1936 United States presidential election

United States presidential election, 1936
531 electoral votes of the Electoral College; 266 electoral votes needed to win
	Presidential election results map. Red denotes states won by Landon/Knox, Blue denotes those won by Roosevelt/Garner. Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state.
President before election; Franklin D. Roosevelt; Democratic	Elected President ; Franklin D. Roosevelt; Democratic

The United States presidential election of 1936 was the 38th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 3, 1936. In terms of electoral votes, it was the most lopsided presidential election in the history of the United States. In terms of the popular vote, it was the second-biggest victory for the winner since the election of 1820, which was not seriously contested.

The election took place as the Great Depression entered its eighth year. Incumbent President and Democratic candidate Franklin D. Roosevelt was still working to push the provisions of his New Deal economic policy through Congress and the courts. However, the New Deal policies he had already enacted, such as Social Security and unemployment benefits, had proven to be highly popular with most Americans. Roosevelt's Republican opponent was Governor Alf Landon of Kansas, a political moderate.

Although some political pundits predicted a close race, Roosevelt went on to win the greatest electoral landslide since the beginning of the current two-party system in the 1850s. Roosevelt carried every state except Maine and Vermont, which together could only return 8 electoral votes. By winning 523 electoral votes, Roosevelt received 98.49% of the electoral vote, the highest percentage since the uncontested election of 1820. Roosevelt also won the largest number of electoral votes ever recorded at that time, so far only surpassed by Ronald Reagan in the election of 1984, when there were 7 more electoral votes available to contest. In addition, Roosevelt won 60.8% of the national popular vote, the second highest popular-vote percentage won since 1820 (the highest percentage was won by Lyndon Johnson in 1964).

Nominations

Democratic Party nomination

President Franklin D. Roosevelt
Henry Skillman Breckinridge of New York,
Former Assistant Secretary of War

President Roosevelt faced only one primary opponent other than various favorite sons. Henry Skillman Breckinridge, an anti-New Deal lawyer from New York, filed to run against Roosevelt in four primaries. Breckinridge's challenge of the popularity of the New Deal among Democrats failed miserably. In New Jersey, President Roosevelt did not file for the preference vote and lost that primary to Breckinridge, even though he did receive 19% of the vote on write-ins. Roosevelt's candidates for delegates swept the race in New Jersey and elsewhere. In other primaries, Breckinridge's best showing was 15% in Maryland. Overall, Roosevelt received 93% of the primary vote, compared to 2% for Breckinridge.^[1]

The Democratic Party Convention was held in Philadelphia between July 23 and 27. The delegates unanimously re-nominated incumbents President Roosevelt and Vice-President John Nance Garner. At Roosevelt's request, the two-thirds rule, which had given the South a veto power, was repealed.

The balloting
Presidential ballot		Vice-presidential ballot
Franklin D. Roosevelt	1100	John Nance Garner	1100

Republican Party nomination

The 1936 Republican National Convention was held in Cleveland, Ohio, between June 9 and 12. Although many candidates sought the Republican nomination, only two, Governor Landon and Senator William Borah of Idaho, were considered to be serious candidates. While favorite sons County Attorney Earl Warren of California, Governor Warren Green of South Dakota, and Stephen A. Day of Ohio won their respective primaries, the 70-year-old Borah, a well-known progressive and "insurgent," won the Wisconsin, Nebraska, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Oregon primaries, while also performing quite strongly in Knox's Illinois and Green's South Dakota. The party machinery almost uniformly backed Landon, however, a wealthy businessman and centrist, who won primaries in Massachusetts and New Jersey and dominated in the caucuses and at state party conventions.

