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Tigrayans

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Tigrayans
ተጋሩ (Tigrinya)
The Tigrayan ethnic flag
Regions with significant populations
 Ethiopia6,500,000
 Canada10,220[1]
 United Kingdom12,400 [2]
 Australia2,794 [3]
Languages
Tigrinya
Religion
Predominantly Christianity (Ethiopian Orthodox)
Related ethnic groups

Tigrayans (Template:Lang-ti, Tägaru; Template:Lang-am, Tɘgre) are an ethnolinguistic group who speak the Tigrinya language. They occupy most parts of the Tigray region of Ethiopia. Most are followers of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church.[5] They make up roughly 6.1% of Ethiopia's population[6] numbering a little over 6.3 million of which approximately 96.6% are native to the Tigray Region.[7][8]

Ethnolinguistically, Tigrayans are related to the Tigrinyas of Eritrea, both of whom speak Tigrinya, an Ethiopian Semitic language belonging to the Afroasiatic family.[9] They are not to be confused with the Tigre people who speak Tigre, a closely related Afro-Asiatic language.

Name

File:Mekele City 2.jpg
Landscape in Mek'ele

The Tigrayans in Ethiopia, they are referred to as simply Tägaru in Tigrinya, and Tɘgre in Amharic. Tigray-Tigrinyas of Muslim faith are commonly referred to as the Jeberti people. Historically, the people who live in the highlands found between Red Sea and Tekezé River were referred as Tigré people by foreign scholars who traveled in the region like James Bruce and Henry Salt.[10][11][12]

Demographics

A Tigray girl in Adigrat.

Ethiopian Tigrayans are from the province (or ethnic kilil) of Tigray in Ethiopia. They constitute approximately 6.1% of the population of Ethiopia and about 96% of the Northern region of Tigray. Like the Biher-Tigrinya of Eritrea, they are also largely small holding farmers largely inhabiting small communal villages. They are also largely Christian and members of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church (approximately 96%), with a small minority of Muslims, Catholics and Protestants.

The predominantly Tigrayan populated urban centers in Ethiopia are found within the Tigray Region in towns including Mek'ele, Adwa, Axum, Adigrat and Shire. Large populations of Tigrayans are also found in other large Ethiopian cities such as the capital Addis Ababa and Gondar.

History

Tigrayan leader Ras Mangasha.

The Tigrayans and Tigrinyas are descendants of early Semitic-speaking peoples whose presence in the region dates back to at least 2000 BC, based on linguistic evidence (and known from the 9th century BC from inscriptions).[13] According to Ethiopian traditions, the Tigrayan nobility; i.e. that of the Tigray province of Ethiopia, trace their ancestry to the legendary king Menelik I, the child born of the queen of Sheba and King Solomon as do the priests of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church (Ge'ez ካህን kāhin). Menelik I would become the first king of the Solomonic dynasty of rulers of Ethiopia that ended only with the deposing of Emperor Haile Selassie in 1974.

The first possible mention of the group dates from around the 8th to 10th centuries, in which period manuscripts preserving the inscriptions of Cosmas Indicopleustes (fl. 6th century) contain notes on his writings including the mention of a tribe called Tigretes.[14]

The stele to Axum, in the distance the Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion

A Portuguese Map in the 1660 shows Medri Bahri consisting of the three highland provinces of Eritrea and distinct from Ethiopia.[15]

James Bruce in his book published in 1805 located Tigré(a region based arbitrarily by James Bruce on the Language of Tigrinya) between Red Sea and the Tekezé River and stated many large governments, such as Enderta and Antalow, and the great part of Baharhagash were part of Tigré region based on the language of Tigrinya.[10][16][17][dubious – discuss]

Abreha and Atsbeha Church

By the beginning of the 19th century Henry Salt (Egyptologist), who travelled in the interior of Abyssinia, divided the "Abyssinia" region, like James Bruce into three distinct and independent states.[12][18] These three great divisions(based arbitrarily on Language) are Tigré, Amhara, and the province of Shoa.[12] Henry considers Tigré as the more powerful state of the three; a circumstance arising from the natural strength of the country, the warlike disposition of its inhabitants, and its vicinity to the sea coast; an advantage that has secured to it the monopoly of all the musquets imported into the country.[19] He divided the Tigré kingdom into several provinces as the centre where it was considered the seat of the state being referred as Tigré proper. Provinces of this kingdom includes Enderta, Agame, Wojjerat, Temben, Shiré and Baharanegash.[19] Hamasien, a district of Baharanegash, is the furthest north and narrowest part of Tigré, and Henry places Bejas or Bojas as the people who live north of Tigré state.[11][20] By the time Henry made his travel to Abyssinia the seat of the empire, Gondar, was ruled by Gugsa of Yejju, a Oromo commander who ruled from 1798 up to 1825 as enderase to the powerless emperors with Solomonic dynasty.[21][22]

Culture

Language

Tigrayan politician Meles Zenawi, the former Prime Minister of Ethiopia.

