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For other uses, see The Simpsons (disambiguation).
The Simpsons
File:C-SimpFamily.png
Clockwise from top left: Homer, Marge, Maggie, Santa's Little Helper (dog), Bart, Snowball II (cat) and Lisa.
GenreAnimation
Comedy
Created byMatt Groening
Developed byJames L. Brooks
Matt Groening
Sam Simon
Voices ofDan Castellaneta
Julie Kavner
Nancy Cartwright
Yeardley Smith
Hank Azaria
Harry Shearer
(Complete list)
Theme music composerDanny Elfman
Opening theme"The Simpsons Theme"
ComposerAlf Clausen
Country of originUSA
Original languageEnglish
No. of seasons19
No. of episodes410 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producersAl Jean
James L. Brooks
Matt Groening
Sam Simon
Running time22–24 minutes
Original release
NetworkFox
ReleaseDecember 17, 1989 –
present
Related
The Tracey Ullman Show

The Simpsons is an American animated sitcom created by Matt Groening for the Fox Broadcasting Company. It is a satirical parody of the "Middle American" lifestyle epitomized by its titular family, which consists of Homer, Marge, Bart, Lisa, and Maggie. The show is set in the fictional town of Springfield, and it lampoons many aspects of the human condition, as well as American culture, society as a whole, and television itself.

The family was conceived by Groening shortly before a pitch for a series of animated shorts with the producer James L. Brooks. Groening created a dysfunctional family and named the characters after members of his own family, substituting Bart for his own name.[1] The shorts became a part of The Tracey Ullman Show on April 19, 1987.[2] After a three-season run, the sketch was developed into a half-hour prime time show and was an early hit for Fox.

Since its debut on December 17, 1989, the show has broadcast 410 episodes. It is currently broadcasting its nineteenth season. The season 18 finale, which broadcast on May 20, 2007, was the show’s 400th episode, and 2007 marked the 20th anniversary of The Simpsons franchise. The Simpsons Movie, a feature-length film, was released in theaters worldwide on July 26 and July 27, 2007, and has grossed approximately US$525.3 million worldwide to date.

The Simpsons has won dozens of awards since it debuted as a series, including 23 Emmy Awards, 24 Annie Awards and a Peabody Award. Time magazine's December 31, 1999 issue named it the 20th century's best television series,[3] and on January 14, 2000 it was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. The Simpsons is the longest-running American sitcom[4] and the longest-running American animated program.[5] Homer's annoyed grunt "D'oh!" has been adopted into the English lexicon; while The Simpsons has influenced many adult-oriented animated sitcoms.[6]

Origins

Main articles: History of The Simpsons and The Simpsons shorts

Groening conceived of the idea for the Simpsons in the lobby of James L. Brooks's office. Brooks had asked Groening to pitch an idea for a series of animated shorts, which Groening initially intended to present as his Life in Hell series. However, when Groening realized that animating Life in Hell would require the rescinding of publication rights for his life's work, he chose another approach and formulated his version of a dysfunctional family.[7] He named the characters after his own family members, substituting "Bart" for his own name.[1]

The Simpson family as they first appeared in The Tracey Ullman Show.

The Simpson family first appeared as shorts in The Tracey Ullman Show on April 19 1987.[2] Groening submitted only basic sketches to the animators and assumed that the figures would be cleaned-up in production. However, the animators merely re-traced his drawings, which led to the crude appearance of the characters in the initial short episodes.[1]

In 1989, a team of production companies adapted The Simpsons into a half-hour series for the Fox Broadcasting Company. The team included what is now the Klasky Csupo animation house. Jim Brooks negotiated a provision in the contract with the Fox network that prevented Fox from interfering with the show's content.[8] Groening said his goal in creating the show was to offer the audience an alternative to what he called "the mainstream trash" that they were watching.[9] The half-hour series premiered on December 17, 1989 with "Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire", a Christmas special.[10] "Some Enchanted Evening" was the first full-length episode produced, but it did not broadcast until May 1990 because of animation problems.[11]

