User:Somsak Ung/Krung Thep dialect

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Krung Thep dialect
Phra Nakhon dialect
ภาษากรุงเทพ, ภาษากลาง
Region
EthnicityMostly Thai Chinese,[a]
Kra–Dai
Official status
Official language in
 Thailand
Language codes
ISO 639-1th
ISO 639-2tha
ISO 639-3tha
Glottologthai1261
Linguasphere47-AAA-b
Non-native attempt to speak Krung Thep dialect example
King Bhumibol's speech,[b] Recording: 17 December 1957
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A native Krung Thep dialect speaker example
Field Marshal Sarit Thanarat's statement on National Radio about Prasat Preah Vihear, Recording: 4 July 1962.
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A native Krung Thep dialect speaker example
A native Krung Thep dialect speaker example
A native Krung Thep dialect speaker example

Krung Thep dialect (Thai: พูดกลาง, ภาษากลาง; literally: Received Pronunciation), refers to the dialect of the Central Thai language which was heavily influenced by Southern Min (mostly Teochew dialect, some Hakka (mostly the Huizhou dialect), and some Mandarin vernacular. It enjoys a prestige status in Thailand, similar to the Received Pronunciation in the United Kingdom.

History and modern situation[edit]

The Central Thai people (Siamese) have never been recognized as the indigenous of Bangkok CBD.[citation needed] Before World War, Southern Min was the primary language of Bangkok, and Ayutthaya dialect (Thai: สำเนียงเจื่อยแจ้ว; literally: funny accent, dull accent)[c] once was the most popular dialect in Thai media. During the Thaification policy during 1910-1996, in particular, there were violent purges during the Red Scare era. This made Thai Chinese rapidly shift their language to Central Thai, but lacking interaction with native Central Thai speakers, the Thai language as spoken by the Thai Chinese of Bangkok developed differently.

Krung Thep dialect even was not a standard format, but also consider as one of Central Thai dialects, that is also official language. However, the military and economy power of the whole country is in the hands of Krungthepian, most of senior bureaucrats such as general officers, judges, and doctors are Krungthepian. It is in contrast to the Ayutthaya dialect that was originally used by the working-class and lower middle-class Central Thai people in the vicinity of Bangkok, even this dialect is encouraged to be used by the Khana Ratsadon during coup d'état, it is once famous among Mitr Chaibancha era film since Krung Thep dialect didn't fully develop yet, contrast with most of Krungthepian still watch Shaw Brothers movies in that time. Therefore, the Krung Thep dialect gradually replaced the Ayutthaya dialect's prestige status, it was observable after the 1980s, currently, Krajokhokdan [th] TV program is the last still standing commercial TV program which operated in the Ayutthaya dialect. Another factor that caused the Krung Thep dialect to be replaced the Ayutthaya dialect, because after 1973 revolution, vast amout of people Central Thais came to find work as the underdog for indigenous Krungthepian, this causes the indigenous to look upon down on the Central Thais with the word Ner (Thai: เหน่อ).[d] Today, Krung Thep vs Ayutthaya dialects (sometimes include Minburi and Portguese-Bangkok dialects) are likely sterotype with the Received Pronunciation vs the Cockney (include MLE) in London.

For over fifty years since Thanin Kraivichien, only two Thai Prime Ministers, Surayud Chulanont (Ayutthaya accent) and Yingluck Shinawatra (Chiang Mai accent) did not have Krung Thep accent.

Phonology[edit]

Main article: Thai language § Phonology

There are many contrast allophone between Ayutthaya and Krung Thep accents, which are more obvious as follows in International Phonetic Alphabet in table.

Initial Consonants[edit]

Ayutthaya consonants have 21 phonemes, while Krung Thep phonemes, have 31 consonants, main different is Krung Thep consonants have plenty of postalveolar but none of them exist in Ayutthaya consonants, both also none of palatal consonant are shared. Only five Ayutthaya consonants are not exsit in Krung Thep accents as follows: [ʨ], [ʨʰ], [j], [w], [l].

