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Ramdhari Singh Dinkar

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Ramdhari Sinha (Singh) Dinkar
Rashtrakavi Ramdhari Singh 'Dinkar'
Rashtrakavi Ramdhari Singh 'Dinkar'
BornBhumihar Kesari
(1908-09-23)23 September 1908
Simaria, Munger district, British India (present-day Bihar, India)
Died24 April 1974(1974-04-24) (aged 65)
OccupationPoet, Freedom Fighter, Member of Parliament, Essayist, Literary critic, Journalist, Satirist,
Notable awards1959:Sahitya Akademi Award
1959: Padma Bhushan
1972: Bharatiya Jnanpith
SpouseShyamavati
ParentsManroop Devi (Mother),Babu Ravi Singh (Father)
Signature

Ramdhari Sinha (Singh) 'Dinkar' (23 September 1908 – 24 April 1974) was an Indian Hindi poet, essayist, patriot and academic,[1][2] who is considered as one of the most important modern Hindi poets. He remerged as a poet of rebellion as a consequence of his nationalist poetry written in the days before Indian independence. His poetry exuded veer rasa, and he has been hailed as a Rashtrakavi ("National poet") on account of his inspiring patriotic compositions.[3] He was a regular poet of Hindi Kavi sammelan on those days.

The present Prime Minister of India, Narendra Modi wrote a message appreciating the translation of Rashmirathi into English by the Mauritian cultural activist Leela Gujadhur Sarup.[4] As a mark of respect for him, his portrait was unveiled in the Central Hall of Parliament of India by the then Prime Minister of India, Dr. Manmohan Singh on his centenary year, 2008.[5][6] On 23 November 2012, the President of India, Pranab Mukherjee gave away Rashtrakavi Ramdhari Singh 'Dinkar' Sahitya Ratna Samman to 21 prominent writers and social workers at a function organised in Rashtrapati Bhavan.[7] On the occasion, the President recalled the contribution of Ramdhari Singh 'Dinkar' in the freedom struggle and his service to Hindi literature.[7] Poet and former Prime Minister of India, Atal Bihari Vajpayee spoke of Dinkarji in high esteem.[8] Others who have praised his literary genius include Shivraj Patil, Lal Krishna Advani, Somnath Chatterjee, Gulab Khandelwal, Bhawani Prasad Mishra, and Seth Govind Das.[9]

Dinkar initially supported the revolutionary movement during the Indian independence struggle, but later became a Gandhian. However, he used to call himself a 'Bad Gandhian' because he supported the feelings of indignation and revenge among the youth.[10] In Kurukshetra, he accepted that war is destructive but argued that it is necessary for the protection of freedom. He was close to prominent nationalists of the time such as Rajendra Prasad, Anugrah Narayan Sinha, Sri Krishna Sinha, Rambriksh Benipuri and Braj Kishore Prasad.

Dinkar was elected three times to the Rajya Sabha, and he was the member of this house from 3 April 1952 CE to 26 January 1964 CE,[10] and was awarded the Padma Bhushan in 1959.[10] He was also the Vice-Chancellor of Bhagalpur University (Bhagalpur, Bihar) in the early 1960s.

During The Emergency, Jayaprakash Narayan had attracted a gathering of one lakh people at the Ramlila grounds and recited Dinkar's famous poem: Singhasan Khaali Karo Ke Janata Aaati Hai (Devanagari: सिंहासन खाली करो कि जनता आती है; "Vacate the throne, for the people are coming").[11]

Biography

He was born on 23 September 1908, in Simariya village of Munger district (now in Begusarai District) in Bihar.[12] His father was Babu Ravi Singh and mother was Manroop Devi. As a student, his favourite subjects were history, politics and philosophy. He studied Hindi, Sanskrit, Maithili, Bengali, Urdu and English literature. Dinkar was greatly influenced by Iqbal, Rabindranath Tagore, Keats and Milton. He translated works of Rabindranath Tagore from Bengali to Hindi.[13] The poetic persona of the poet Dinkar was shaped by the pressures and counter-pressures of life during the freedom movement.[10][12] Five feet eleven, shining white complexion, long high nose, large ears, broad forehead – his appearance answered to some such description.[10][12]

