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Phi Gamma Delta
FIJI / ΦΓΔ
(common use / limited use)
Phi Gamma Delta's Coat of Arms
FoundedMay 1, 1848; 176 years ago (1848-05-01)
Jefferson College
TypeSocial
AffiliationNIC
StatusActive
ScopeInternational
MottoΦιλότης Γλυκυτάτη Δυναστεία
("Friendship, the sweetest influence")[1]
Colors  Royal purple and   White
SymbolThe Recognition Device
Flag
FlowerPurple Clematis
Chapters139
Colonies13
Members211,000+ lifetime
NicknameFiji, Phi Gam
Headquarters1201 Red Mile Rd
  P.O. Box 4599
Lexington, Kentucky 40504
United States
Websitephigam.org
Phi Gamma Delta Fraternity house at University of California, Berkeley
Alpha Omega Chapter house at Ohio University.

Phi Gamma Delta (ΦΓΔ), commonly known as Fiji, is a social fraternity with 139 active chapters and 13 colonies across the United States and Canada.[2] It was founded at Jefferson College, Pennsylvania, in 1848. Along with Phi Kappa Psi, Phi Gamma Delta forms a half of the Jefferson Duo.[3] Since its founding, the fraternity has initiated more than 211,000 brothers. The nickname FIJI is used commonly by the fraternity due to Phi Gamma Delta bylaws limiting the use of the Greek letters.

Founding

See also: Greek organizations at Washington & Jefferson College

The organization was founded on April 22, 1848, at Jefferson College in Canonsburg, Pennsylvania. Six college students gathered in a dormitory room (known by the students as "Fort Armstrong")[4] to establish a secret society.[5] The society they formed was initially called "The Delta Association". The founders, referred to by members as the "Immortal Six", were John Templeton McCarty, Samuel Beatty Wilson, James Elliott Jr., Ellis Bailey Gregg, Daniel Webster Crofts, and Naaman Fletcher.[6]

The first regular meeting of Phi Gamma Delta and the adoption of the Fraternity's Constitution took place on May 1, 1848.[7] Consequently, May 1 was chosen to be "Founder's Day" at the 43rd Convention held in 1891 and has traditionally been celebrated as the founding date of the Fraternity.[8][9]

Contrary to popular belief, the Immortal six were not Freemasons when they entered Jefferson College.[10]

Beliefs

Phi Gamma Delta has chosen not to use the term alumni for members who have graduated; post-collegiate members are referred to as Graduate Brothers, to imply that membership extends past the undergraduate experience. Similarly, one of the mottoes used by the organization is, "Not for College Days Alone".[11]

Phi Gamma Delta's mission statement lists five core values for its members: friendship, knowledge, service, morality, and excellence.[12][13] In addition, members are encouraged to live by three priorities in this respective order: scholarship, fraternity, and self. This ordering is because members attend university with the foremost goal of receiving an education, and that Phi Gamma Delta is a fraternity that promotes scholastic achievement amongst its members.[14]

Practices and customs

Use of Greek letters and etymology of "Fiji"

Phi Gamma Delta limits the written display of its Greek letters.[15] In accordance with the fraternity's international bylaws, Fiji chapters and members only inscribe their letters in the following seven locations:[16][17]

  1. On a uniform diamond-shaped member badge
  2. On memorials to deceased brothers
  3. On the Fraternity's official flag
  4. On the Fraternity's official seal
  5. On a chapter house marker
  6. On a brother's official college ring
  7. On a brother's certificate of membership

The fraternity instructs its members to consider the letters sacred and to never display them on an object that can be easily destroyed. Whereas other fraternities often display their letters on clothing or other items, this tradition prevents Fijis from doing so. In place of the actual Greek letters, "Fiji," "Phi Gam," or the English spelling "Phi Gamma Delta" is used in their place.

The Fiji nickname started at New York University as a suggested name for the Fraternity magazine (Fee Gee). It was officially adopted by the national fraternity at the 1894 convention in the belief that the term would be distinctive and appeal to the imagination.[18] Prior to its formal appropriation by the organization at large, nicknames for members of the fraternity varied greatly; ranging from "Phi Gamm" and "Delta" by brothers across the nation, "Fee Gee" in New York, and "Gammas" in the South.[18] Today, "Fiji" and "Phi Gam" are considered by the fraternity to be the only appropriate nicknames for Phi Gamma Delta members on the international scale, though local nicknames related to a chapter's Greek name or other colloquialisms do exist.[19]

Organization

The fraternity is composed of two types of chapters. Most chapters serve primarily undergraduate students and are established at a single college or university. There are also chapters to serve members of the fraternity who have graduated and are established to serve a city or larger region. The chapters are governed by the fraternity's international headquarters in Lexington, Kentucky.