The Simpsons was the Fox network's first TV series to rank among a season's top 30 highest-rated shows.[12] Its success prompted Fox to reschedule the series to compete with The Cosby Show, a move that hurt the ratings of The Simpsons.[13] In 1992, Tracey Ullman filed a lawsuit against Fox, claiming that her show was the source of the series' success. The suit said she should receive a share of the profits of The Simpsons—a claim rejected by the courts.[14]

The show was controversial from its beginning. The rebellious lead character at the time, Bart, frequently received no punishment for his misbehavior, which led some parents and conservatives to characterize him as a poor role model for children.[15][16] At the time, then-current President George H. W. Bush said, "We're going to strengthen the American family to make them more like the Waltons and less like the Simpsons."[17] Several US public schools even banned The Simpsons merchandise and t-shirts, such as one featuring Bart and the caption "Underachiever ('And proud of it, man!')".[17] Despite the ban, The Simpsons merchandise sold well and generated US$2 billion in revenue during the first 14 months of sales.[17]

Production

Executive producers

List of show runners throughout the series' run:

Matt Groening and James L. Brooks have served as executive producers during the show's entire history, and also function as creative consultants. Sam Simon, who served as creative supervisor for the first four seasons, also still receives an executive producer credit despite not having worked on the show since 1993.[18] A more involved position on the show is the show runner, who acts as head writer and manages the show's production for an entire season.[19]

Writing

Main article: List of writers of The Simpsons
Al Jean (left) is the current executive producer of the show and David Mirkin (right) is a former executive producer and has been a part of the writing staff since 1994.

The Simpsons's writing team consists of sixteen writers who propose episode ideas at the beginning of each December.[20] The main writer of each episode writes the first draft. Group rewriting sessions develop final scripts by adding or removing jokes, inserting scenes, and calling for re-readings of lines by the show’s vocal performers.[21] The leader of these sessions is George Meyer, who has developed the show since Season One. According to long-time writer Jon Vitti, Meyer usually invents the best lines in a given episode, even though other writers may receive script credits.[21] Each episode takes six months to produce so the show rarely comments on current events.[22] However, episodes occasionally mention planned events, such as the Olympics or the Super Bowl.

Credited with sixty episodes, John Swartzwelder is the most prolific writer on The Simpsons' staff.[23] One of the best-known former writers is Conan O'Brien, who contributed to several episodes in the early 1990s before replacing David Letterman as host of the talk show Late Night.[24] English comedian Ricky Gervais wrote the episode "Homer Simpson, This Is Your Wife", becoming the first celebrity to both write and guest star in an episode.[25]

At the end of 2007 the writers of The Simpsons went on strike together with the Writers Guild of America. Most writers in animation belong to Animation Guild, but The Simpsons as well as other animated shows on Fox are different. In 1998 the shows made the change to become signatories to the guild. "Everyone expected a big fight with the studio," said Mike Scully, a producer of "The Simpsons" and continues "But it never materialized, because they conceded that prime-time animation was successful and everyone was benefiting". Chris Alexander, a spokesman for Fox's television division, explains that "We wanted to treat everyone equally".[26] The broadcasting of The Simpsons will not be affected by the strike. Since it takes a long time produce an episode of an animated show, the episodes are ready up to a year in advance. So the strike has to go on for a while if they should run out of new episodes.".[27]

Voice actors

Main articles: List of cast members of The Simpsons, List of guest stars on The Simpsons, and Non-English versions of The Simpsons
Hank Azaria has been a part of the Simpsons regular voice cast since the second season.[28]

With one exception, episode credits list only the voice actors, and not the characters they voice. Both Fox and the production crew wanted to keep their identities secret during the early seasons and, therefore, closed most of the recording sessions while refusing to publish photos of the recording artists.[29] However, the network eventually revealed which roles each actor performed in the episode "Old Money", because the producers said the voice actors should receive credit for their work.[30] In 2003, the cast appeared in an episode of Inside the Actors Studio, doing live performances of their characters' voices.