When he was a student of Mokama High School, it was not possible for him to stay on till school closed at four p.m.[12] He had to leave the class after lunch break so that he could catch the steamer back home.[12] He could not afford to be in the hostel which would have enabled him to attend all periods.[12] How could a student who had no shoes on his feet manage the hostel fees? His poetry shows the impact of poverty.[12] This was the environment in which Dinkar grew up and became a nationalist poet of radical views.[12] In 1920, Dinkar saw Mahatma Gandhi for the first time.[12] About this time, in the third decade of 20th century, he founded Manoranjan Library at Simariya.[12] He also edited a handwritten Pamphlet.[12]

Creative Struggle

When Dinkar stepped into his adolescence, the freedom movement had begun under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi.[12] In 1929, when after matriculation, he entered into Patna College in the intermediate class; this movement had started becoming aggressive.[12] In 1928, Simon Commission, against which nationwide demonstrations were being held, arrived.[12] Demonstrations were held in Patna also. Dinkarji also signed the oath-paper.[12] Thousands came to the rally at Gandhi Maidan in which Dinkarji also participated.[12] During the protest against Simon Commission, the police of the British Government mercilessly lathi charged the Lion of Punjab, Lala Lajpat Rai, who succumbed to the injuries.[12] The whole country was in turmoil.[12] The youthful mind of Dinkar became increasingly radical due to these agitations. His emotional nature was charged with poetic energy.[12]

When a paper called Chhatra Sahodar (Brother of Students) came out again under the editorship of Narsingh Das, Dinkar's first poem was published in 1924 or 1925.[12] In 1928, the peasant's satyagraha under the leadership of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel proved successful in Bardoli of Gujarat.[12] He wrote ten poems based on this Satyagraha which was published in a book form under the title Vijay-Sandesh (Message of Victory).[12] This composition is now available.[12] Right in front of Patna College, the office of "Yuvak" functioned.[12] To escape the wrath of the government, Dinkar got his poems published under the pseudonym "Amitabh".[12] On 14 September 1928, a poem of his, on the martyrdom of Jatin Das, was published.[12] Around this time he wrote two small works of poetry called Birbala and Meghnad-Vadh, but neither of them is traceable now.[12] In 1930, he composed a poem called Pran-Bhang (The Breach of Vow), which was mentioned by Ramchandra Shukla in his history.[12] So the journey of his poetic career should be deemed to have begun with Vijay-Sandesh.[12] Before this his poems had become a frequent feature of the magazine Desh, published from Patna and of Pratibha, which was published from Kannauj.[12]

Dinkar's first collection of poems, Renuka, was published in November 1935.[12] Banarsi Das Chaturvedi, the editor of Vishal Bharat wrote that the Hindi speaking people should celebrate the publication of Renuka.[12] Around this time, Chaturvediji went to Sevagram.[12] He took with him a copy of Renuka.[12] The copy was given to Mahatma Gandhi.[12]

The famous Historian Dr. Kashi Prasad Jaiswal loved him like a son and during the early days of his poetic career, helped him in every way.[12] He died on 4 August 1937, which was a great blow to the young poet.[12] Much later, he wrote in Kalpna, a magazine published from Hyderabad, "It was a good thing that Jaiswalji was my first admirer. Now when I have savoured the love and encouragement of the Sun, Moon, Varun, Kuber, Indra, Brihaspati, Shachi and Brahmani, it is clear that none of them was like Jaiswalji. As I heard the news of his death, the world became a dark place for me. I did not know what to do."[12] Actually Jaiswalji was the first person to appreciate the historical sense in the poetry of Dinkar.[12]

Work

His works are mostly of 'Veer Rasa', or the 'brave mode', although Urvashi is an exception to this. Some of his greatest works are Rashmirathi and Parashuram ki Prateeksha. He is hailed as the greatest Hindi poet of 'Veer Rasa' since Bhushan.[10]

Acharya Hazari Prasad Dwivedi wrote that he was very popular among people whose mother-tongue was not Hindi and he was a symbol of love for one's own mother-tongue.[14] Harivansh Rai Bachchan wrote that for his proper respect he should get four Bharatiya Jnanpith Awards – for poetry, prose, languages and for his service to Hindi.[14] Rambriksh Benipuri wrote that Dinkar is giving voice to the revolutionary movement in the country.[14] Namvar Singh wrote that he was really the sun of his age.[14] In his youth, Rajnath Singh, Home Minister of India was inspired by the genius of Dinkarji.[15]