Labial Alveolar Postalveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal [m]
/ม/ 		[n]
/น/ 		[ŋ]
/ง/
Plosive Voiced Unaspirated [b]
/พ/[e] 		[d]
/ท/[f] 		[k]~[g][g]
/ก/
Unvoiced Unaspirated [p]
/ป/ 		[t]
/ต/ 		[-][h]
/อ/
Voiced Aspirated [bʱ][i]
/ภ/ 		[dʱ][j]
/ธ/[k] 		[gʱ][l]
/ฆ/[m]
Unvoiced Aspirated [pʰ][i]
/ผ/[n] 		[tʰ][j]
/ถ/ 		[kʰ][l]
/ข/
Affricate Unvoiced Unaspirated [ʦ]~[ʤ][o]
/จ/
Unvoiced Aspirated [ʦʰ][p]
/ฉ/ 		[ʧʰ][p]
/ฌ/
Sibilant
Fricative 		Voiced Unaspirated [z][q]
/ซ/ 		[ʒ][r]
/ย/
Unvoiced Unaspirated [s][q]
/ส/[s] 		[ʃ][p]
ช 		[ɕ][q]
/ศ/[t]
Non-sibilant
Fricative 		Voiced Unaspirated [v][u]
/ฝ/ 		[ɹ̠˔][r]
/ญ/ 		[h]~[ɦ][v]
/ห/[w]
Unvoiced Unaspirated [f][u]
/ฟ/ 		[ɹ̠̊˔][q]
/ษ/
Approximant [ʋ][x]
/ว/ 		[ɹ]~[ɹ̠](~[r])[y]
/ร/
Tap and flap [ɾ][z]
/ล/

Final Consonants[edit]

There are nine final consonants in Ayutthaya phonology, but two finals are semivowel was drop into vowel in Krung Thep phonology. Another four ending in italics are non-native for Ayutthaya accent.

Labial Alveolar Postalveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal [m]
/กม/ 		[n]
/กน/ 		[ŋ]
/กง/
Plosive [p̚]
/กบ/ 		[t̚][aa]
/กด/ 		[k̚]
/กก/ 		[-][h]
-
Sibilant
Fricative 		Voiced [ʒ][ab]
/กีย์/
Unvoiced [s][aa]
/กส/ 		[ʃ][aa]
/กช/
Approximant [ɹ][ab]
/เกอร์/ 		[ɪ][ac]
/เกอย/ 		[ʊ][ad]
/เกอว/

Vowels[edit]

Both Krung Thep and Ayutthaya accents shared nine monophthong with heavy contrast allophones, mostly more middle and centralize, this make Krung Thep accent speak fast and sounds blurred.

Short monophthong
Front Central Back
Unrounded Rounded
Close [i]
ิ
Near-close [ɪ][ae]
เ-ะ, เ-็ 		[ɨ̞][af]
ึ 		[ʊ][ag]
ุ
Mid [ə][ah]
เ-อะ, เ-ิ 		[o̞ʊ][ai]
โ-ว์ะ, --[aj]
Near-open [æ][ak]
แ-ะ, แ-็ 		[ɐ][al]
-ะ, ั 		[ʌ]~[ɔ][am]
เ-าะ, ็อ
Long monophthong
Front Central Back
Unrounded Rounded
Close [iː]
ี
Near-close [ɪː][ae]
เ-, เ-็ 		[ɨ̞ː][af]
ื 		[ʊː][ag]
ู
Mid [əː][ah]
เ-อ 		[o̞ːʊ][ai]
โ-ว์[aj]
Near-open [æː][ak]
แ- 		[ɐː][al]
-า 		[ʌː]~[ɔː][am]
-อ

Krung Thep accents also have three diphthongs with slightly different from Ayutthaya accents.

Short diphthongs
Phoneme Krung Thep Ayutthaya
เียะ [iə]
เือะ [ɨ̞ə] [ɯə]
ัวะ [ʊə] [uə]
Long diphthongs
Phoneme Krung Thep Ayutthaya
เีย [iːə]
เือ [ɨ̞ːə] [ɯːə]
ัว [ʊːə] [uːə]

Tones[edit]

Because the Southern Min and Hakka are also tonal languages, causing the tones of Krung Thep and Ayutthaya accents to be almost the same, these two even more similar than other varieties such as Suphan Buri, Rayong, or even Phetchaburi accents, this is the reason of the rest of Central Thai speakers (neither Krung Thep and Ayutthaya) often misunderstand that these two accents are the same.

Krung Thep tones have seven sounds under five phonemes, so two of them are free variation. Primary things make Krung Thep and Ayutthaya different is, the tones in the checked syllables (Thai: คำเป็นคำตาย) of the Ayutthaya accent is not applicable in the Krung Thep accent (but there are some words that are well known are follow Ayutthaya rule as well). No italic in the Ayutthaya accent.

