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Sitagliptin

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Sitagliptin
Clinical data
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa606023
License data
Pregnancy
category
  • AU: B3
Routes of
administration		Oral
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
  • AU: S4 (Prescription only)
  • UK: POM (Prescription only)
  • US: ℞-only
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability87%
Protein binding38%
MetabolismHepatic (CYP3A4- and CYP2C8-mediated)
Elimination half-life8 to 14 h[1]
ExcretionRenal (80%)[1]
Identifiers
  • (R)-4-oxo-4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)-5,6-dihydro[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyrazin-7(8H)-yl]-1-(2,4,5-trifluorophenyl)butan-2-amine
CAS Number
PubChem CID
IUPHAR/BPS
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
ChEBI
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard100.217.948 Edit this at Wikidata
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC16H15F6N5O
Molar mass407.314 g/mol g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • Fc1cc(c(F)cc1F)C[C@@H](N)CC(=O)N3Cc2nnc(n2CC3)C(F)(F)F
  • InChI=1S/C16H15F6N5O/c17-10-6-12(19)11(18)4-8(10)3-9(23)5-14(28)26-1-2-27-13(7-26)24-25-15(27)16(20,21)22/h4,6,9H,1-3,5,7,23H2/t9-/m1/s1 checkY
  • Key:MFFMDFFZMYYVKS-SECBINFHSA-N checkY
  (verify)

Sitagliptin (INN; /sɪtəˈɡlɪptɪn/ ⓘ, previously identified as MK-0431 and marketed as the phosphate salt under the trade name Januvia) is an oral antihyperglycemic (antidiabetic drug) of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor class. It was developed, and is marketed, by Merck & Co. This enzyme-inhibiting drug is used either alone or in combination with other oral antihyperglycemic agents (such as metformin or a thiazolidinedione) for treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2.[2] The benefit of this medicine is its fewer side effects (e.g., less hypoglycemia, less weight gain) in the control of blood glucose values. While safety is its advantage, efficacy is often challenged as it is often recommended to be combined with other agents such as metformin.

History

Sitagliptin was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on October 17, 2006,[3] and is marketed in the US as Januvia by Merck & Co. On April 2, 2007, the FDA approved an oral combination of sitagliptin and metformin marketed in the US as Janumet. On October 7, 2011, the FDA approved an oral combination of sitagliptin and simvastatin marketed in the US as Juvisync.[4]

Mechanism of action

See also: Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors

Sitagliptin works to competitively inhibit the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4). This enzyme breaks down the incretins GLP-1 and GIP, gastrointestinal hormones released in response to a meal.[5] By preventing GLP-1 and GIP inactivation, they are able to increase the secretion of insulin and suppress the release of glucagon by the alpha cells of the pancreas. This drives blood glucose levels towards normal. As the blood glucose level approaches normal, the amounts of insulin released and glucagon suppressed diminishes, thus tending to prevent an "overshoot" and subsequent low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) which is seen with some other oral hypoglycemic agents.

Sitagliptin has been shown to lower HbA1c level by about 0.7% points versus placebo. It is slightly less effective than metformin when used as a monotherapy. It does not cause weight gain and has less hypoglycemia compared to sulfonylureas. Sitagliptin is recommended as a second line drug (in combination with other drugs) after the combination of diet/exercise and metformin fails.[6]

Adverse effects

In clinical trials, adverse effects were as common with sitagliptin (whether used alone or with metformin or pioglitazone) as they were with placebo, except for extremely rare nausea and common cold-like symptoms, including photosensitivity.[7] There is no significant difference in the occurrence of hypoglycemia between placebo and sitagliptin.[7][8][9]

There have been several postmarketing reports of pancreatitis (some fatal) in people treated with sitagliptin and other DPP-4 inhibitors,[10] and the U.S. package insert carries a warning to this effect,[11] although the causal link between sitagliptin and pancreatitis has not yet been fully substantiated.[2] One study with lab rats published 2009 concluded that some possible risks of pancreatitis, or pancreatic cancer from sitagliptin may be reduced when it is used with metformin. However, while DDP-4 inhibitors show an increase in such risk factors, as of 2009, there is no reported increase in pancreatic cancer in individuals taking DDP-4 inhibitors.[12]

They may cause severe joint pain.[13]

The existence of rare case reports of renal failure and hypersensitivity reactions is noted in the United States prescribing information, but a causative role for sitagliptin has not been established.[14]

Dose and Availability

Sitagliptin is available in 25, 50, and 100 mg Tablets as the phosphate salt, it is labeled according to the amount of base drug in each tablet. The usual adult dose is 100 mg a day but lower doses are recommended with decreased kidney function. It can be taken with or without food.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Herman GA (December 2005). "Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of sitagliptin, an inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase IV, in healthy subjects: results from two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies with single oral doses". Clin Pharmacol Ther. 78 (6): 675–88. doi:10.1016/j.clpt.2005.09.002. PMID 16338283. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ a b National Prescribing Service (August 2010). "Sitagliptin for Type 2 Diabetes". Retrieved 27 August 2010.
  3. ^ "FDA Approves New Treatment for Diabetes" (Press release). U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). October 17, 2006. Retrieved 2006-10-17.
  4. ^ "FDA Approves Combination Therapy Juvisync" (Press release). U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). October 7, 2011. Retrieved 2013-11-17.
  5. ^ Herman G, Bergman A, Liu F, Stevens C, Wang A, Zeng W, Chen L, Snyder K, Hilliard D, Tanen M, Tanaka W, Meehan A, Lasseter K, Dilzer S, Blum R, Wagner J (2006). "Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic effects of the oral DPP-4 inhibitor sitagliptin in middle-aged obese subjects". J Clin Pharmacol. 46 (8): 876–86. doi:10.1177/0091270006289850. PMID 16855072.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ Gadsby, Roger (2009). "Efficacy and Safety of Sitagliptin in the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes" (pdf). Clinical Medicine: Therapeutics (1): 53–62.
  7. ^ a b "Januvia Side Effects & Drug Interactions". RxList.com. 2007. Retrieved 2007-11-28.
  8. ^ http://dermatology.cdlib.org/1802/04_csp/09_11-00188/article.html
  9. ^ http://www.ehealthme.com/ds/januvia/photosensitivity+reaction
  10. ^ Olansky L (2010). "Do incretin-based therapies cause acute pancreatitis?". J Diabetes Sci Technol. 4 (1): 228–9. doi:10.1177/193229681000400129. PMC 2825646. PMID 20167189.
  11. ^ "Januvia for type 2 diabetes". Merck & Co. Retrieved 2010-07-31.
  12. ^ Aleksey V. Matveyenko, Sarah Dry, Heather I. Cox, Artemis Moshtaghian1, Tatyana Gurlo, Ryan Galasso, Alexandra E. Butler and Peter C. Butler, Beneficial Endocrine but Adverse Exocrine Effects of Sitagliptin in the Human Islet Amyloid Polypeptide Transgenic Rat Model of Type 2 Diabetes - Interactions With Metformin Diabetes July 2009 vol. 58 no. 7 1604-1615
  13. ^ "DPP-4 Inhibitors for Type 2 Diabetes: Drug Safety Communication - May Cause Severe Joint Pain". FDA. 2015-08-28. Retrieved 1 September 2015.
  14. ^ "www.merck.com" (PDF).
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