Hindi writer Rajendra Yadav, whose novel 'Sara Akash' also carried a few lines of Dinkar's poetry, has said of him He was always very inspiring to read. His poetry was about reawakening. He often delved into Hindu mythology and referred to heroes of epics such as Karna.[16] He was a poet of anti-imperialism and nationalism, says well-known Hindi writer Kashinath Singh.[16]

He also wrote social and political satires[17] aimed at socio-economic inequalities and exploitation of the underprivileged.[17]

A progressive and humanist poet, he chose to approach history and reality directly and his verse combined oratorical vigour with a declamatory diction The theme of Urvashi revolves round love, passion, and relationship of man and woman on a spiritual plane, distinct from their earthly relationship.

His Kurukshetra is a narrative poem based on the Santi Parva of the Mahabharata.[18] It was written at a time when the memories of the Second World War were fresh in the mind of the poet.[18]

Krishna Ki Chaetavani is another poem composed on events that led to the Kurukshetra war in the Mahabharata. His Samdheni is a collection of poems reflecting the poet's social concern transcending the boundaries of the nation.[18]

Sanskriti ke Char Adhyaya

In his Sanskiti ke Chaar Adhyay he said that despite various cultures, languages and topography, India stands united, because "however different we may be, our thoughts are one and the same".[19] 'Dinkar' made the understanding of historical perspectives much more direct by looking at the history of India's culture in terms of four major encounters: between the autochthons and the Aryans; between Vedic beliefs and the philosophy propounded by the Buddha, as well as by Mahavira; between Hinduism and Islam; and finally between the European civilisation and the Indian way of life and learning.[20] These encounters at different periods of history have imparted strength to India's culture.[20] The most striking feature of India's civilizational history has been its marked tolerance and human approach with its potential to impart a message to the world.[20]

History is not merely a compilation of facts.[12] History is written from an ideological perspective.[12] The poet Dinkar wrote Sanskriti ke char adhyaya in the context of values emerging from the freedom movement.[12] The nationalist view of history, which was propounded by historians in the field of history, is propounded by Dinkar in the field of culture.[12] The values which developed in the context of freedo movement determine the perspective of this book.[12] Those values are anti-colonialism, secularism and the idea of integrated culture.[12] This book has been written around these very values. Dinkar is the nationalist historian of Indian Culture.[12]

Divided into four vast chapters, in the first chapter, the form and development of the culture of India from pre-Vedic times to around the middle of the 20th century has been discussed.[12] In the second chapter the Buddhist and Jain religions which grew as a revolt against ancient Hinduism have been analysed.[12] In the third chapter, the influence of Islam on Hindu culture after its advent along with the influence of Islam on Hindu-Muslim relations, like – nature, language, art and culture has been studied.[12] In this chapter a very authentic investigation into the mutual relation between the Bhakti movement and Islam has been presented.[12] In this context, it has also been considered how the culture of India acquires an integrated form.[12] In the 4th chapter, a comprehensive account of the colonialisation of education and the clash of Christianity with Hinduism, etc., since the advent of the Europeans in India has also been given.[12] In this chapter, along with an inquiry into the Renaissance of the 19th century, the contributions of the leading leaders of Renaissance have been comprehensively discussed.[12] A leading characteristic of this chapter is also that a copious account of the Hindu Renaissance and with it of the Muslim Renaissance and its limitations have been presented.[12]

Dinkar :

Examples of inter-mixture and cultural harmony among peoples belonging to different races, languages and faiths are available in some other countries too (such as Mexico and Ancient Greece), but not to the same extent as in India. In the world there are but four colours of people – white, wheatish, black and yellow – and all four are profusely inter-mixed in the Indian populace Even linguistically, the offspring of all the major language families live together in this country. And as for religion, India as a whole has always been, from the beginning, a land common to all the major religions of the world. The Indians of Tiruvankur had become Christian long before the people of England, and Islam had perhaps already arrived among the Moplas while Prophet Mohammad was still alive. Similarly, the followers of Zoroaster have been inhabiting India since the tenth century. When the Arab Muslims occupied Iran and began to propagate their own religion there, the Parsis fled Iran and came to settle in India. When the Jewish temples began to crumble under the Roman tyranny, a number of Jews fled to India in order to save their faith, and ever since they have been living happily in South India. Therefore, Christianity, Islam, Judaism and Parsi religions have as much a claim over India as Hinduism or Buddhism has.