Phoneme Ayutthaya
phonetic		 Krung Thep
phonetic		 Written system (Krung Thep dialect)
Upper consonant Middle consonant Lower consonant
Mid 33 22 - กอ /kɔ̄ː/ คอ /gʱɔ̄ː/[an]
44
Low 21 ข่อ /kʰɔ̀ː/,
ห่อ /hɔ̀ː/ 		ก่อ /kɔ̀ː/ -
หว่อ /ʋɔ̀ː/[ao]
Falling 41 31 ข้อ /kʰɔ̆ː/,
ห้อ /hɔ̆ː/ 		ก้อ, ก็ /kɔ̆ː/ -
51
High 45 - ก๊อ /kɔ́ː/ ค้อ, ค๊อ /kʰɔ́ː/
Rising 214 35 ขอ ก๋อ /kɔ̌ː/ ค๋อ /gʱɔ̌ː/[an],
หวอ /ʋɔ̌ː/[ao]

Fake Schwa and Pronunciation decay[edit]

This is main feature make Krung Thep accent looks different from the rest of Central Thai accents (especially the Ayutthaya accent), this is the main reason for the rest of Thais dissatisfied with the Krung Thep accent speaking too fast.

Consonant clusters in the Ayutthaya dialect are very limited, most of Indian and Khmer loanword syllables are usually cut off by using the /a/ vowel sound as possible, this make primary vowel of Central Thai language is /a/. Contrast with most of Chinese languages (include Southern Min and Mandarin), the primary vowel is /ə/ (ㄜ) and /ɨ/ (帀, ㄭ [zh]), this make /ə/ vowel become free variation under /ɐ/ vowel in Krung Thep accent.

Most of two final clusters Indian loanwords, the second one will add virama and silenced it. But virama generally no effect in Krung Thep dialect, every cluster will pronounce (but there are some words that are well known are follow Ayutthaya rule as well). Unlikely Ayutthaya accent, another feature of Krung Thep accent is tend to decay /ɐ/ vowel sounds as much as possible. For instance, the word "พิมพ์ชนก" pronounce /pʰīm.ʨá.nók̚/, three syllables in Ayutthaya dialect, but pronounce /pʰīmp̚ʃ.nóʊk̚/ two syllables in Krung Thep dialect, the first syllable also contain three final clusters.

Examples of differing pronunciation (Ayutthaya/Krung Thep) include:

Word Ayutthaya phoneme Krung Thep phoneme Note
คิง เพาเวอร์ /kʰīŋ.pʰāw.wɤ̂/ /kʰīŋ.pʰɐ̄ʊə̂ɹ/ As English loanwords, "ค" also pronounce /ข/ [kʰ] like Ayutthaya accent.
ชนาธิป /ʨʰá.nāː.tʰíp/ /ʃnɐ̄ː.dʱíp̚/
ธรรมกาย /tʰām.mā.kāːj/ /dʱɐ̄m.ə̆.kɐ̄ːɪ/ Double consonants will remove the second.
เลสเตอร์ /lét̚.sɐ̀.tɤ̂/ /ɾɪ́ːɕ.tə̂ɹ/
เวิลด์เทรดเซ็นเตอร์ /wɤ̄w.tʰrèːt̚.sēn.tɤ̂ː/ /ʋə̄ɹd.tʰɹɪ̀ːt̚.zɪ̄n.tə̂ːɹ/ As English loanwords, "ท" also pronounce /ถ/ [tʰ] like Ayutthaya accent.;
[ɫ] will shift to [w] in Ayutthya accent and shift to [ɹ] in Krung Thep accent.
อนุเสาวรีย์ชัยสมรภูมิ /ʔà.nú.sǎw.wá.rīː.ʨʰāj.sà.mɔ̌ː.rá.pʰūːm/ /ə́ʊ̃.ɕɐ̌ʊʋ.ɹīː.ʃɐ̄ɪ.ɕmɔ̌ɹ.bʱʊ̄ːm/
อัยยวัฒน์ /ʔāj.já.wát̚/ /ɐ̄ɪʒ.ʋɐ́t̚/ The second [j] become final Consonant of the front syllable.
อานาปานสติ /ʔāː.nāː.pāː.ná.sà.tì/ /ɐ̄ː.nə̄.pnə́.ɕtì/

Siamese accents basic misconceptions about Krung Thep accent[edit]

The main problem that rest of dialects native speakers often worry about when speaking Central Thai properly is tonal control. However, with almost all the Krung Thep tones actually that is all copied from the Ayutthaya accent, while the consonants and vowels of the dialects are mostly shared with the Ayutthaya accent. As a result, the Central Thai who attempted to speak like a Krungthepian, eventually actually turned into an Ayutthaya accent.

In general, there are two main features that speakers with an Ayutthaya accent make the mistaken attempt to speak with a Krung Thep accent. First is failed Schwa, since the Ayutthaya vs Krung Thep accents vowels, the [a]~[ɐ] and [ɤ]~[ə] are corresponding, they tend to use their own phonetics, despite [a] and [ɤ] sound are very far each other. Second is wierd "ครับ/ค่ะ", the /gʱ/ consonant didn't exist in Siamese dialects and will shift to /kʰ/ in their dialects, most of dialects speakers misunderstood Krungthepians is speaking /h/ or /ŋ/.