Tigrayans, like the Biher-Tigrinya, speak the Tigrinya language as a mother tongue. It belongs to the Ethiopian Semitic subgroup of the Afroasiatic family.[23]

Boy in Adigrat

Tigrinya is closely related to the Amharic language, and the Tigre language, another Afroasiatic language spoken by the Tigre people as well as many Beja. Tigrinya and Tigre although close are not mutually intelligible, and while Tigrinya has traditionally been written using the same Ge'ez script (fidel) as Amharic, Tigre has been transcribed mainly using the Arabic script. Attempts by the Eritrean government to have Tigre written using the Ge'ez script has met with some resistance from the predominantly Muslim Tigre people who associate Ge'ez with the Orthodox Church and would prefer the Arabic or the more neutral Latin alphabet. It has also met with the linguistic difficulty of the Ge'ez script being a syllabic system which does not distinguish long vowels from short ones. While this works well for writing Tigrinya or Amharic, which do not rely on vowel length in words, it does complicate writing Tigre, where vowel length sometimes distinguishes one word and its meaning from another. The Ge'ez script evolved from the Epigraphic South Arabian script, whose first inscriptions are from the 8th century BC in Eritrea, Ethiopia and Yemen.

In Ethiopia, Tigrinya is the third most spoken language. The Tigray constitute the fourth largest ethnic group in the country after the Oromo, Amhara and Somali, who also speak Afro-Asiatic languages.[24] In Eritrea, Tigrinya is by far the most spoken language, where it is used by around 55% of the population. Tigre is used by around 30% of residents.

Tigrinya dialects differ phonetically, lexically, and grammatically.[25] No dialect appears to be accepted as a standard.

Cuisine

T'ihlo dish

Tigrayan food characteristically consists of vegetable and often very spicy meat dishes, usually in the form of tsebhi (Template:Lang-ti), a thick stew, served atop injera, a large sourdough flatbread.[14] As the vast majority of Tigrayans belong to the Ethiopian Orthodox Church (and the minority Muslims), pork is not consumed because of religious beliefs. Meat and dairy products are not consumed on Wednesdays and Fridays, and also during the 7 compulsory fasts. Because of this reason, many vegan meals are present.

T'ihlo (Template:Lang-ti, ṭïḥlo) is a dish originating from the historical Agame province of Tigray (now the Eastern Zone) and the historical Akele Guzai province of Eritrea (now the Southern Region).[citation needed] The dish is unique to these parts of both countries, but is now slowly spreading throughout the entire region.[citation needed] T'ihlo is made using moistened roasted barley flour that is kneaded to a certain consistency. The dough is then broken into small ball shapes and is laid out around a bowl of spicy meat stew. A two-pronged wooden fork is used to spear the ball and dip it into the stew. The dish is usually served with mes, a type of honey wine.[26] [unreliable source?]

Eating around a shared food basket, mäsob (Template:Lang-ti) is a custom in the Tigray region and is usually done so with families and guests. The food is eaten using no cutlery, using only the fingers (of the right hand) and sourdough flatbread to grab the contents on the bread.[27][28]