[20]

India's antecedent composite cultural catalytic formation is suggestively sketched out by Dinkar as a product of four cultural revolutions and acculturative tendencies: (a) Aryan-Dravidian (Mongoloid) racial aggregations and admixures and Indo-European/Dravidian/(Tibeto-Burman) linguistic agglomerations and transitions; (b) Vedic or Brahmanical foundational worldview and Jain, Buddhist, Bhakti, Sikh, Sufi, and a variety of neo-Hindu reform movements; (c) Hindu-Muslim encounter, coexistence, and osmosis; and (d) Indo-European contact and British colonial conquest of India.[21] The vast panoramic overview of Dinkar's historiography of India's composite culture verges on a kind of Darwinist evolutionism.[21] The idea of India of Dinkar's imagination is reminiscent of the American 'melting pot' model of assimilative nationalism.[21]

Kurukshetra

For his epic-poetry and highly celebrated work Kurukshetra, Acharya Hazari Prasad Dwivedi writes:

Such fierce competition between the flow of language and the depth of thoughts, as revealed in Kurukshetra, is rarely found. Kurukshetra is the pride of our language.

[22]

Subhadra Kumari Chauhan wrote:

Dinkar's Kurukshetra is the Bhagavad Gita of the modern age.

[22]

Maithili Sharan Gupta wrote:

Kurukshetra, undoubtedly, will add lustre to the honour of Hindi literature. That thoughts can be so breathtakingly poetic is proven beyond doubt in Kurukshetra.

[22]

Mahadevi Verma wrote:

Kurukshetra fascinated me so much that I listened to a reading of the whole of it even before I could recover from illness. This blood besmirched question of Mahabharata has been posed to every eon for an answer. Dinkar has replied to the question befitting the spirit of our age.

[22]

Acharya Kaka Kalelkar wrote:

This poetry shall serve as pollen to rejuvenate India's ancient civilization.

[22]

Acharya Narendra Deva wrote:

The analysis with which the poetry of Kurukshetra is imbued is a grand amalgam of Indian culture and social philosophy.

[22]

Loknayak Jayaprakash Narayan wrote:

The poetry in Kurukshetra revolves around the story of Mahabharata but in its expression the soul of today's India seems to reverberate. The philosophy propounded in Kurukshetra is revolutionary, factual and logical. It's compatible with life and talks more of the philosophy of the material than the ethereal.

[22]

Nand Dulare Bajpai wrote:

Kurukshetra is a prized gift to the permanent corpus of Hindi literature.

[22]

Awards and honours

He received awards from Kashi Nagri Pracharini Sabha, Uttar Pradesh Government and also an award by the Government of India for his epic-poem Kurukshetra.[10] He got the Sahitya Akademi Award in 1959 for his work Sanskriti ke Char Adhyay.[23] He was also a recipient of Padma Bhushan in 1959 by the Government of India. He was awarded the LLD degree by Bhagalpur University. He was felicitated as Vidyavachaspati by Gurukul Mahavidyalaya.[10] He was felicitated as Sahitya-Chudamaniby Rajasthan Vidyapeeth, Udaipur on 8 November 1968.[10] Dinkar was awarded the Jnanpith Award in 1972 for Urvashi.[24] He also became a nominated member of the Rajya Sabha, in 1952.[2] Dinkar's fans widely believe that he truly deserved the honour of "RashtraKavi" (poet of the nation).

