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A dependent territory, dependent area or dependency is a territory that does not possess full political independence or sovereignty as a State, and remains politically outside of the controlling state's integral area.[1]

A dependency is commonly distinguished from other subnational entities in that they are not considered to be part of the integral territory of the governing State. A subnational entity typically represents a division of the Stateproper, while a dependent territory often maintains a great degree of autonomy from the controlling State. Historically, most colonies were considered to be dependencies of their controlling State. Most of these have either become independent, by joining neighbouring independent countries, or assimilated into the conquering state. The dependencies that remain generally maintain a very high degree of political autonomy. Although dependencies retain a degree of autonomy, not all autonomous entities are considered to be dependencies.[2]

File:Trust and Non-Self-Governing Territories.djvu
The United Nations Trusteeship Agreements or were listed by the General Assembly as Non-Self-Governing. (official document 2002)

Many political entities have a special position recognized by international treaty or agreement resulting in a certain level of autonomy or differences in immigration rules. These are sometimes[3] considered dependencies[4], but are officially considered by their controlling states to be integral parts of the state.[3] Examples are Åland of Finland, Svalbard of Norway, the Azores and Madeira of Portugal, and Hong Kong and Macau of the People's Republic of China.

Lists of dependent territories

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World map of dependent territories
   AUS
  CHI
   DAN
   FRA
   NED
   NZL
   NOR
   GBR
   USA

Dependency claims without general international recognition, including all claims in Antarctica, are listed in italics. The list includes several territories that are not included in the list of non-self-governing territories listed by the General Assembly of the United Nations.[5] This list includes only those territories that are legally classified as dependencies by their respective sovereign government.

Australia

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Although all territories of Australia are considered to be fully integrated in its federative system, and the official status of an external territory does not differ largely from that of a mainland territory (except in regards to immigration law), debate remains as to whether the external territories are integral parts of Australia, due to their not being part of Australia in 1901, when its constituent states federated.[6] They are often listed separately for statistical purposes.

New Zealand

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Norway

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United Kingdom

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United States

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Lists of other entities

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This list includes entities that are NOT considered legally dependencies, however sometimes are described as such. All they have their own country codes.

China

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Denmark

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Finland

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France

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Inhabited territories Administration ISO 3166 country code
 French Guiana Overseas departments. GF GUF 254
 Guadeloupe GP GLP 312
 Martinique BL BLM 652
 Mayotte MQ MTQ 474
Réunion Réunion RE REU 638
 French Polynesia Overseas collectivity since 2003; Overseas country since 2004. PF PYF 258
 New Caledonia "Sui generis" collectivity since 1999; appears on the United Nations list of Non-Self-Governing Territories. NC NCL 540
 Saint Barthélemy Overseas collectivities since 2007. BL BLM 652
Collectivity of Saint Martin Saint Martin MF MAF 663
 Saint Pierre and Miquelon Territorial collectivity since 1985; overseas collectivity since 2003. SM SPM 666
 Wallis and Futuna Overseas territory since 1961; overseas collectivity since 2003. WF WLF 876
Uninhabited territories Administration ISO 3166 country code
France Clipperton Island Island administered by the Minister for Overseas Territories. No permanent population. no separate code
France French Southern and Antarctic Lands The French Southern and Antarctic Lands (called TAAF for Terres australes et antartiques françaises) is an Overseas territory since 1955, administered from Paris by an Administrateur Supérieur. No permanent population. Includes the French territorial claim in Antarctica: Adelie Land. TF ATF 260

Netherlands

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Norway

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United States

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Description

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Three Crown dependencies are in a form of association with the UK. They are independently administrated jurisdictions, although the British Government is solely responsible for defence and international representation, and has ultimate responsibility for ensuring good government. They do not have diplomatic recognition as independent states, but they are not an integrated part of the UK, nor do they form part of the European Union. The UK Parliament retains the ability to legislate for the Crown dependencies even without the agreement of the insular legislatures. None of the Crown dependencies has representatives in the UK Parliament. Bermuda and Gibraltar have similar relationships to the UK as the Crown dependencies. While Britain is officially responsible for defence and international representation, these jurisdictions maintain their own militaries and have been granted limited diplomatic powers, in addition to having internal self-government. Nevertheless, they areBritish overseas territories.

New Zealand and dependencies share the same Governor-General and constitute one realm. The Cook Islands and Niue are officially termed associate states.