Honors and awards

Each year, the Phi Gamma Delta organization gives out a number of awards, both to chapters, and to individual members.[20]

Pig Dinner

The Frank Norris Pig Dinner is an annual graduate dinner held by all Phi Gamma Delta chapters. The dinner is named for author Frank Norris, a member of the Fiji chapter at the University of California, Berkeley where the first Pig Dinner was held in 1893. Pig Dinner is sanctioned by the International Fraternity and it serves to welcome graduate brothers back to their undergraduate chapters.

It is the oldest active, chapter-based, annual graduate event in the world of fraternities and sororities[citation needed].

The International Fraternity stores a list of annual Pig Dinners.

Fiji Islander

Affectionately built upon the "Fiji" nickname, many chapters hold an annual "Fiji Islander" party. These are typically large, tropical-themed festivities, often using banana and palm trees as decoration, although they can vary widely from chapter to chapter. Some are large parties where alcohol, sand, and tropical foliage are present. Others may be alcohol-free, and some are charity projects, rather than parties.

Fiji Man

The fraternity once used a mascot named "Fiji Man," a thick-lipped, dark-skinned man in a grass skirt, sometimes holding a spear or with a bone in his nose, in the style of a once-common Pacific Islander stereotype. Fraternity members built large sculptures of this racist caricature as a party decoration.[21][22] The Phi Gamma Delta national organization has since banned Fiji Man, and now prohibits appearing in blackface at fraternity events.[23]

Controversy

The appearance of "Fiji Man", Phi Gamma Delta's historical racist mascot, caused complaints from the 1970s to 1990s.

A Fiji Man snow sculpture at Colgate University in 1979[22] and a t-shirt depicting Fiji man at the University of Texas in 1989 both caused campus-wide apprehension about racism.[24] A "slave auction" with Fiji Man decorations at the University of Southern California in 1989 resulted in mandatory diversity training for the fraternity members.[21] The women who conducted the training characterized it as not one of her more successful efforts.[25]

In 1987, the Phi Gamma Delta chapter at University of Wisconsin–Madison was suspended twice for racism. In May, it was closed because of a Fiji Island party featuring a large caricature of a Pacific Islander with a bone through his nose. Eight days after it was reinstated, the chapter was closed again because Phi Gamma Delta members entered Zeta Beta Tau, a majority-Jewish fraternity, where they began shoving and punching people. Two Fiji members were charged with battery.[26]

In 1990, Phi Gamma Delta members at the University of Texas in Austin handed out t-shirts with a racist Little Black Sambo drawing during a basketball tournament. 500 students protested outside the fraternity house after the incident.[27]

Local chapter or member misconduct

Indiana

A federal lawsuit filed by a Butler University student in 2019 describes being raped by a Wabash College Phi Gamma Delta member while she was black-out drunk during a Phi Gamma Delta party. She told her attacker to stop and attempted to escape while blacking out repeatedly. Other Phi Gamma Delta fraternity members tried to prevent the woman's friends from finding her as she was being raped, according to the lawsuit. She says that Crawfordsville, Indiana police told her that Wabash College has no formal code of conduct and that the student who assaulted her would face few consequences, so encouraged her not to pursue the complaint.[28]

Iowa

On August 30, 2021, an online petition alleged a sexual assault at the University of Iowa Phi Gamma Delta chapter, said to have occurred the year prior. The allegation appeared a few days after a reported assault at the Nebraska chapter, where students protested in front of the Phi Gamma Delta house.[29]

Nebraska

In September 2012, University of Nebraska at Lincoln (UNL) campus police fielded a report of a rape at the Phi Gamma Delta fraternity house.[30]

On January 21, 2017, Phi Gamma Delta fraternity members at UNL were claimed to have screamed pro-rape slurs at participants of the 2017 Women's March. Chants of "no means yes, yes means anal" were allegedly aimed at thousands of women, children, and men walking past the fraternity house on the University of Nebraska campus. Fraternity members were accused on social media of waving Donald Trump signs, screaming "grab them by the pussy," and then announcing which marchers they would and would not want to "grab by the pussy".[31] Multiple protesters have said that they heard the fraternity members chanting, which a spokesperson for the fraternity has denied.[32][33] One week later, a protest was held outside the fraternity's chapter house. The protest was attended by about 50 people, including an antifa group which flung tampons dipped in red paint at the building.[34] The fraternity was suspended from UNL from March 2017 to May 2020 because of "a pattern of sexually harassing conduct" and other patterns of misconduct.[35]