The Simpsons has six main cast members. Dan Castellaneta performs Homer Simpson, Abraham Simpson, Krusty the Clown, and other adult, male characters.[31] Julie Kavner speaks the voices of Marge Simpson and Patty and Selma, as well as several minor characters.[31] Nancy Cartwright performs the voice of Bart Simpson and other children.[31] Yeardley Smith, the voice of Lisa Simpson, is the only cast member who regularly voices only one character, although she occasionally plays other episodic characters.[31] There are two male actors who do not voice members of the title family but play a majority of the male townspeople. Hank Azaria voices recurring characters such as Moe, Chief Wiggum, and Apu, and Harry Shearer provides voices for Mr. Burns, Smithers, Principal Skinner, Ned Flanders, and Dr. Hibbert.[31] With the exception of Harry Shearer, every main cast member has won an Emmy for Outstanding Voice-Over Performance.[32]

In addition to the main cast, Pamela Hayden, Tress MacNeille, Marcia Wallace, Maggie Roswell, and Russi Taylor voice supporting characters.[31] From 1999 to 2002, Maggie Roswell's characters were voiced by Marcia Mitzman Gaven. Karl Wiedergott has appeared in minor roles, but does not voice any recurring characters.[33] Repeat "special guest" cast members include Albert Brooks, Phil Hartman, Jon Lovitz, Joe Mantegna and Kelsey Grammer.[34]

Episodes will quite often feature guest voices from a wide range of professions, including actors, athletes, authors, bands, musicians and scientists. In the earlier seasons, most of the guest stars voiced characters, but eventually more started appearing as themselves. Tony Bennett was the first guest star to appear as himself, appearing briefly in the season two episode "Dancin' Homer".[35] The Simpsons holds the world record for "Most Guest Stars Featured in a Television Series".[36]

The main cast has been involved in much-publicized pay disputes with Fox on more than one occasion. In 1998, they threatened to strike, forcing 20th Century Fox to increase their salary from $30,000 per episode to $125,000. The series creator Groening supported the actors in their action.[37] The show's revenue continued to rise through syndication and DVD sales, the main cast stopped appearing for script readings in April 2004. The work stoppage occurred after weeks of unsuccessful negotiations with Fox, in which the cast asked for an increase in their pay to $360,000 per episode, or $8 million over a 22-episode season. On May 2, 2004, the actors reached an agreement with Fox.[38]

The show has been dubbed into several other languages, including Japanese, German, Spanish, and Portuguese. It is also one the few programs dubbed in both French and Quebec French.[39] The Simpsons has been broadcast in Arabic, but due to Islamic customs, numerous aspects of the show have been changed. For example, Homer drinks soda instead of beer and eats Egyptian beef sausages instead of hot dogs. Because of such changes, the Arabized version of the series met with a negative reaction from the life-long Simpsons fans in the area.[40]

Animation

International animation studios involved:

AKOM

  • Exclusively produced the first two seasons of the series.
  • Produced episodes throughout the run of the series.

Anivision

  • Produced animation for episodes from seasons 3–10.

Rough Draft Studios

  • Produced animation for episodes from Season Four onwards.

U.S. Animation, Inc.

Toonzone Entertainment

Several different U.S. and international studios animate The Simpsons. Throughout the run of the animated shorts on The Tracey Ullman Show, the animation was produced domestically at Klasky Csupo.[41] With the debut of the series, because of an increased workload, Fox subcontracted production to several international studios, located in South Korea.[41] Artists at the U.S. animation studio, Film Roman, draw storyboards, design new characters, backgrounds, props and draw character and background layouts, which in turn become animatics to be screened for the writers at Gracie Films for any changes to be made before the work is shipped overseas. The overseas studios then draw the inbetweens, ink and paint, and render the animation to tape before it is shipped back to the U.S. to be delivered to Fox three to four months later.[42]

For the first three seasons, Klasky Csupo animated The Simpsons in the U.S. In 1992, the show's production company, Gracie Films, switched domestic production to Film Roman,[43] who continue to animate the show as of 2008.

In Season 14, production switched from traditional cel animation to digital ink and paint.[44] The first episode to experiment with digital coloring was "Radioactive Man" in 1995. Animators used digital ink and paint during production of the Season 12 episode "Tennis the Menace", but Gracie Films delayed the regular use of digital ink and paint until two seasons later. The already completed "Tennis the Menace" was broadcast as made.[45]

Characters

Main article: List of characters from The Simpsons
The Simpsons sports a vast array of secondary and tertiary characters.