With Knox withdrawing to become Landon's selection for vice-president (after the rejection of New Hampshire Governor Styles Bridges) and Day, Green, and Warren releasing their delegates, the tally at the convention was as follows:

Alf Landon 984
William Borah 19

Other nominations

Many people expected Huey Long, the colorful Democratic senator from Louisiana, to run as a third-party candidate with his "Share Our Wealth" program as his platform. However, he was assassinated in September 1935. Some historians, including Long biographer T. Harry Williams, contend that Long had never, in fact, intended to run for the presidency in 1936. Instead, he had been plotting with Father Charles Coughlin, a Catholic priest and populist talk radio personality, to run someone else on the soon-to-be-formed "Share Our Wealth" Party ticket. According to Williams, the idea was that this candidate would split the left-wing vote with President Roosevelt, thereby electing a Republican president and proving the electoral appeal of Share Our Wealth. Long would then wait four years and run for president as a Democrat in 1940.

Prior to Long's death, leading contenders for the role of the sacrificial 1936 candidate included Senators Burton K. Wheeler (D-Montana) and William Borah, and Governor Floyd B. Olson of the Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party. After the assassination, however, the two senators lost interest in the idea and Olson was diagnosed with terminal stomach cancer.

Father Coughlin, who had allied himself with Dr. Francis Townsend, a left-wing political activist who was pushing for the creation of an old-age pension system, and Rev. Gerald L. K. Smith, was eventually forced to run Congressman William Lemke (R-North Dakota) as the candidate of the newly created "Union Party". Lemke, who lacked the charisma and national stature of the other potential candidates, fared poorly in the election, barely managing 2% of the vote, and the party was dissolved the following year.

William Dudley Pelley, Chief of the Silver Shirts Legion, ran on the ballot for the Christian Party in Washington State, but won fewer than 2,000 votes.

General election

Campaign

Election results by county.
Franklin D. Roosevelt

Alf Landon

Landon proved to be an ineffective campaigner who rarely traveled. Most of the attacks on FDR and Social Security were developed by Republican campaigners rather than Landon himself. In the two months after his nomination he made no campaign appearances. As columnist Westbrook Pegler lampooned, "Considerable mystery surrounds the disappearance of Alfred M. Landon of Topeka, Kansas.... The Missing Persons Bureau has sent out an alarm bulletin bearing Mr. Landon's photograph and other particulars, and anyone having information of his whereabouts is asked to communicate direct with the Republican National Committee."

Landon respected and admired Roosevelt and accepted much of the New Deal but objected that it was hostile to business and involved too much waste and inefficiency. Late in the campaign, Landon accused Roosevelt of corruption – that is, of acquiring so much power that he was subverting the Constitution:

The President spoke truly when he boasted... "We have built up new instruments of public power." He spoke truly when he said these instruments could provide "shackles for the liberties of the people... and... enslavement for the public". These powers were granted with the understanding that they were only temporary. But after the powers had been obtained, and after the emergency was clearly over, we were told that another emergency would be created if the power was given up. In other words, the concentration of power in the hands of the President was not a question of temporary emergency. It was a question of permanent national policy. In my opinion the emergency of 1933 was a mere excuse.... National economic planning—the term used by this Administration to describe its policy—violates the basic ideals of the American system.... The price of economic planning is the loss of economic freedom. And economic freedom and personal liberty go hand in hand.

This election is notable for The Literary Digest poll, which was based on 10 million questionnaires mailed to readers and potential readers; 2.3 million were returned. The Literary Digest, which had correctly predicted the winner of the last 5 elections, announced in its October 31 issue that Landon would be the winner with 370 electoral votes. The cause of this mistake has often been attributed to improper sampling: more Republicans subscribed to the Literary Digest than Democrats, and were thus more likely to vote for Landon than Roosevelt. However, a 1976 article in The American Statistician demonstrates that the actual reason for the error was that the Literary Digest relied on voluntary responses. As the article explains, the 2.3 million "respondents who returned their questionnaires represented only that subset of the population with a relatively intense interest in the subject at hand, and as such constitute in no sense a random sample... it seems clear that the minority of anti-Roosevelt voters felt more strongly about the election than did the pro-Roosevelt majority."^[2] A more detailed study in 1988 showed that both the initial sample and non-response bias were contributing factors, and that the error due to the initial sample taken alone would not have been sufficient to predict the Landon victory.^[3] This mistake by the Literary Digest proved to be devastating to the magazine's credibility, and in fact the magazine was defunct within a few months of the election.