Posthumous Recognitions

The present Prime Minister of India, Narendra Modi wrote a message appreciating the translation of Rashmirathi into English by the Mauritian cultural activist Leela Gujadhur Sarup by writing, "The story of 'a man blessed by the Gods but rejected by Destiny', Rashmirathi is the magnum opus of the Poet laureate of India, Ramdhari Singh, known to all as Dinkar. Reproducing its original in moving English poetry has been a labour of love for Mrs. Leela Sarup, taking her years to do it justice. This will enable a wider range of non-Hindi readers to savour the heart wrenching lyrical poetry of Dinkar."[4]

On 30 September 1987, to mark his 79th birth anniversary tributes were paid to him by the then President of India, Shankar Dayal Sharma.[25]

In 1999, Dinkar was one of the Hindi writers featured on a set of commemorative postal stamps released by Government of India to celebrate the "Linguistic Harmony of India." marking the 50th anniversary since the Indian Union adopted Hindi as its official language.[26]

The government released a book on Dinkar's birth centenary authored by Khagendra Thakur.[27]

At the same time a statue of him was unveiled in Patna at the Dinkar Chowk,[28] and a two-day national seminar was organised in Calicut University.[29]

The Chief Minister of Bihar, Nitish Kumar, laid the foundation stone of an engineering college in the district of Begusarai named after the legendary Hindi poet Ramdhari Singh Dinkar.[30]

Major poetic works

Dinkar's first published poetical work was Vijay Sandesh (1928). His other works are

  • Pranbhang (1929)
  • Renuka (1935)
  • Hunkar (epic poem) (1938)
  • Rasavanti (1939)
  • Dvandvageet (1940)
  • Kurukshetra (1946)
  • Dhoop Chhah (1946)
  • Saamdheni (1947)
  • Baapu (1947)
  • Itihas ke Aansoo (1951)
  • Dhup aur Dhuan (1951)
  • Mirch ka Mazaa (1951)
  • Rashmirathi (1952)
  • Dilli (1954)
  • Neem ke Patte (1954)
  • Suraj ka Byaah ('1955')
  • Neel Kusum (1954)
  • Chakravaal (1956)
  • Kavishri (1957)
  • Seepee aur Shankh (1957)
  • Naye Subhaashit (1957)
  • Ramdhari Singh 'Dinkar'
  • Urvashi (1961)
  • Parashuram ki Pratiksha (1963)
  • Koylaa aur Kavitva (1964)
  • Mritti Tilak (1964)
  • Atmaa ki Ankhe (1964)
  • Haare ko Harinaam (1970)
  • Bhagvaan Ke Daakiye(1970)

Anthologies

  • Lokpriya Kavi Dinkar (1960)
  • Dinkar ki Suktiyan (1964)
  • Dinkar ke Geet (1973)
  • Sanchayita (1973)
  • Rashmilok (1974)
  • Urvashi tatha anya shringarik kavitayen (1974)
  • Amrit Manthan, Lokbharti Prakashan, New Delhi, 2008.
  • Bhagn Vina, Lokbharti Prakashan, New Delhi, 2008.
  • Sapnon ka Dhuan, Lokbharti Prakashan, New Delhi, 2008.
  • Samanantar, Lokbharti Prakashan, New Delhi, 2008.
  • Rashmimala, Lokbharti Prakashan, New Delhi, 2008.

Major prose works

Dinkar's major analytical and other prose works are:

  • Mitti ki Or (1946)
  • Chittaur ka Saakaa (1948)
  • Ardhanaarishwar (1952)
  • Reti ki Phool (1954)
  • Hamaari Saanskritik Ekta (1954)
  • Bhaarat ki Saanskritik Kahaani (1955)
  • Raashtrabhaasha aur Raashtriya Ekta (1955)
  • Ujli Aag (1956)
  • Sanskriti ke Chaar Adhyaay (1956)
  • Kaavya ki Bhumikaa (1958)
  • Pant, Prasad aur Maithilisharan (1958)
  • Venu Van (1958)
  • Dharma, Naitikataa aur Vigyan (1959)
  • Vat-Peepal (1961)
  • Lokdev Nehru (1965)
  • Shuddh Kavitaa ki Khoj (1966)
  • Saahityamukhi (1968)
  • He Ram! (1968)
  • Samsmaran aur Shraddhaanjaliyan (1970)
  • Meri Yatrayen (1971)
  • Bhaaratiya Ekta (1971)
  • Dinkar ki Daayri (1973)
  • Chetana ki Shilaa (1973)
  • Vivah ki Musibaten (1973) and
  • Aadhunik Bodh (1973).