The Simpsons are a typical family who live in a fictional "Middle American" town of Springfield.[46] Homer, the father, works as a safety inspector at the Springfield Nuclear Power Plant—a position at odds with his careless, buffoonish personality. He is married to Marge Simpson, a stereotypical American housewife and mother. They have three children: Bart, a ten-year-old troublemaker; Lisa, a precocious eight-year-old activist; and Maggie, a baby who rarely speaks, but communicates by sucking on a pacifier. The family owns a dog, Santa's Little Helper, and a cat, Snowball II. Both pets have had starring roles in several episodes. Despite the passing of yearly milestones such as holidays or birthdays, the Simpsons do not physically age and still appear just as they did at the end of the 1980s.

The show includes an array of quirky characters: co-workers, teachers, family friends, extended relatives, townspeople and local celebrities. The creators originally intended many of these characters as one-time jokesters or for fulfilling needed functions in the town. However, a number of them have gained expanded roles and subsequently starred in their own episodes. According to Matt Groening, the show adopted the concept of a large supporting cast from the comedy show SCTV.[13]

Setting

Main article: Springfield (The Simpsons)

The Simpsons takes place in the fictional American town of Springfield, without any geographical coordinates or references to US states that might identify which part of the country it represents. Nevertheless, fans have tried to determine the town's location by taking the town's characteristics, surrounding geography, and nearby landmarks as clues. As a response, the show has become intentionally evasive in regard to Springfield's location.[47] The name "Springfield" is a common one in America and appears in over half of the states.[48] Springfield's geography, and that of its surroundings, contain coastlines, deserts, vast farmland, tall mountains, or whatever the story or joke requires.[49] Despite this, Groening has said that Springfield has much in common with Portland, Oregon, the city where he grew up.[50]

Themes

Main article: List of The Simpsons episodes
See also: Politics in The Simpsons, Religion in The Simpsons, and Education in The Simpsons

The Simpsons uses the standard setup of a situational comedy or "sitcom" as its premise. The series centers on a family and their life in a typical American town.[46] However, because of its animated nature, The Simpsons's scope is larger than that of a regular sitcom. The town of Springfield acts as a complete universe in which characters can explore the issues faced by modern society. By having Homer work in a nuclear power plant, the show can comment on the state of the environment.[51] Through Bart and Lisa's days at Springfield Elementary School, the show's writers illustrate pressing or controversial issues in the field of education. The town features a vast array of media channels—from kids' television programming to local news, which enables the producers to make jokes about themselves and the entertainment industry.[52]

Some commentators say the show is political in nature and susceptible to a left-wing bias.[53] Al Jean admitted in an interview that "We [the show] are of liberal bent."[54] The writers often evince an appreciation for progressive ideals, but the show makes jokes across the political spectrum.[55] The show portrays government and large corporations as callous entities that take advantage of the common worker.[54] Thus, the writers often portray authority figures in an unflattering or negative light. In The Simpsons, politicians are corrupt, ministers such as Reverend Lovejoy are indifferent to churchgoers, and the local police force is incompetent.[56] Religion also figures as a recurring theme. In times of crisis, the family often turns to God, and the show has dealt with most of the major religions.[57]

Hallmarks

Opening sequence

Main article: The Simpsons opening sequence
See also: Chalkboard gag and couch gag
File:Simpsons couch gag.jpg
Shot from an overblown, extended couch gag (often used when an episode is running short).

The Simpsons' opening sequence is one of the show's most memorable hallmarks. Most episodes open with the camera zooming through the show's title towards the town of Springfield. The camera then follows the members of the family on their way home. Upon entering their house, the Simpsons settle down on their couch to watch television. The opening was created by David Silverman, the first task he did when production began on the show.[58] The series' distinctive theme song was composed by musician Danny Elfman in 1989, after Groening approached him requesting a retro style piece. This piece, which took two days to create, has been noted by Elfman as the most popular of his career.[59]

One of the most distinctive aspects of the opening is that several segments are changed from episode to episode. Bart writes something different on the school chalkboard,[58] Lisa may play a different solo on her saxophone and a different visual gag accompanies the family as they enter their living room to sit on the couch.[60]

Halloween episodes

Main article: Treehouse of Horror (series)
Bart introducing a segment of "Treehouse of Horror IV" in the manner of Rod Serling's Night Gallery.