Notable Tigrayans

References

  1. ^ http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/tbt-tt/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=103001&PRID=10&PTYPE=101955&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2011&THEME=90&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=
  2. ^ https://www.ethnologue.com/country/GB
  3. ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics 2014, The People of Australia Statistics from the 2011 Census, Cat. no. 2901.0, ABS, <https://www.border.gov.au/ReportsandPublications/Documents/research/people-australia-2013-statistics.pdf>.
  4. ^ Joireman, Sandra F. (1997). Institutional Change in the Horn of Africa: The Allocation of Property Rights and Implications for Development. Universal-Publishers. p. 1. ISBN 1581120001.
  5. ^ Tesfagiorgis G., Mussie (2011). Eritrea. Greenwood Publisihing Group. p. 337. ISBN 978-1-59884-231-9.
  6. ^ "The World Factbook". www.cia.gov. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
  7. ^ Central Statistical Agency (2008). "TABEL [sic] 5: POPULATION SIZE OF REGIONS BY NATIONS/NATIONALITIES (ETHNIC GROUP) AND PLACE OF RESIDENCE: 2007". Census 2007 (PDF). Addis Ababa: Central Statistical Agency. p. 66.
  8. ^ Ethiopia: A Model Nation of Minorities (accessed 22 March 2006)
  9. ^ Irene Thompson (February 7, 2016). "Tigrigna". aboutworldlanguages.com. Retrieved 7 June 2016.
  10. ^ a b James Bruce Travels through part of Africa, Syria, Egypt .... Published in 1805 pp. 229 & 230 Google Books
  11. ^ a b Henry Salt A Voyage to Abyssinia. Published in 1816 pp. 381 Google Books
  12. ^ a b c Penny Cyclopaedia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. Charles Knight. 1833. p. 53.
  13. ^ Stuart Munro-Hay, Aksum: A Civilization of Late Antiquity (Edinburgh: University Press, 1991), pp. 57
  14. ^ a b Munro-Hay, Aksum, pp. 187
  15. ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=NGiDTqf5YYAC&pg=PA36
  16. ^ James Bruce Travels through part of Africa, Syria, Egypt .... Published in 1805 pp. 171 Google Books
  17. ^ James Bruce Travels through part of Africa, Syria, Egypt .... Published in 1805 pp. 128 Google Books
  18. ^ Henry Salt A Voyage to Abyssinia. M. Carey (1816)
  19. ^ a b Henry Salt A Voyage to Abyssinia. Published in 1816 pp. 378–382 Google Books
  20. ^ Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge The Penny Cyclopaedia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge: Bassantin – Bloemaart, Volume 4. Published in 1835 pp. 170 Google Books
  21. ^ Pearce, The Life and Adventures of Nathaniel Pearce, edited by J.J. Halls (London, 1831), vol. 1 p. 70
  22. ^ Bahru Zewde, A History of Modern Ethiopia, 1855–1994, second edition (Oxford: James Currey, 2001), p. 12; Henze, Layers of Time (New York: Palgrave, 2000), p. 122.
  23. ^ "Tigrinya". Ethnologue. Retrieved 4 September 2013.
  24. ^ "Country Level". 2007 Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia. CSA. 13 July 2010. Retrieved 18 January 2013.
  25. ^ Leslau, Wolf (1941) Documents Tigrigna (Éthiopien Septentrional): Grammaire et Textes. Paris: Librairie C. Klincksieck.
  26. ^ "Tihlo". Nutrition for the world. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  27. ^ "Countries and their Cultures- Tigray". Countries and their Cultures. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  28. ^ "Ethiopian Treasures- Culture". Ethiopian Treasures. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  29. ^ Herbert Weld Blundell, The Royal chronicle of Abyssinia, 1769-1840, (Cambridge: University Press, 1922), pp. 384-390
  30. ^ Cited in Tellez, The Travels of the Jesuits in Ethiopia, 1710 (LaVergue: Kessinger, 2010), pp. 89f.
  31. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Jenkins, Dr. Orville Boyd. "Tigrinya People Profile". orvillejenkins.com. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
  32. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "Pueblo Tigray". www.ikuska.com. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
  33. ^ "St. Mary's Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church in Los Angeles". www.ethiopianorthodoxchurch.org. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
  34. ^ "Music". www.st-gebriel.org. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
  35. ^ E. Bernard, A.J. Drewes, and R. Schneider, Recueil des inscriptions de l'Éthiopie des périodes pré-axoumite et axoumite. Tome I: Les inscriptions. Paris: Diffusion de Boccard, 1991, p. 247.
  36. ^ http://www.dacb.org/stories/ethiopia/kaleb2.html
  37. ^ http://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/periplus.asp
  38. ^ https://www.britishmuseum.org/pdf/KingdomOfAksum_StudentsWorksheets.pdf
  39. ^ http://worldcoincatalog.com/AC/C/Aksum/300-310CE-Aphilas/300-310CE-Aphilas.htm
  40. ^ http://www.dacb.org/stories/ethiopia/_ezana.html
  41. ^ http://sussle.org/t/MHDYS
  42. ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=YTGRcVLMg6MC&pg=PA157&lpg=PA157&dq=Ouazebas+axum&source=bl&ots=qd0ji6e1Es&sig=jRzAKemdzj_pFW4v-dVhBWckEi4&hl=it&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwim4dPpi7LNAhXGDBoKHYBoCTs4ChDoAQgqMAI#v=onepage&q=Ouazebas%20axum&f=false
  43. ^ Siegbert Uhlig (ed.) (2016). Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: D-Ha, Volume 2. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 211. ISBN 3447052384. {{cite book}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  44. ^ S. C. Munro-Hay, Aksum: An African Civilization of Late Antiquity (Edinburgh: University Press, 1991), p. 91.
  45. ^ A letter to Antoine d'Abbadie, dated 8 January 1869, mentions a coin of this ruler. Sven Rubenson, Acta Aethiopica, vol 3: Internal Rivalries and Foreign Threats, 1869-1879 (Addis Ababa: University Press, 2000), p. 3
  46. ^ See the article on Ellä Säham by Gianfranco Fiaccadori in the Encyclopaedia Aethiopica, vol. 2, Wiesbaden 2016
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