Literary criticism

  • Sahitya aur Samaj, Lokbharti Prakashan, New Delhi, 2008.
  • Chintan ke Aayam, Lokbharti Prakashan, New Delhi, 2008.
  • Kavi aur Kavita, Lokbharti Prakashan, New Delhi, 2008.
  • Sanskriti Bhasha aur Rashtra, Lokbharti Prakashan, New Delhi, 2008.
  • Kavita aur Shuddh Kavita, Lokbharti Prakashan, New Delhi, 2008.

Biographies

  • Sri Aurobindo: Meri Drishti Mein, Lokbharti Prakashan, New Delhi, 2008.
  • Pandit Nehru aur anya mahapurush, Lokbharti Prakashan, New Delhi, 2008.
  • Smarnanjali, Lokbharti Prakashan, New Delhi, 2008.

Translations

Translations into English and other languages

  • Dinkar's Urvashi: a saga of human love and Vedanta. Trans. by Krishna Kumar Vidyarthi. (New Delhi: Siddharth Publications, 1994. 165 p.)
  • Reflections on men and things (essays). (Ajmer: Krishna Brothers, 1968. 80 p.)
  • Kurukshetra. Trans. by R.K. Kapur. London: n.p., 1967.
  • [Rasmirathi] Sun charioteer. Trans. by R.D. Dunda, D. Nelson and P. Staneslow. (Minnesota: Nagari Press, 1981.)
  • Voices of the Himalaya: poems. Trans. by the author, Kamala Ratnam, V.K. Gokak and others. (Bombay: Asia Publishing House, 1966. vi, 70 p.)
  • Himalayas Xotros Poems (Spanish), Collection of thirty poems, Publisher – University of Conceyeion, Chile.
  • Sining Potos [Blue Lotus] (Russian), Collection of sixty poems, Progress Publishers, Moscow, Russia.
  • Kurukshetra: an aftermath of war, a new search for peace from the classical thought : light radiates through dialogue; translated by Winand M. Callewaert, P. Adeswara Rao; Heritage Publication Division, 1995.
  • Ramdhari Singh Dinkar, Reflections on men and things, Krishna Bros., 1968.