The special Halloween episode has become an annual tradition. "Treehouse of Horror" first broadcast in 1990 as part of season two and established the pattern of three separate, self-contained stories in each Halloween episode.[61] These pieces usually involve the family in some horror, science fiction, or supernatural setting and often parody or pay homage to a famous piece of work in those genres.[62] They always take place outside the normal continuity of the show. Although the Treehouse series is meant to be seen on Halloween, in recent years, new installments have premiered after Halloween due to Fox's current contract with Major League Baseball's World Series.[63]

Humor

Main article: Recurring jokes in The Simpsons

The show uses catchphrases, and most of the primary and secondary characters have at least one each.[64] Notable expressions include Homer's annoyed grunt "D'oh!", Mr. Burns' "Excellent..." and Nelson Muntz's "Ha-ha!". Some of Bart's catchphrases, such as "¡Ay, caramba!", "Don't have a cow, man!" and "Eat my shorts!" appeared on t-shirts in the show's early days.[65] However, Bart rarely used the latter two phrases until after they became popular through the merchandising. The use of many of these catchphrases has declined in recent seasons. The episode "Bart Gets Famous" mocks catchphrase-based humor, as Bart achieves fame on the Krusty the Clown Show for saying "I didn't do it."[66]

The show's humor also turns on cultural references that cover a wide spectrum of society so that viewers from all generations can enjoy the show.[67] Such references, for example, come from movies, television, music, literature, science, and history.[67] Whenever possible, the animators also put jokes or sight gags into the show's background via humorous or incongruous bits of text in signs, newspapers, and elsewhere.[68] The audience may often not notice the visual jokes in a single viewing. Some are so fleeting that they become apparent only by pausing a video recording of the show.[68] Kristin Thompson argues that The Simpsons uses a "...flurry of cultural references, intentionally inconsistent characterization, and considerable self-reflexivity about television conventions and the status of the programme as a television show."[69]

Influences on culture

Influences on language

The Simpsons creator Matt Groening.

A number of neologisms that originated on The Simpsons have entered the popular vernacular.[70] Mark Liberman, director of the Linguistic Data Consortium, remarked, "The Simpsons has apparently taken over from Shakespeare and the Bible as our culture's greatest source of idioms, catchphrases and sundry other textual allusions."[71] The most famous catchphrase is Homer's annoyed grunt: "D'oh!" So ubiquitous is the expression that it is now listed in the Oxford English Dictionary, but without the apostrophe.[72] Dan Castellaneta says he borrowed the phrase from James Finlayson, an actor in early Laurel and Hardy comedies, who pronounced it in a more elongated and whining tone. The director of The Simpsons told Castellaneta to shorten the noise, and it went on to become the well-known exclamation in the TV series.[73]

Other Simpsons expressions that have entered popular use include "excellent" (drawn out as a sinister "eeeexcelllent…" in the style of Charles Montgomery Burns), Homer's triumphant "Woohoo!" and Nelson Muntz's mocking "HA-ha!" Groundskeeper Willie's description of the French as "cheese-eating surrender monkeys" was used by conservative National Review columnist Jonah Goldberg in 2003, after France's opposition to the proposed invasion of Iraq. The phrase quickly spread to other journalists.[74] "Cromulent", a word used in "Lisa the Iconoclast" has since appeared in the Webster’s New Millennium Dictionary of English.[75] "Kwyjibo", a fake Scrabble word invented by Bart in "Bart the Genius" was used as one of the aliases of the creator of the Melissa worm.[76] "I, for one, welcome our new insect overlords", was used by Kent Brockman in "Deep Space Homer" and has seeped into popular culture to describe a number of events. Variants of Brockman's utterance are used to express mock submission, usually for the purpose of humor.[77] It has been used in media, such as New Scientist magazine.[78] The dismissive term "Meh" has also been popularized by the show.[79]

