Schinus terebinthifolia
| Brazilian Pepper | |
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| Species: | S. terebinthifolius
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| Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi
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Brazilian Pepper (Schinus terebinthifolius; also known as Aroeira or Florida Holly) is a sprawling shrub or small tree (7-10 m tall) that is native to subtropical and tropical South America, in southeastern Brazil, northern Argentina and Paraguay.
The branches can be upright, reclining, or nearly vine-like, all on the same plant. The leaves are alternate, 10-22 cm long, pinnately compound with (3-) 5-15 leaflets; the leaflets are roughly oval (lanceolate to elliptical), 3-6 cm long and 2-3.5 cm broad, and have finely toothed margins, an acute to rounded apex and yellowish veins. The leaf rachis between the leaflets is usually (but not invariably) slightly winged. The plant is dioeceous, with small white flowers borne profusely in axillary clusters. The fruit is a small red spherical drupe 4-5 mm diameter, carried in dense clusters of hundreds of berries.
There are two varieties:
- Schinus terebinthifolius var. acutifolius. Leaves to 22 cm, with 7-15 leaflets; fruit pink.
- Schinus terebinthifolius var. terebinthifolius. Leaves to 17 cm, with 5-13 leaflets; fruit red.
Like many other species in the family Anacardiaceae, Brazilian pepper has aromatic sap that can cause skin reactions (similar to poison-ivy burns) in some sensitive people.
Cultivation and uses
Brazilian pepper is an attractive small tree, widely grown as an ornamental tree in frost-free regions of South America for its decorative foliage and fruit. Although it is not a true pepper (Piper), its dried berries are often sold as pink peppercorns. The seeds can be used as a spice if used in moderation, adding a pepper-like taste to food, but they are toxic in large amounts.
Planted originally as an ornamental outside of its native range, Brazilian pepper has become widespread and is considered an invasive species in many subtropical regions with moderate to high rainfall, including parts or all of Australia, the Bahamas, Bermuda, southern China, Cuba, Fiji, French Polynesia, Guam, Malta, the Marshall Islands, Mauritius, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Norfolk Island, Puerto Rico, Reunion, and the United States (primarily Florida and Hawaii). In drier areas, such as Israel and southern California, it is also grown but has not generally proved invasive.
Brazilian Pepper is hard to control because it sends up root suckers and new shoots if the trunk is cut, and trees produce abundant seeds that are dispersed by birds.
"Florida Holly" was introduced to Florida by at latest 1891, probably earlier (Gogue et al. 1974), where it has spread rapidly, replacing native plants, with thousands of acres occupied. It is especially suited to colonizing disturbed sites and can grow in both wet and dry conditions. Its growth habit allows it to climb over understory trees and invade mature canopies, forming thickets that choke out most other plants. The species is now legally prohibited from sale, transport, or planting in the United States, where it is classified as a Category I pest by the Exotic Pest Plant Council (EPPC) (see [1]). To keep the plant from spreading into native plant communities and displacing them, local regulations and environmental guidelines require eradiction of Brazilian Pepper wherever possible.
References and external links
- Gogue, G. J., Hurst, C. J., & Bancroft, L. 1974. Growth inhibition by Schinus terebinthifolius. HortScience 9 (3): 301.
- Florida Department of Environmental Protection
- Global Invasive Species Database: Schinus terebinthifolius
- US Nature Conservancy: Schinus terebinthifolius