The UNL chapter was accused of sexual misconduct in October 2019, while it was still suspended because of the events of 2017.[35]

A sexual assault was reported to University of Nebraska police on August 24, 2021, as having been committed by a Phi Gamma Delta member. Hundreds of protesters converged on the fraternity house that night, calling for an end to rape on campus and for the Phi Gamma Delta fraternity to be shut down. Fraternity members stayed inside the house and shared a video via the internet of them laughing at the protestors out the window.[36] The next day, chancellor Ronnie Green announced that the university would be closing the fraternity house and suspending the chapter while the allegation of sexual assault was investigated.[37]

Campus protests against Phi Gamma Delta continued through the next week. State senator Megan Hunt spoke at one, confirming that, although she did not attend UNL, she was aware of the "open secret" of frequent sexual assault at Phi Gamma Delta and certain other UNL fraternities. During the week of protests, university police received an influx of reports of rape; many were previously unreported events from years ago.[38]

In October 2021, the UNL chapter of Phi Gamma Delta was suspended until 2026. The suspension was because of alcohol use, and not officially connected to the recent protests or ongoing sexual assault investigation.[39]

Tennessee

A member at the University of Tennessee was accused of drugging and raping two women during a party in 2019. The accused apologized to one of the women in a text message, which was later used as evidence of his guilt. The fraternity house was sanctioned.[40]

Hazing allegations

Further information: List of hazing deaths in the United States

In 1997, as part of an allegedly mandatory hazing event at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology chapter, 18-year-old freshman Scott Krueger died as a result of excessive alcohol consumption.[41] Manslaughter charges were brought against the Phi Gamma Delta organization itself, rather than any individuals. In response, the chapter dissolved and the case was suspended.[42] MIT later settled with Krueger's family for 4.75 million dollars.[43]

In 1999, a 19-year-old pledge was tackled and taken to the Phi Gamma Delta house at the University of Nebraska, where he was handcuffed and forced to drink 15 shots of brandy and whisky and three to six cans of beer over two and a half hours. He broke loose from the handcuffs and attempted to escape by sliding down a drainpipe from a third story window. He fell and suffered head injuries. The incident led to the Nebraska Legislature making hazing a crime. In a resulting lawsuit, the Nebraska Supreme Court ruled that the university should have taken more steps to protect the student, as the university was aware of a pattern of hazing, sexual assault, and other problems at the Phi Gamma Delta house.[44]

In 2006, 19-year-old Danny Daniels was found dead in the Phi Gamma Delta fraternity house at Fresno State University, prompting an investigation and immediate suspension of the chapter. It was found that the fraternity hosted a large party the night before, and that members forced Daniels to drink large amounts of alcohol for initiation. Once he became sick, a few FIJI brothers carried him to a secluded room at the fraternity and left him. Daniels died in the early morning of January 8 from acute alcohol intoxication, and later tests showed that Daniels had a blood-alcohol level of 0.34, more than four times the legal limit. The university suspended the chapter for 5 years; as of 2019, they are still inactive.[45][46][47]

On September 17, 2010, a prospective member (pledge), Matt Fritzie, was partially paralyzed after diving into a shallow pool during a Fiji Islander party in Lawrence, Kansas.[48] In response to the incident, the University of Kansas placed the chapter on a two-year probation for hazing.[49] Fritzie has since sued both the chapter and the national organization.[50][51]

In 2012, West Virginia University banned the fraternity in response to alcohol-related hazing.[52] The fraternity reinstated the chapter in 2014.[53]

On April 4, 2014, Michael Evan Anderson, member of the University of Arizona chapter of FIJI, died after an unsanctioned FIJI event, when he fell 20 feet (6 m) from the top of an air conditioning unit onto the roof of his dormitory. The investigation of his death by the University Police led to an investigation from the Dean of Students Office, which included several counts of hazing, including kicking new members in the stomach, new members cleaning the house before and after parties, and performing personal acts of servitude to members.[54]

In 2015, five members of the fraternity at the University of Alabama were arrested after an investigation into hazing of their pledges. Per a legitimate anonymous source, fraternity members required pledges to stand in buckets of ice and salt, resulting in severe injuries.[55]