Influence on television

The Simpsons was the first successful animated program in prime time since Wait Till Your Father Gets Home in the 1970s.[80] During most of the 1980s, pundits considered animated shows as appropriate only for children, and animating a show was too expensive to achieve a quality suitable for prime-time television. The Simpsons changed this perception.[41] The use of Korean animation studios doing in-betweening, coloring, and filming made the episodes cheaper. The success of The Simpsons and the lower production cost prompted television networks to take chances on other animated series.[41] This development led to a 1990s boom in new, animated prime-time shows, such as South Park, Family Guy, King of the Hill, Futurama, and The Critic.[41] South Park later paid homage to The Simpsons with the episode "Simpsons Already Did It".[81]

The Simpsons has also influenced live-action shows like Malcolm in the Middle, which debuted January 9, 2000 in the time slot after The Simpsons.[6][82] Malcolm in the Middle featured the use of sight gags and did not use a laugh track like most sitcoms. Ricky Gervais has called The Simpsons a major influence on his British comedy The Office, which also dispenses with a laugh track.[83]

Critical reactions and achievements

Awards

Main article: List of awards won by The Simpsons
The Simpsons have been awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.

The Simpsons has won dozens of awards since it debuted as a series, including 23 Emmy Awards,[36] 24 Annie Awards[84] and a Peabody Award.[85] In a 1998 issue celebrating the 20th century's greatest achievements in arts and entertainment, Time magazine named The Simpsons the century's best television series.[3] In that same issue, Time included Bart Simpson in the Time 100, the publication's list of the century's 100 most influential people.[86] Bart was the only fictional character on the list. On January 14, 2000, the Simpsons won a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.[87] Also in 2000, Entertainment Weekly magazine TV critic Ken Tucker named The Simpsons the greatest television show of the 1990s. Furthermore, viewers of the UK television channel Channel 4 have voted "The Simpsons" at the top of two polls: 2001's 100 Greatest Kids' TV shows,[88] and 2005's 100 Greatest Cartoons,[89] with Homer Simpson voted into first place in 2001's 100 Greatest TV Characters.[90] Homer would also place ninth on Entertainment Weekly's list of the "50 Greatest TV icons".[91] In 2002, The Simpsons ranked #8 on TV Guide's 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time,[92] and in 2007 it was included in TIME's list of the "100 Best TV Shows of All Time."[93]

Run length achievements

On February 9 1997, The Simpsons surpassed The Flintstones with the episode "The Itchy & Scratchy & Poochie Show" as the longest-running prime-time animated series in the United States. In 2004, The Simpsons replaced The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet (1952 to 1966) as the longest-running sitcom (animated or live action) in the United States.[4] In October 2004, Scooby-Doo briefly overtook The Simpsons as the American animated show with the highest number of episodes.[94] However, network executives in April 2005 again cancelled Scooby-Doo, which finished with 371 episodes, and The Simpsons reclaimed the title with 378 episodes at the end of their seventeenth season.[5] In May 2007, The Simpsons reached their 400th episode at the end of the eighteenth season. While The Simpsons has the record for the number of episodes by an American animated show, other animated series have surpassed The Simpsons.[95] For example, the Japanese anime series Sazae-san has close to 2,000 episodes to its credit.[95]

The year 2007 marks the twentieth anniversary of the Simpsons franchise. With its nineteenth year (2007–2008), the series will be only one season behind Gunsmoke's US primetime, scripted television record of 20 produced seasons. However, Gunsmoke's episode count of 635 episodes far surpasses The Simpsons, which would not reach that mark until its 29th season, under normal programming schedules.[4]

Criticism of declining quality

For many years, critics' reviews of new Simpsons episodes praised the show for its wit, realism, and intelligence.[9][96] However, in the mid-90s, the tone and emphasis of the show began to change. Some critics started calling the show "tired".[97] By 2000, some long-term fans had become disillusioned with the show and pointed to its shift from character-driven plots to what they perceived as an overemphasis on zany antics.[98][99]

In 2003, to celebrate the show's 300th episode "Barting Over", USA Today published a pair of Simpsons related articles: a top-ten episodes list chosen by the webmaster of The Simpsons Archive fansite,[100] and a top-15 list by The Simpsons' own writers.[101] The most recent episode listed on the fan list was 1997's "Homer's Phobia"; the Simpsons' writers most recent choice was 2000's "Behind the Laughter". In 2004, Harry Shearer criticized what he perceived as the show's declining quality: "I rate the last three seasons as among the worst, so Season Four looks very good to me now."[102]