That same year, George Gallup, an advertising executive who had begun a scientific poll, predicted that Roosevelt would win the election, based on a quota sample of 50,000 people. He also predicted that the Literary Digest would mis-predict the results. His correct predictions made public opinion polling a critical element of elections for journalists and indeed for politicians. The Gallup Poll would become a staple of future presidential elections, and remains one of the most prominent election polling organizations.

Results

Roosevelt won by a landslide, carrying 46 of the 48 states and bringing in many additional Democratic members of Congress. After fellow Democrat Lyndon Johnson's 61.1% share of the popular vote in 1964, Roosevelt's 60.8% is the second-largest percentage in U.S. history since the nearly unopposed election of James Monroe in 1820, and his 98.5% of the electoral vote is the highest in two-party competition. Roosevelt won the largest number of electoral votes ever recorded at that time, so far only surpassed by Ronald Reagan in 1984, when 7 more electoral votes were available to contest. Garner won the highest percentage of the electoral vote of any VP. Landon became the second official major-party candidate since the current system was established to win fewer than ten electoral votes by tying fellow Republican William Howard Taft, who won 8 votes in his 1912 re-election campaign. No major-party candidate has won so few electoral votes since this election. The closest anyone has come was Reagan's 1984 opponent, Walter Mondale, who only won 13 electoral votes.

Of the 3,095 counties/independent cities making returns, Roosevelt won in 2,634 (85.11%) while Landon carried 461 (14.89%).

Some political pundits predicted the Republicans, whom many voters blamed for the Great Depression, would soon become an extinct political party. However, the Republicans would make a strong comeback in the 1938 congressional elections and would remain a potent force in Congress, although they were not able to win the presidency again until 1952.

The Electoral College results, in which Landon only won Maine and Vermont, inspired Democratic Party chairman James Farley, who had in fact declared during the campaign that FDR was to lose only these two states, to amend the then-conventional political wisdom of "As Maine goes, so goes the nation" into "As goes Maine, so goes Vermont." Additionally, a prankster posted a sign on Vermont's border with New Hampshire the day after the 1936 election, reading: "You are now leaving the United States." Some of Roosevelt's advisers even joked that America's fiscal woes might be best solved if he offered to sell Vermont and Maine to Canada.

As of 2012, even after many years as a classic "blue" state that usually supports Democratic presidential candidates, Vermont has voted for more Republican presidential nominees than any other state. From 1856 through 1960, Vermont gave the state's electoral votes to the Republican Party nominee in every presidential election. No other state has voted so many times in a row for candidates of the same political party. Maine once held a similar political record. From 1856 through 1960, Maine voted for the Republican candidate in every presidential election but one (in 1912, the state gave Democrat Woodrow Wilson a plurality with 39.43% of the vote). Another state that had been reliably Republican for a very long time up to 1936 was Pennsylvania. Roosevelt was the first Democrat to carry Pennsylvania since "favorite son" James Buchanan did so in 1856.

Electoral results
Presidential candidate	Party	Home state	Popular vote		Electoral vote	Running mate
Presidential candidate	Party	Home state	Count	Percentage	Electoral vote	Vice-presidential candidate	Home state	Electoral vote
Franklin D. Roosevelt (Incumbent)	Democratic	New York	27,752,648	60.80%	523	John Nance Garner (Incumbent)	Texas	523
Alf Landon	Republican	Kansas	16,681,862	36.54%	8	Frank Knox	Illinois	8
William Lemke	Union	North Dakota	892,378	1.95%	0	Thomas C. O'Brien	Massachusetts	0
Norman Thomas	Socialist	New York	187,910	0.41%	0	George A. Nelson	Wisconsin	0
Earl Browder	Communist	Kansas	79,315	0.17%	0	James W. Ford	New York	0
D. Leigh Colvin	Prohibition	New York	37,646	0.08%	0	Claude A. Watson	California	0
John W. Aiken	Socialist Labor	Connecticut	12,799	0.03%	0	Emil F. Teichert	New York	0
Other			3,141	0.00%	—	Other		—
Total			45,647,699	100%	531			531
Needed to win					266			266

Source (Popular Vote): Leip, David. "1936 Presidential Election Results". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved July 31, 2005.