Biographies and works on Dinkar

  • Divakar, Dinkarnama in 6 volumes.
  • Manmath Nath Gupta, Apane samaya ka surya Dinkar, Alekha Prakasana (1981).
  • Nandkishore Naval, Dinkar Ardhnarishwar Kavi, Rajkamal Prakashan, 2013.
  • Khagendra Thakur, Ramdhari Singh 'Dinkarr': Vyaktitva aur Krititva, Publications Division, 2008 Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India.
  • Vijendra Narayan Singh, Bharatiya Sahitya ke Nirmata: Ramdhari Singh 'Dinkar', Sahitya Akademi, New Delhi, 2005, ISBN 81-260-2142-X.
  • Devayat M. Solanki, Dinkar Ke Kavya Mein Rashtriya Evam Sanskritik Chetna Kanirupan, 2013.
  • Prem Prakash Rastogi, Dinkar : Srajan Aur Parivesh, 2012.
  • Gita Samore, Dinkar Evam Pidhihar Ke Kavya Ka Tulnatmak Adhyayan, 2012.
  • Archna Kiran, Dinkar Kavya Ka Sanskritik Adhyayan, 2012.
  • Shobha Suryavanshi, Ramdhari Singh Dinkar Ke Sahitya Mein Jivan Mulya, 2012.
  • Yatindra Tiwari, Rashtrakavi Dinkar, 2012.
  • Girish Chandra Pal, Ramdhari Singh Dinkar Ka Kavya Ek Anushilan, 2010.
  • Sudhir Pratap Singh, Dinkar: Path Punarpath, 2011.
  • Kumar Vimal, Ramdhari Singh Dinkar Rachna – Sanchayan, Sahitya Akademi, New Delhi, 2008, ISBN 978-81-260-2627-2.
  • Shivsagar Mishra, Dinkar: ek sahaj Purush.
  • Dr. Shambhu Nath, Dhupchhanhi Dinkar, Bharatiya Jnanpith.
  • Dr. Shambhu Nath, Dinkar ka rachna sansar.
  • Acharya Shiv Balak Rai, Dinkar, Universal Press, Shiv Charan Lal Road, Allahabad.
  • Shivchandra Sharma, Dinkar aur unki kavya kritiyan, Janwasi Press, Kolkata.
  • Murlidhar Srivastava, Dinkar ki Kavyasadhana, Ajanta Press, Patna.
  • Kameshwar Sharma, Digbhramit Rashtrakavi, Rashtriya Prakashan Mandal, Patna.
  • S.Kapil, Dinkar Aur Unki Kavya Kritiyan, Ibha Prakashan, Munger.
  • Kantimohan Sharma, Kurukshetra – Mimansa, Sahitya Prakashan Mandal, Karol Bagh, New Delhi.
  • Nemichandra Jain Bhavuk, Dinkar ki Kavyasadhana, Antah Prantiya Kumar Parishad, Jodhpur.
  • Dr. Satyakam Verma, Jankavi Dinkar, Bharatiya Prakashan, Model Town, Delhi.
  • Dr. Savitri Sinha, Yugcharan Dinkar, National Publishing House, Delhi.
  • Vijendra Narayan Singh, Dinkar: Ek Punarmulyankan, Parimal Prakashan, Allapur, Allahabad.
  • Vijendra Narayan Singh, Urvashi: Uplabdhi Aur Sima, Parimal Prakashan, Allapur, Allahabad.
  • Gopalkrishna Kaul and Har prasad Shastri, Dinkar: Srishti aur Drishti, Vatayan Prakashan, Gaziabad.
  • Dr. Savitri Sinha, Kavi Dinkar, Radhakrishna Prakashan, Delhi.
  • Murlidhar Srivastava, Yugkavi Dinkar, Bihar Granth Kutir, Patna.
  • Ramashankar Tiwari, Dinkar ki Urvashi, Chaukhambha Vidya Bhavan, Varanasi.
  • Vachandev Kumar, Urvashi: Vichar Aur Vishleshan, Bihar Granth Kutir, Patna.
  • Jai Singh 'Nirad', Adhunikta ke hashiye me Urvashi.
  • Jai Singh 'Nirad', Dinkar ke kavya main parampara aur adhunikta.
  • Jagdish Chaturvedi, Dinkar: vyaktitva aur krititva.
  • Dr. Rama Rani Singh, Dinkar Sahitya main vyaktitva ki abhivyakti.
  • Gopal Rai, Rashtrakavi Dinkar.
  • Gopal Rai, Dinkar Vyaktitva Aur Rachna Ke Ayam, Suhani Book, 2011.
  • Devjani Sen, Dinkar Ke Kavya Mein Pragatishil Chetna, Sarth Publication, 2011.
  • Devvrat Joshi, Gadyashilpi Dinkar Dinkar Ka Gadya Sahitya, Anamika Publishers & Distributors, 2012.