Despite this criticism, The Simpsons has managed to maintain a large viewership and attract new fans. However, while the first season enjoyed an average of 13.4 million viewers per episode in the US,[12] the seventeenth season ended with an average of 9.2 million viewers.[103] In an April 2006 interview, Matt Groening said, "I honestly don't see any end in sight. I think it's possible that the show will become too financially cumbersome... but right now, the show is creatively, I think, as good or better than it's ever been. The animation is incredibly detailed and imaginative, and the stories do things that we haven't done before. So creatively there's no reason to quit."[104]

Merchandise

Main article: List of The Simpsons publications
See also: The Simpsons discography
File:Simmonopoly.jpg
Monopoly: The Simpsons Edition

The popularity of The Simpsons has made it a billion-dollar merchandizing industry.[17] The title family and supporting characters appear on everything from t-shirts to posters. On April 24 2007, it was officially announced that a Simpsons Ride will be implemented into the Universal Studios Orlando and Universal Studios Hollywood. It is scheduled for a Spring 2008 opening.[105] The Simpsons has inspired special editions of well-known board games, including Clue, Scrabble, Monopoly, Operation, and The Game of Life, as well as the trivia games What Would Homer Do? and Simpsons Jeopardy!.[106] Several card games such as trump cards and The Simpsons Trading Card Game have also been released.

File:Simpsons comic books.jpg
A sampling of Simpsons comic books.

Numerous Simpson-related publications have been released over the years. So far, nine comic book series have been published by Bongo Comics since 1993.[107] The Simpsons and Bart Simpson comics are also reprinted in the United Kingdom, under the same titles, with various stories from the other Bongo series reprinted in the main Simpsons comic. The comics have also been collected in book form; many other Simpsons books such as episode guides have also been published.

Collections of original music featured in the TV series have been released on the albums Songs in the Key of Springfield and Go Simpsonic with The Simpsons. Several songs have been recorded with the purpose of a single or album release and have not been featured on the show. The best known single is "Do the Bartman", which was co-written by Michael Jackson,[108] and became an international success, topping the UK Singles Chart for three weeks,[109] and being certified gold by the BPI.[110] In the United Kingdom, "Deep, Deep Trouble" was released as a follow up to "Do The Bartman". The albums The Simpsons Sing the Blues and The Yellow Album contained cover versions of songs, as well as some originals.

A Seattle 7-Eleven store transformed into a Kwik-E-Mart as part of a promotion for The Simpsons Movie.

As a promotion for the The Simpsons Movie, twelve 7-Eleven stores were transformed into Kwik-E-Marts and sold The Simpsons related products. These included "Buzz Cola", "Krusty-O" cereal, Pink doughnuts with sprinkles, and "Squishees".[111]

DVDs

Main articles: The Simpsons DVDs and The Simpsons DVD boxsets

Many episodes of the show have been released on DVD and VHS over the years. When the first season DVD was released in 2001, it quickly became the best-selling television DVD in history, although it was later overtaken by the first season of Chappelle's Show.[112] In particular, seasons one through ten have been released on DVD in the US (Region 1), Europe (Region 2) and Australia/New Zealand/Latin America (Region 4) with more seasons expected to be released in the future.[113]

Video games

Main article: The Simpsons video games

The video game industry was quick to adapt the characters and world of Springfield into games. Some of the early games include Konami's arcade game The Simpsons (1991) and Acclaim Entertainment's The Simpsons: Bart vs. the Space Mutants (1991). More modern games include The Simpsons Road Rage (2001), The Simpsons Hit & Run (2003) and The Simpsons Game (2007). Two Simpsons pinball machines have been produced; one that was available briefly after the first season, and another that is still available for purchase.[114]

Film

Main article: The Simpsons Movie
File:Simpsons final poster.png
Official film poster