Source (Electoral Vote): "Electoral College Box Scores 1789–1996". National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved July 31, 2005.

Popular vote

Roosevelt			60.80%
Landon			36.54%
Lemke			1.95%
Thomas			0.41%
Others			0.30%

Electoral vote

Roosevelt			98.49%
Landon			1.51%

Geography of Results

Results by county, shaded according to winning candidate's percentage of the vote

Cartographic Gallery

Presidential election results by county.
Democratic presidential election results by county.
Republican presidential election results by county.
"Other" presidential election results by county.
American Labor presidential election results by county.
Cartogram of presidential election results by county.
Cartogram of Democratic presidential election results by county.
Cartogram of Republican presidential election results by county.
Cartogram of "Other" presidential election results by county.
Cartogram of American Labor presidential election results by county.

Results by state

^[4]

States won by Roosevelt/Garner
States won by Landon/Knox

		Franklin D. Roosevelt Democratic			Alfred Landon Republican			William Lemke Union			Norman Thomas Socialist			Other			Margin		State Total
State	electoral votes	#	%	electoral votes	#	%	electoral votes	#	%	electoral votes	#	%	electoral votes	#	%	electoral votes	#	%	#
Alabama	11	238,136	86.38	11	35,358	12.82	-	551	0.20	-	242	0.09	-	1,397	0.51	-	202,838	73.56	275,244	AL
Arizona	3	86,722	69.85	3	33,433	26.93	-	3,307	2.66	-	317	0.26	-	384	0.31	-	53,289	42.92	124,163	AZ
Arkansas	9	146,765	81.80	9	32,039	17.86	-	4	0.00	-	446	0.25	-	169	0.09	-	114,726	63.94	179,423	AR
California	22	1,766,836	66.95	22	836,431	31.70	-	-	-	-	11,331	0.43	-	24,284	0.92	-	930,405	35.26	2,638,882	CA
Colorado	6	295,021	60.37	6	181,267	37.09	-	9,962	2.04	-	1,593	0.33	-	841	0.17	-	113,754	23.28	488,684	CO
Connecticut	8	382,129	55.32	8	278,685	40.35	-	21,805	3.16	-	5,683	0.82	-	2,421	0.35	-	103,444	14.98	690,723	CT
Delaware	3	69,702	54.62	3	57,236	44.85	-	442	0.35	-	172	0.13	-	51	0.04	-	12,466	9.77	127,603	DE
Florida	7	249,117	76.10	7	78,248	23.90	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	170,869	52.20	327,365	FL
Georgia	12	255,364	87.10	12	36,942	12.60	-	141	0.05	-	68	0.02	-	660	0.23	-	218,422	74.50	293,175	GA
Idaho	4	125,683	62.96	4	66,256	33.19	-	7,678	3.85	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	59,427	29.77	199,617	ID
Illinois	29	2,282,999	57.70	29	1,570,393	39.69	-	89,439	2.26	-	7,530	0.19	-	6,161	0.16	-	712,606	18.01	3,956,522	IL
Indiana	14	934,974	56.63	14	691,570	41.89	-	19,407	1.18	-	3,856	0.23	-	1,090	0.07	-	243,404	14.74	1,650,897	IN
Iowa	11	621,756	54.41	11	487,977	42.70	-	29,687	2.60	-	1,373	0.12	-	1,940	0.17	-	133,779	11.71	1,142,733	IA
Kansas	9	464,520	53.67	9	397,727	45.95	-	497	0.06	-	2,770	0.32	-	-	-	-	66,793	7.72	865,014	KS
Kentucky	11	541,944	58.51	11	369,702	39.92	-	12,501	1.35	-	632	0.07	-	1,424	0.15	-	172,242	18.60	926,203	KY
Louisiana	10	292,894	88.82	10	36,791	11.16	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	93	0.00	-	256,103	77.66	329,778	LA
Maine	5	126,333	41.52	-	168,823	55.49	5	7,581	2.49	-	783	0.26	-	720	0.24	-	-42,490	-13.97	304,240	ME
Maryland	8	389,612	62.35	8	231,435	37.04	-	-	-	-	1,629	0.26	-	2,220	0.36	-	158,177	25.31	624,896	MD
Massachusetts	17	942,716	51.22	17	768,613	41.76	-	118,639	6.45	-	5,111	0.28	-	5,278	0.29	-	174,103	9.46	1,840,357	MA