References

  1. ^ Biography and Works www.anubhuti-hindi.org.
  2. ^ a b Sahitya Akademi Award Citation
  3. ^ "Special Postage Stamps on Linguistic Harmony of India". Latest PIB Releases. Press Information Bureau of the Government of India. September 1999. Retrieved 26 September 2008.
  4. ^ a b Gujadhur Sarup, Leela (2013). Rashmirathi by Ramdhari Singh 'Dinkar' (Rider on the Sun's Rays !) Interpreted in English by Leela Gujadhur sarup. Kolkata: Aldrich International. ISBN 978-93-80313-17-7.
  5. ^ "PM to unveil portraits of Dinkar, Kunwar Singh". The Hindu. 22 December 2008. Retrieved 10 April 2009.
  6. ^ Aditi Tandon (22 December 2008). "Probe sought into Guru Ram Singh's death". The Tribune. Retrieved 10 April 2009.
  7. ^ a b Press Releases (23 November 2012). "PRESIDENT GIVES AWAY RASHTRAKAVI RAMDHARI SINGH 'DINKAR' SAHITYA RATNA SAMMAN". Rashtrapati Bhavan. Retrieved 22 February 2013.
  8. ^ Atal Bihari Vajpayee. राष्ट्रकवि रामधारी सिंह 'दिनकर’ स्मृति न्यास http://www.dinkarnyas.com/%e0%a4%85%e0%a4%9f%e0%a4%b2-%e0%a4%ac%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%b9%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%b0%e0%a5%80-%e0%a4%b5%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%9c%e0%a4%aa%e0%a5%87%e0%a4%af%e0%a5%80. Retrieved 22 February 2013. {{cite news}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  9. ^ Atal Bihari Vajpayee. राष्ट्रकवि रामधारी सिंह 'दिनकर’ स्मृति न्यास http://www.dinkarnyas.com/category/testimonials. Retrieved 22 February 2013. {{cite news}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i Vijendra Narayan, Singh (2005). Bharatiya Sahitya ke Nirmata: Ramdhari Singh 'Dinkar'. New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi. ISBN 81-260-2142-X.
  11. ^ Harish Khare (16 May 2001). "Obligations of a lameduck". The Hindu. Retrieved 2 January 2009.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb Kumar Vikram, Arun Kumar Sinha, (2010). Ramdhari Singh Dinkar: Makers of Indian Literature. Sahitya Akademi. p. 151. ISBN 978-81-260-2664-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. ^ Bhattacharya, Sabyasachi (2011). Rabindranath Tagore: An Interpretation. New Delhi: Penguin/Viking. pp. 320 (at p. 240). ISBN 978-0-670-08455-5.
  14. ^ a b c d 'Dinkar', Ramdhari Singh (2008). Chintan ke Aayam. Lokbharti Prakashan.
  15. ^ "Politicians and Literature". Tehelka. Retrieved 11 July 2014.
  16. ^ a b Avijit Ghosh (24 September 2008). "100 years on, poet Dinkar remains popular as ever". The Times of India. Retrieved 30 September 2008.
  17. ^ a b Lal, Mohan (1992). Encyclpopaedia of Indian Literature. Sahitya Akademi. p. 820. ISBN 978-81-260-1221-3.
  18. ^ a b c Das, Sisir Kumar (1995). A History of Indian literature. Sahitya Akademi. p. 908. ISBN 978-81-7201-798-9.
  19. ^ Misha Sharma (9 September 2007). "A mine of resources waiting to be tapped". The Hindu. Retrieved 2 April 2009.
  20. ^ a b c d Singh, Balmiki Prasad (2012). India's Culture: The State, the Arts and Beyond (preface by His Holiness the Dalai Lama). Delhi: Oxford University Press. p. 264. ISBN 9-780198-077343.
  21. ^ a b c Mahendra Prasad Singh, Veena Kukreja; (2008). Democracy, Development and Discontent in South Asia. New Delhi: Sage Publications. p. 340. ISBN 9-780761-936176.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  22. ^ a b c d e f g h Dr. Raman P. Singh, Dr. Shachi Kant; (2013). Kurukshetra: Ramdhari Singh 'Dinkar', The Battle Royale (An adaptation in rhymed English verse). New Delhi: Vani Prakashan. p. 142. ISBN 978-93-5072-414-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  23. ^ Sahitya Akademi Awards 1955–2007 Sahitya Akademi Award Official website.
  24. ^ "Jnanpith Laureates Official listings". Jnanpith Website.
  25. ^ Chand, Attar (1992). President Shankar Dayal Sharma, the scholar and the statesman. Anmol Publications. p. 371. ISBN 978-81-7041-678-4.
  26. ^ "Special Postage Stamps on Linguistic Harmony of India". Latest PIB Releases. Press Information Bureau of the Government of India. September 1999. Retrieved 26 September 2008.
  27. ^ "Dasmunsi releases book on birth centenary of poet 'Dinkar'". Latest PIB Releases. Press Information Bureau of the Government of India. September 2008. Retrieved 26 September 2008.
  28. ^ "Poet Dinkar remembered". The Times of India. 24 September 2008. Retrieved 30 September 2008.
  29. ^ "Seminar inaugurated". The Hindu. 3 February 2009. Retrieved 2 April 2009.
  30. ^ Rajiv Kumar (23 December 2013). "CM lays foundation of engineering college". The Times of India. Retrieved 26 December 2013.

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