Puerto Rico (since 1952) and the Northern Mariana Islands (since 1986) are non-independent states freely associated with the USA. The mutually negotiated Covenant to Establish a Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI) in Political Union with the United States was approved in 1976. The Covenant was fully implemented November 3, 1986, pursuant to Presidential Proclamation no. 5564, which conferred United States citizenship on legally qualified CNMI residents.[14]

Under the Constitution of Puerto Rico, Puerto Rico is described as a Commonwealth and Puerto Ricans have a degree ofadministrative autonomy similar to citizens of a U.S. state. Puerto Ricans "were collectively madeU.S. citizens" in 1917 as a result of the Jones-Shafroth Act.[15][16]The commonly used name in Spanish of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico, literally "Associated Free State of Puerto Rico", which sounds similar to "free association" particularly when loosely used in Spanish, is sometimes erroneously interpreted to mean that Puerto Rico's relationship with United States is based on a Compact of Free Association and at other times erroneously held to mean that Puerto Rico's relationship with United States is based on an Interstate compact. This is a constant source of ambiguity and confusion when trying to define, understand and explain Puerto Rico's political relationship with the United States. For various reasons Puerto Rico's political status differs from that of the Pacific Islands that entered into Compacts of Free Association with the United States. As sovereign states, these islands have full right to conduct their own foreign relations, while the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico has territorial status subject to United States congressional authority under the Constitution's Territory Clause, “to dispose of and make all needful Rules and Regulations respecting the Territory… belonging to the United States.”.[17] Puerto Rico does not have the right to unilaterally declare independence, and at the last referendum (1998) the narrow majority voted for "none of the above", which was a formally undefined alternative used by commonwealth supporters to express their desire for an "enhanced commonwealth" option.[17]

This kind of relationship also can be found in the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which is a federacy. Thecontinental part is organized like a unitary state but the status of its territories (Aruba, since 1986, and the Netherlands Antilles, since 1954 until 2010) can be considered dependencies or "associated non-independent states". After the split-up of the Netherlands Antilles, Curaçao and Saint Maarten are separate associated states like Aruba.

Additionally, Denmark operates in a similar manner to a federacy. The Faroes and Greenland are two self-governing territories, or regions within the Kingdom. The relationship between Denmark proper and the two territories is semi-officially termed the "Rigsfællesskabet".

See also

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References

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  1. ^ United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1514
  2. ^ United Nations Trusteeship Council
  3. ^ a b United Nations General Assembly 15th Session - The Trusteeship System and Non-Self-Governing Territories (pages:509-510)
  4. ^ Listaba.com
  5. ^ For the list, see Special Committee on Decolonization (2002). "Trust and Non-Self-Governing Territories". United Nations, Special Committee on Decolonization. Retrieved 2010-09-23.
  6. ^ Carney, Gerard (2006). The constitutional systems of the Australian states and territories. Canberra: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521863056.
  7. ^ a b c First Assistant Secretary, Territories Division (2008-01-30). "Territories of Australia". Attorney-General's Department. Retrieved 2008-02-07. The Federal Government, through the Attorney-General's Department administers Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Christmas Island, the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, the Coral Sea Islands, Jervis Bay, and Norfolk Island as Territories.
  8. ^ Territories and Information Law Division (7 September 2009). "Cocos Islands Governance and Administration". Territories of Australia. Australian Government, Attorney-General's Department. Retrieved 2010-09-23. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  9. ^ Willis Island is permanently manned by a small team of meterologists.
  10. ^ CIA.gov
  11. ^ CIA (2010-07-15). "Guernsey at the CIA's page". CIA. Retrieved 2010-07-15.
  12. ^ CIA (2010-07-15). "Jersey at the CIA's page". CIA. Retrieved 2010-07-15.
  13. ^ CIA (2010-07-15). "The Isle of Man at the CIA's page". CIA. Retrieved 2010-07-15.
  14. ^ CIA (2010-07-15). "Northern Mariana Islands at the CIA's page". CIA. Retrieved 2010-07-15.
  15. ^ The Louisiana Purchase and American Expansion: 1803-1898. By Sanford Levinson and Bartholomew H. Sparrow. New York: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers. 2005. Page 166, 178. "U.S. citizenship was extended to residents of Puerto Rico by virtue of the Jones Act, chap. 190, 39 Stat. 951 (1971) (codified at 48 U.S.C. § 731 (1987)")
  16. ^ CIA (2010-07-15). "Puerto Rico at the CIA's page". CIA. Retrieved 2010-07-15.
  17. ^ a b December 2005 report of the President's Task Force on Puerto Rico's Status
  • George Drower, Britain's Dependent Territories, Dartmouth, 1992
  • George Drower, Overseas Territories Handbook, TSO, 1998

Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from The World Factbook. CIA.

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