Michigan	19	1,016,794	56.33	19	699,733	38.76	-	75,795	4.20	-	8,208	0.45	-	4,568	0.25	-	317,061	17.56	1,805,098	MI
Minnesota	11	698,811	61.84	11	350,461	31.01	-	74,296	6.58	-	2,872	0.25	-	3,535	0.31	-	348,350	30.83	1,129,975	MN
Mississippi	9	157,318	97.06	9	4,443	2.74	-	-	-	-	329	0.20	-	-	-	-	152,875	94.31	162,090	MS
Missouri	15	1,111,043	60.76	15	697,891	38.16	-	14,630	0.80	-	3,454	0.19	-	1,617	0.09	-	413,152	22.59	1,828,635	MO
Montana	4	159,690	69.28	4	63,598	27.59	-	5,549	2.41	-	1,066	0.46	-	609	0.26	-	96,092	41.69	230,512	MT
Nebraska	7	347,445	57.14	7	247,731	40.74	-	12,847	2.11	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	99,714	16.40	608,023	NE
Nevada	3	31,925	72.81	3	11,923	27.19	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	20,002	45.62	43,848	NV
New Hampshire	4	108,460	49.73	4	104,642	47.98	-	4,819	2.21	-	-	-	-	193	0.09	-	3,818	1.75	218,114	NH
New Jersey	16	1,083,850	59.54	16	720,322	39.57	-	9,407	0.52	-	3,931	0.22	-	2,927	0.16	-	364,128	19.97	1,820,437	NJ
New Mexico	3	106,037	62.69	3	61,727	36.50	-	924	0.55	-	343	0.20	-	105	0.06	-	44,310	26.20	169,176	NM
New York	47	3,293,222	58.85	47	2,180,670	38.97	-	-	-	-	86,897	1.55	-	35,609	0.64	-	1,112,552	19.88	5,596,398	NY
North Carolina	13	616,141	73.40	13	223,283	26.60	-	2	0.00	-	21	0.00	-	17	0.00	-	392,858	46.80	839,464	NC
North Dakota	4	163,148	59.60	4	72,751	26.58	-	36,708	13.41	-	552	0.20	-	557	0.20	-	90,397	33.03	273,716	ND
Ohio	26	1,747,140	57.99	26	1,127,855	37.44	-	132,212	4.39	-	117	0.00	-	5,265	0.17	-	619,285	20.56	3,012,589	OH
Oklahoma	11	501,069	66.83	11	245,122	32.69	-	-	-	-	2,221	0.30	-	1,328	0.18	-	255,947	34.14	749,740	OK
Oregon	5	266,733	64.42	5	122,706	29.64	-	21,831	5.27	-	2,143	0.52	-	608	0.15	-	144,027	34.79	414,021	OR
Pennsylvania	36	2,353,987	56.88	36	1,690,200	40.84	-	67,468	1.63	-	14,599	0.35	-	12,172	0.29	-	663,787	16.04	4,138,426	PA
Rhode Island	4	165,238	53.10	4	125,031	40.18	-	19,569	6.29	-	-	-	-	1,340	0.43	-	40,207	12.92	311,178	RI
South Carolina	8	113,791	98.57	8	1,646	1.43	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	112,145	97.15	115,437	SC
South Dakota	4	160,137	54.02	4	125,977	42.49	-	10,338	3.49	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	34,160	11.52	296,472	SD
Tennessee	11	328,083	68.85	11	146,520	30.75	-	296	0.06	-	686	0.14	-	953	0.20	-	181,563	38.10	476,538	TN
Texas	23	734,485	87.08	23	103,874	12.31	-	3,281	0.39	-	1,075	0.13	-	767	0.09	-	630,611	74.76	843,482	TX
Utah	4	150,246	69.34	4	64,555	29.79	-	1,121	0.52	-	432	0.20	-	323	0.15	-	85,691	39.55	216,677	UT
Vermont	3	62,124	43.24	-	81,023	56.39	3	-	-	-	-	-	-	542	0.38	-	-18,899	-13.15	143,689	VT
Virginia	11	234,980	70.23	11	98,336	29.39	-	233	0.07	-	313	0.09	-	728	0.22	-	136,644	40.84	334,590	VA
Washington	8	459,579	66.38	8	206,892	29.88	-	17,463	2.52	-	3,496	0.50	-	4,908	0.71	-	252,687	36.50	692,338	WA
West Virginia	8	502,582	60.56	8	325,358	39.20	-	-	-	-	832	0.10	-	1,173	0.14	-	177,224	21.35	829,945	WV
Wisconsin	12	802,984	63.80	12	380,828	30.26	-	60,297	4.79	-	10,626	0.84	-	3,825	0.30	-	422,156	33.54	1,258,560	WI
Wyoming	3	62,624	60.58	3	38,739	37.47	-	1,653	1.60	-	200	0.19	-	166	0.16	-	23,885	23.10	103,382	WY
TOTALS:	531	27,752,648	60.80	523	16,681,862	36.54	8	892,378	1.95	-	187,910	0.41	-	132,901	0.29	-	11,070,786	24.25	45,647,699	US