In 2017, the fraternity at the University of Nebraska at Lincoln was suspended by the university until 2020 for reckless alcohol use, hazing pledges, and inappropriate sexually based behavior, including a pattern of sexually harassing conduct.[56]

Police at the University of Missouri - Columbia were alerted to an unresponsive freshman, Daniel Santulli, brought to a local hospital by members after a fraternity party in 2021. Lawsuits are in process, and two of the members have been charged with felonies. One lawsuit states Santulli's "skin was pale and his lips were blue, yet no one called 911." Instead, "the decision was made to drive Santulli to University Hospital in Columbia in one of the brother’s cars." It was also alleged that "this was not just an alcohol overdose, but was hazing on a pledge during their 'dad reveal'." The university announced it would no longer recognize Phi Gamma Delta as a student organization because of multiple violations of its standard of conduct.[57][58][59][60][61]

In 2021, the fraternity at the University of Missouri had their recognition as an officially registered student organization on campus withdrawn due to multiple violations of the university's standard of conduct.[62]

In 2022, the fraternity at Bowling Green State University was suspended after an investigation by the university revealed hazing and underage drinking by the group.[63]

In 2022, the chapter at University of Kansas was suspended for several years due to extreme verbal, emotional, and physical abuse of pledges. One pledge reported to authorities his entire pledge class was "under the control and authority of members every waking minute each day" during the fall 2021 semester.[64][65]

Founding of Kappa Alpha Theta

Fijis at the Lambda chapter at Indiana Asbury University (now known as DePauw University) played an important role in the founding of Kappa Alpha Theta women's fraternity. Bettie Locke, the sister of George W. Locke (DePauw, 1871), was one of the first women enrolled at DePauw.[66] Bettie had many Fiji friends and one of them asked her to wear his badge. She contended that she would do so only if she knew the secrets behind the letters. The fraternity, after debate, declined to initiate her. So, upon suggestion of her father, John Wesley Locke, a Beta Theta Pi, she formed Kappa Alpha Theta with a few other women enrolled at DePauw at the time. Kappa Alpha Theta was founded on January 27, 1870. Phi Gamma Delta later presented Bettie Locke with an engraved silver cake basket as a token of friendship.[67]

