmin.nic.in/fm_pranab_mukherjee.html
  22. ^ a b "Pranab Mukherjee's Durga Puja at ancestral home". Rediff. 4 October 2011. Retrieved 11 July 2012.
  23. ^ a b c "Footsteps of Pranab". Mathrubhumi. 29 June 2012. Retrieved 11 July 2012.
  24. ^ "The tallest short man". Sumit Mitra. The Hindustan Times, February 26, 2010. Retrieved 27 February 2010.
  25. ^ How they buried Shah Commission report, even without an epitaph Indian Express – July 4, 2000
  26. ^ "FM Pranab's first priority: Presenting budget 09-10". Indian Express. 23 May 2009. Retrieved 23 May 2009.
  27. ^ a b "Pranab Mukherjee – The 13th President of India". Zee News. 22 July 2012. Retrieved 22 July 2012. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  28. ^ a b "Pranab Mukherjee's exit from party politics is a loss and an opportunity". The Economic Times. 4 July 2012. Retrieved 13 July 2012.
  29. ^ "India's new foreign minister Mukherjee: a respected party veteran". Agence France-Presse. 24 October 2006. Retrieved 9 April 2007.
  30. ^ "India gets new foreign minister". BBC News. 4 October 2006. Retrieved 9 April 2007.
  31. ^ GK Gokhale (19 April 2004). "Why is Dr. Singh Sonia's choice?". rediff.com. Retrieved 9 April 2007.
  32. ^ Aditi Phadnis (29 March 2005). "Pranab: The master manager". rediff.com. Retrieved 9 April 2007.
  33. ^ "Prime Minister Manmohan Singh presents The Best Administrator in India Award 2011 of the K. Karunakaran Foundation to Finance Minister Pranab Mukherjee". The Hindu. Retrieved June 12, 2011 (2011-30-12). {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  34. ^ "Cabinet Secretariat, Government of India". Retrieved 1 May 2012.
  35. ^ "US preferred Pranab Mukherjee over AK Antony as defence minister". Times of India. 6 September 2011. Retrieved 12 July 2012.
  36. ^ Aggarwal, S. K. (1990), The Investigative journalism in India, Mittal Publications, ISBN 978-81-7099-224-0, retrieved 10 October 2011
  37. ^ Biswas, Soutik (14 October 2005). "India's architect of reforms". BBC News. Retrieved 11 December 2008. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  38. ^ Bamzai, Sandeep (26 June 2012). "Pranab Mukherjee's stint as Finance Minister clearly wasn't his best". Daily Mail. Retrieved 13 July 2012. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  39. ^ a b "Pranab Mukherjee resigns as Finance Minister; PM to take additional charge, say sources". NDTv. 26 June 2012. Retrieved 13 July 2012.
  40. ^ "pranab-mukherjee-is-indias-13th-president-interesting-facts-details-profile". 22 July 2012.
  41. ^ "CNNIBN Blog". 22 July 2012. Retrieved 22 July 2012.
  42. ^ "NDTV Blog". 22 July 2012. Retrieved 22 July 2012.
  43. ^ Prabhu, Chawla. "Pranab nominated after Mulayam-Sonia secret meet". Retrieved 4 July 2012.
  44. ^ http://in.news.yahoo.com/hunt-begins-for-head-of-state.html
  45. ^ "Pranab Mukherjee, Sangma final candidates for Prez polls". Daily News and Analysis. 4 July 2012. Retrieved 4 July 2012.
  46. ^ "Manmohan Singh takes charge of finance ministry". 26 June 2012.
  47. ^ "Veteran of Indian Politics Wins Presidency". 22 July 2012.
  48. ^ http://164.100.47.5/pres2012/pressrelease/English.pdf
  49. ^ http://164.100.47.5/pres2012/pressrelease/English.pdf
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Political offices
Preceded by Minister of Finance
1982–1984 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Deputy Chairperson of the Planning Commission
1991–1996 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Minister of External Affairs
1995–1996 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Minister of Defence
2004–2006 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Minister of External Affairs
2006–2009 		Succeeded by
Minister of Finance
2009–2012 		Succeeded by
Preceded by President of India
Elect
2012–present 		Incumbent

Template:Fifteenth Lok Sabha, West Bengal

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