Close states

Margin of victory less than 5% (4 electoral votes):

New Hampshire, 1.75%

Margin of victory between 5% and 10% (29 electoral votes):

Kansas, 7.72%
Massachusetts, 9.46%
Delaware, 9.77%

References

^ Our Campaigns – US President – D Primaries Race – Feb 01, 1936
^ Bryson, Maurice C. "The Literary Digest Poll: Making of a Statistical Myth." The American Statistician, 30(4):November 1976
^ Squire, Peverill "Why the 1936 Literary Digest Poll Failed" Public Opinion Quarterly, 52:125–133 1988
^ "1936 Presidential General Election Data - National". Retrieved April 8, 2013.

External links

1936 popular vote by counties
How close was the 1936 election? – Michael Sheppard, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Election of 1936 in Counting the Votes

[1] Our Campaigns – US President – D Primaries Race – Feb 01, 1936

[2] Bryson, Maurice C. "The Literary Digest Poll: Making of a Statistical Myth." The American Statistician, 30(4):November 1976

[3] Squire, Peverill "Why the 1936 Literary Digest Poll Failed" Public Opinion Quarterly, 52:125–133 1988

[4] "1936 Presidential General Election Data - National". Retrieved April 8, 2013.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

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v t e Franklin D. Roosevelt
32nd President of the United States (1933–1945) 44th Governor of New York (1929–1932) Assistant Secretary of the Navy (1913–1920) New York State Senator (1911–1913)
Presidency (timeline)	Transition Inaugurations (1st 2nd 3rd 4th) First and second terms Third and fourth terms Foreign policy New Deal overview New Deal coalition First 100 days Second New Deal Federal Emergency Relief Administration Civilian Conservation Corps Agricultural Adjustment Act Emergency Banking Act Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1944 Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act Tennessee Valley Authority National Labor Relations Act of 1935 National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 Public Works Administration National Recovery Administration Works Progress Administration National Youth Administration Social Security Act Aid to Families with Dependent Children Communications Act of 1934 Federal Communications Commission Securities and Exchange Commission Monetary gold ownership Gold Reserve Act Silver seizure Record on civil rights Defense industry non-discrimination Fair Employment Practice Committee Indian Reorganization Act Executive Orders 9066, 9102 War Relocation Authority Japanese American internment German-American internment Italian-American internment Brownlow Committee Executive Office of the President G.I. Bill of Rights Cullen–Harrison Act Roerich Pact Four Freedoms Four Freedoms Monument Black Cabinet Jefferson's Birthday holiday Jefferson Memorial Judicial Court-Packing Bill Cannabis policy Federal Judicial appointments Supreme Court Harlan F. Stone Supreme Court nomination Wiley Rutledge Supreme Court nomination Cabinet "Brain Trust" March of Dimes Modern Oval Office Official car Criticism Executive Orders Presidential Proclamations