Notable members

Main article: List of Phi Gamma Delta members

Chapters and colonies

Main article: List of Phi Gamma Delta chapters and colonies

See also

References

  1. ^ "Phi Gamma Delta". www.phigam.org. Archived from the original on September 29, 2011.
  2. ^ "Phi Gamma Delta". phigam.org. Retrieved 2024-06-14.
  3. ^ "North American College Fraternities: The 'Jefferson Duo'", page 68. The Purple Pilgrim: The Fraternity of Phi Gamma Delta Guide to Brotherhood. 2004
  4. ^ "Phi Gamma Delta: Fort Armstrong". Archived from the original on 2007-08-15. Retrieved 2007-08-24.
  5. ^ "The Phi Gamma Delta Story: The Founding of Phi Gamma Delta", page 85. The Purple Pilgrim: The Fraternity of Phi Gamma Delta Guide to Brotherhood. 2004
  6. ^ "The Phi Gamma Delta Story: The Immortal Six", pages 85-92. The Purple Pilgrim: The Fraternity of Phi Gamma Delta Guide to Brotherhood. 2004
  7. ^ "The Phi Gamma Delta Story: The Founding of Phi Gamma Delta", page 84. The Purple Pilgrim: The Fraternity of Phi Gamma Delta Guide to Brotherhood. 2004
  8. ^ "Phi Gamma Delta: Record of Conventions and Ekklesiai". Archived from the original on 2007-08-14. Retrieved 2007-08-24.
  9. ^ "Fiji Heritage - Customs and Traditions: Founders Day", page 121. The Purple Pilgrim: The Fraternity of Phi Gamma Delta Guide to Brotherhood. 2004
  10. ^ "Phi Gamma Delta: Misconceptions". Phigam.org. Retrieved 2015-04-27.
  11. ^ "The Not for College Days Alone", page 177. The Purple Pilgrim: The Fraternity of Phi Gamma Delta Guide to Brotherhood. 2004
  12. ^ "Phi Gamma Delta: About Phi Gamma Delta". Archived from the original on 2007-07-01. Retrieved 2007-08-24.
  13. ^ "The Purple Pilgrim: The Fraternity of Phi Gamma Delta Guide to Brotherhood. 2004
  14. ^ "Scholarship - a Phi Gam's Top Priority", page 135. The Purple Pilgrim: The Fraternity of Phi Gamma Delta Guide to Brotherhood. 2004
  15. ^ "Phi Gamma Delta: Our Greek Letters". Archived from the original on 2007-08-24. Retrieved 2007-08-28.
  16. ^ "Greek Letters", pages 123-124. The Purple Pilgrim: The Fraternity of Phi Gamma Delta Guide to Brotherhood. 2004
  17. ^ "Phi Gamma Delta". Phigam.org. 2016-11-04. Retrieved 2017-02-28.
  18. ^ a b "Fiji Heritage - Customs and Traditions: Origins of "Fiji", page 119. The Purple Pilgrim: The Fraternity of Phi Gamma Delta Guide to Brotherhood. 2004
  19. ^ "The Origins of 'Fiji'", page 140. The Purple Pilgrim: A Manual for the Education of the Pledges of the Fraternity of Phi Gamma Delta. 1984
  20. ^ "Phi Gamma Delta". Phigam.org. Retrieved 2017-02-28.
  21. ^ a b Wilkinson, Tracy (September 11, 1989). "USC Fraternity Does Penance With Seminar Aimed At Fighting Racism". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 27, 2021.
  22. ^ a b Telvi, Stefanie (February 11, 2005). "A Look Back at Colgate Tradition: Winterfest Through The Ages". The Colgate Maroon-News. Retrieved August 27, 2021.
  23. ^ "Ban on Fiji-Man" (PDF). Phi Gamma Delta. Retrieved August 27, 2021.
  24. ^ Potter, Karen (February 5, 1989). "Keeping sparks of hate from becoming campus bonfires". Fort Worth Star-Telegram.
  25. ^ Njeri, Itabari (December 28, 1989). "Facing up to Being White". The Los Angeles Times.
  26. ^ Riddle, Jennifer (November 8, 1987). "'Fiji' fraternity suspension lifted". Wisconsin State Journal. Madison, Wisconsin. Retrieved August 27, 2021.
  27. ^ Moss, Kirby (April 12, 1990). "500 join UT march against racism". Austin American-Statesman.
  28. ^ Bangert, Dave (October 13, 2019). "Did a detective discourage rape case at Wabash College frat? Federal case claims he did". Journal & Courier. Crawfordsville, Indiana.
  29. ^ Martin, Sabine (August 30, 2021). "Members of UI FIJI fraternity face sexual assault allegations, petition circulates". The Daily Iowan. Iowa City. Retrieved August 30, 2021.
  30. ^ Wegley, Andrew; Dunker, Chris (August 30, 2021). "Sex offense reported at UNL's Sigma Chi house amid reckoning over Greek culture". Lincoln Journal Star. Retrieved August 31, 2021.
  31. ^ Lincoln Journal Star (24 January 2017). "UNL Title IX Office To Investigate Statements Made". Lincoln Journal State.
  32. ^ "UNL fraternity denies vulgar comment allegations". KNOP News. Associated Press. January 27, 2017. Retrieved January 30, 2017.
  33. ^ Ruggles, Rick (January 27, 2017). "Men in UNL frat deny making vulgar comments during Women's March, house board member says". Omaha World-Herald. Retrieved January 30, 2017.
  34. ^ Mercer, Marcella (Jan 28, 2017). "50 protest UNL fraternity whose members are accused of making vulgar remarks during Women's March". Omaha World Herald. Retrieved January 30, 2017.
  35. ^ a b Cohen, Li (August 27, 2021). "University of Nebraska fraternity with history of sexual harassment suspended over alleged rape of teen". CBS News. Retrieved August 27, 2021.
  36. ^ Wegley, Andrew (August 24, 2021). "Hundreds protest outside UNL fraternity after reported sexual assault". Lincoln Journal-Star. Retrieved August 25, 2021.