20th Century Fox, Gracie Films, and Film Roman produced an animated The Simpsons film that was released on July 27 2007.[115] The film was directed by long-time Simpsons producer David Silverman and written by a team of Simpsons writers comprising Matt Groening, James L. Brooks, Al Jean, George Meyer, Mike Reiss, John Swartzwelder, Jon Vitti, David Mirkin, Mike Scully, Matt Selman, and Ian Maxtone-Graham.[115] Production of the film occurred alongside continued writing of the series despite long-time claims by those involved in the show that a film would enter production only after the series had concluded.[115] There had been talk of a possible feature-length Simpsons film ever since the early seasons of the series. James L. Brooks originally thought that the story of the episode "Kamp Krusty" was suitable for a film, but encountered difficulties in trying to expand the script to feature-length.[116] For a long time, difficulties such as lack of a suitable story and an already fully engaged crew of writers delayed the project.[104]

After winning a Fox and USA Today competition, Springfield, Vermont hosted the film's world premiere.[117] The Simpsons Movie grossed a combined total of $74 million in its opening weekend in the US, taking it to the top of the box office,[118] and set the record for highest grossing opening weekend for a film based on a television series, surpassing Mission Impossible II.[119] It opened at the top of the international box office, taking $96 million from seventy-one overseas territories — including $27.8 million in the United Kingdom, making it Fox's second highest opening ever in that country.[120] In Australia, it grossed AU$13.2 million, the biggest opening for an animated film and third largest opening weekend in the country.[121] As of December 17, 2007 the film has a worldwide gross of $525,495,894.[122]

Notes

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  2. ^ a b Richmond, p. 14
  3. ^ a b "The Best Of The Century". TIME. 1999-12-31. Retrieved 2007-06-03. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help) Cite error: The named reference "century" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  4. ^ a b c Owen, Rob (2003-01-21). "TV Notes: 'Simpsons' breaks record with contract renewal". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved 2006-12-19. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  5. ^ a b Folkard, Claire (2006). Guinness World Records 2006. Bantam USA. ISBN 0553589067.
  6. ^ a b "The Simpsons: The world's favourite family". BBC News. 2003-02-15. Retrieved 2006-12-19. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  7. ^ Groening, Matt (2003-02-14). "Fresh Air" (Interview). Interviewed by David Bianculli. Retrieved 2007-08-08. {{cite interview}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |callsign= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |city= ignored (|location= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |program= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |subjectlink= ignored (|subject-link= suggested) (help)
  8. ^ Kuipers, Dean (2004-04-15). "'3rd Degree: Harry Shearer'". Los Angeles: City Beat. Retrieved 2006-09-01. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  9. ^ a b Tucker, Ken (1993-03-12). "Toon Terrific". Entertainment Weekly. p. 48(3). {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  10. ^ "Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire" The Simpsons.com. Retrieved on February 5, 2007
  11. ^ Groening, Matt (2001). The Simpsons season 1 DVD commentary for the episode "Some Enchanted Evening" (DVD). 20th Century Fox. {{cite AV media}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  12. ^ a b "TV Ratings: 1989–1990". ClassicTVHits.com. Retrieved 2006-07-03.
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  15. ^ Turner, p. 131
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  52. ^ Turner, p. 388
  53. ^ Turner, pp. 221–222
  54. ^ a b Turner, p. 223
  55. ^ Turner, p. 224
  56. ^ Turner, p. 56
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References

Further reading

  • Brown, Alan (2006). The Psychology of The Simpsons. ISBN 1-932100-70-9. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  • Gray, Jonathan (2006). Watching with The Simpsons: Television, Parody, and Intertextuality. ISBN 0-4153-6202-4.
  • Irwin, William; Mark T. Conrad; Aeon Skoble (eds.) (1999). The Simpsons and Philosophy: The D'oh! of Homer. Chicago: Open Court. ISBN 0-8126-9433-3.
  • Keller, Beth L. (1992). The Gospel According to Bart: Examining the Religious Elements of The Simpsons. Regent University. ISBN 0-8126-9433-3.
  • Keslowitz, Steven (2003). The Simpsons And Society: An Analysis Of Our Favorite Family And Its Influence In Contemporary Society. Hats Off Books. ISBN 1-58736-253-8.
  • Pinsky, Mark I. The Gospel According to The Simpsons: The Spiritual Life of the World's Most Animated Family. ISBN 0-664-22419-9.
  • Pinsky, Mark I. The Gospel According to the Simpsons: Leaders Guide for Group Study. ISBN 0-664-22590-X. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
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