Presidential foreign policy	Banana Wars U.S. occupation of Nicaragua, 1912–1933 U.S. occupation of Haiti, 1915–1934 Good Neighbor Policy (1933–1945) Montevideo Convention (1933) Second London Naval Treaty (1936) ABCD line (1940) Export Control Act Four Policemen Destroyers-for-bases deal Lend-Lease 1940 Selective Service Act Hull note Atlantic Charter (1941) Military history of the United States during World War II Home front during World War II Combined Munitions Assignments Board War Production Board Declaration by United Nations (1942) Dumbarton Oaks Conference World War II conferences Quebec Agreement Europe first Morgenthau Plan support
Presidential speeches	1932 Acceptance speech Commonwealth Club Address Madison Square Garden speech "Four Freedoms" Day of Infamy speech Arsenal of Democracy "...is fear itself" Fireside chats "Look to Norway" Quarantine Speech "The More Abundant Life" State of the Union Address (1934 1938 1939 1940 1941 (Four Freedoms) 1944 (Second Bill of Rights) 1945)
Other events	Early life, education, career Warm Springs Institute Governorship of New York Business Plot Assassination attempt
Elections	1928 New York state election 1930 Democratic National Convention, 1920 1924 1932 1936 1940 1944 1920 United States presidential election 1932 theme song 1936 1940 1944
Life and homes	Early life and education Groton School Springwood birthplace, home, and gravesite Adams House FDR Suite Campobello home Paralytic illness Top Cottage Little White House, Warm Springs, Georgia
Legacy	Bibliography Statues Presidential Library and Museum Roosevelt Institute Roosevelt Institute Campus Network Franklin Delano Roosevelt Foundation Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial Roosevelt Island Four Freedoms Park White House Roosevelt Room Roosevelt Institute for American Studies USS Franklin D. Roosevelt USS Roosevelt Four Freedoms Award Four Freedoms paintings Unfinished portrait U.S. Postage stamps Roosevelt dime I'd Rather Be Right 1937 musical Films The Roosevelt Story 1947 Sunrise at Campobello 1960 Eleanor and Franklin 1976, The White House Years 1977 Backstairs at the White House 1979 miniseries World War II: When Lions Roared 1997 miniseries Warm Springs 2005 Hyde Park on Hudson 2012 The Roosevelts 2014 documentary The First Lady 2022 miniseries FDR 2023 miniseries Other namesakes
Family (Roosevelt • Delano)	Eleanor Roosevelt (wife) Anna Roosevelt Halsted (daughter) James Roosevelt II (son) Elliott Roosevelt (son) Franklin Delano Roosevelt Jr. (son) John Aspinwall Roosevelt II (son) James Roosevelt I (father) Sara Ann Delano (mother) James Roosevelt Roosevelt (half-brother) Isaac Roosevelt (grandfather) Warren Delano Jr. (grandfather) Fala (family dog) Major (family dog)
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