  37. ^ Meyer, Macy (August 25, 2021). "FIJI HOUSE CLOSED: UNL Chancellor comments on alleged sexual assault". Nebraska News ABC8. Lincoln. Retrieved August 25, 2021.
  38. ^ Wegley, Andrew (October 10, 2021). "UNL students gather to support sexual assault survivors as additional cases emerge". Lincoln Journal Star.
  39. ^ Nasser, Yousef (October 13, 2021). "What happens to FIJI house now that the fraternity has been suspended?". KLKN 8.
  40. ^ Kast, Monica; Dorman, Travis (January 18, 2019). "Frat member apologized to UT rape accuser". The Tennessean. Nashville, Tennessee. Retrieved August 27, 2021.
  41. ^ Wright, Sarah H. (23 September 1998). "DA details 'reckless conduct' by fraternity in 1997 Krueger death". MIT News. Retrieved 9 April 2013.
  42. ^ Tribune News Services (27 October 1998). "Lacking A Defendant, Fraternity Alcohol-death Case Dissolves". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 9 April 2013.
  43. ^ Tribune News Services (14 September 2000). "Mit Settles In Fraternity Death". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 9 April 2013.
  44. ^ "University Of Nebraska Had Duty To Protect Hazed Student". The Alliance Times-Herald. Alliance, Nebraska. October 29, 1999. Retrieved August 30, 2021.
  45. ^ Appleton, Rory (4 January 2018). "Fresno State student died from apparent overdose at fraternity house, police say". The Fresno Bee. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
  46. ^ "Danny Daniels, 19, died of alcohol poisoning".
  47. ^ "Fresno State bans Phi Gamma Delta fraternity's Phi Chi chapter for five years". 24 January 2006.
  48. ^ "Rehab needed for hazing victim". Associated Press (Topeka Capital Journal). 29 September 2010. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
  49. ^ "KU alters policies on hazing after problems". Associated Press (Wichita Eagle). 14 February 2011. Retrieved 26 May 2013.
  50. ^ Diepenbrock, George (2012-01-27). "Lawsuit filed after injury at KU Fiji party moving to Douglas County". Ljworld.com. Retrieved 2017-02-28.
  51. ^ "Matt Fritzie sues KU's FIJI fraternity after becoming paralyzed at frat party | the Fast Pitch | the Pitch". www.pitch.com. Archived from the original on 6 March 2014. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
  52. ^ Crum, Travis (27 November 2012). "WVU bans frat over alleged hazing". West Virginia Gazette. Retrieved 9 April 2013.
  53. ^ Haight, Laura (25 February 2014). "FIJI reinstated after suspension". The Daily Athenaeum (West Virginia University). Retrieved 15 September 2015.
  54. ^ McSweeney, Ethan (10 July 2014). "FIJI placed under interim suspension pending UA investigation". Arizona Daily Wildcat. Retrieved 10 July 2014.
  55. ^ ABC 33/40 (2015-09-30). "5 UA students, Phi Gamma Delta members arrested on hazing charges". WBMA. Retrieved 2021-11-18.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  56. ^ "University suspends Phi Gamma Delta fraternity until 2020". unl.edu. University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Web Developer Network. 21 March 2017. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
  57. ^ "MU no longer recognizes Phi Gamma Delta as student organization". KMBC 9. Kansas City, Missouri. October 22, 2021.
  58. ^ Schremp Hahn, Valerie (18 Jun 2022). "Two St. Louis County men indicted in Mizzou hasing that left freshman blind, unable to speak or walk" (article). stltoday.com. St. Louis Today. Retrieved 19 June 2022.
  59. ^ Manley, Emily (10 June 2022). "Hazing incident leaves University of Missouri student unable to see, talk or walk". fox59.com/. Fox 59. Retrieved 19 June 2022.
  60. ^ McKinney, Roger (16 June 2022). "Heavy alcohol consumption is entrenched in Greek life, MU Faculty Council report says" (article). columbiatribune.com. Columbia Tribune. Retrieved 19 June 2022.
  61. ^ Graeler, Kevin (17 June 2022). "Felony charges filed against two former Mizzou Fiji brothers in Danny Santulli hazing case" (article). columbiatribune.com. Columbia Tribune. Retrieved 19 June 2022.
  62. ^ Kwiecinski, Chris. "Mizzou withdraws recognition of fraternity Phi Gamma Delta as a student organization". Columbia Daily Tribune.
  63. ^ "BGSU Phi Gamma Delta fraternity suspended due to alleged incidents of hazing, underage drinking". wtol.com. April 22, 2022.
  64. ^ McDougall, A. J. (5 January 2022). "Vomit-Soaked Sheets, Dead Dolphins, Concussion: University of Kansas Suspends 2 Frats". The Daily Beast.
  65. ^ "Phi Gamma Delta and Phi Delta Theta suspended after investigation, documents show pattern of hazing". 5 January 2022.
  66. ^ "DePauw University: A Pictorial History". Archived from the original on June 8, 2007. Retrieved 2007-08-31.
  67. ^ "Phi Gamma Delta: Phi Gamma Delta and Kappa Alpha Theta". October 1947. Retrieved 17 November 2013.
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