Grammar[edit]

Word order[edit]

Traditional Sukhothai Thai dialects (include modern Southern Thai language) are strictly Head-initial form, for Ayutthaya dialect following Subject-Adjective-Verb-Object-Adjective-Adverb-Particle-Complement word orders, Krung Thep dialect basically mixed word-order like Southern Min or Mandarin, following as Subject-Adjective-Adverb-Verb-Object-Adjective. Tense and measure word are more freely position than Ayutthayan because their logic very looks like Mandarin vernacular as follows:

Gloss Ayutthayans Krungthepians Note
Hey you!, keep off the grass. นี่เธอ อย่าเดินลัดสนามสะเปะสะปะอย่างนั้นซิ นี่เธอ อย่าซี้ซั๊วเดินลัดสนามซิวะ Ayutthayan literally: hey, you, don't, walk, cross, field, careless, like, that, particle.
Krungthepian literally: hey, you, don't, careless, walk, cross, field, particle (derogatory)
Thieves entered his house three times. เขาโดนขโมยขึ้นบ้านสามครั้งแล้ว บ้านเขาโดนขโมยขึ้นแล้วสามครั้ง Ayutthayan literally: him, -ed, thief, up, home, three, times, already.
Krungthepian literally: home, him/her, -ed, thief, up, already, three, times.
That handsome wholesaler demand the bank to increasing loan interest. พ่อค้ารายย่อยที่หล่อๆคนนั้นร้องเรียนให้ธนาคารขึ้นดอกเบี้ยเงินกู้ ยี้ปั๊วคนนั้นที่หล่อๆร้องเรียนให้ธนาคารขึ้นดอกเบี้ยเงินกู้ Ayutthayan literally: merchant (male), small group, which, handsome, that guy, demand, let, bank, up/increase, interest, loan.
Krungthepian literally: two dish (wholesaler), that guy, which, handsome, demand, let, bank, up/increase, loan.

Negative[edit]

Even Modern Ayutthaya dialect's negative term are also follow in Head-finals like Krung Thep dialect, but negative term itself actually is adverb, to compared with Traditional Ayutthaya dialect is Head-initial, it's also still exist in Southwestern dialects such as Modern Prippri dialect as well.

Gloss Krungthepians Modern Ayutthayan Traditional Ayutthayan Prippri Note
I didn't do it ชั้นไม่ได้ทำ, ชั้นเปล่าทำ ฉันไม่ได้ทำ ฉ้นหาได้ทำไม่ ฉันทำไม่
I can't do it (when didn't permited) ชั้นทำไม่ได้ ฉันทำไม่ได้ ฉันหาทำได้ไม่ ฉันทำได้ไม่ Krung Thep dialect translate from Mandarin vernacular 我不能做 or 我不會做
I can't do it (don't have skill to do it) ชั้นทำไม่เป็น, ชั้นไม่สามารถทำได้

Verb -ing[edit]

Verb -ing generally can put "กำลัง" (kamlang) before secondary verb, or put "อยู่" (yu) at last part as follows:

  • เขากำลังวิ่ง
  • เขาวิ่งอยู่
  • เขากำลังวิ่งอยู่

But because "อยู่" is borrow from Mandarin (中) like "關門中" (door closing), the second and third method didn't exist in Siamese dialects.

Perfective ได้[edit]

For non-recurring events, the construction involving ได้ (leaw) is used where the sentence final particle แล้ว (leaw) would normally be applied to denote perfect. For instance, Krung Thep dialect more commonly uses "ได้ไปหาหมอยัง?" to mean "Have you seen a doctor?" whereas Ayutthaya dialect uses ไปหาหมอแล้วใช่ไหม. This is due to the influence of Southern Min grammar, which uses 有 (ū) in a similar fashion. For recurring or certain events, however, both Ayutthaya and Krung Thep Thais use the latter, as in "กินข้าวแล้วยัง", meaning "Have you eaten?"

Vocabulary[edit]

Same meaning, different word[edit]

Vocabulary in Krung Thep and rest of Central Thai dialects (Siamese dialects) generally not different. Incidentally, the local Krungthepian shift their language to Central Thai, some Southern Min words have been used as Thai words, this makes it familiar to the Central Thai people as well. However, most of difference is differing usage, since Siamese logic and Southern Min logic quite difference, for borrowings from new foreign languages, they are also often used differently.

Gloss Siamese dialects Krung Thep note
Balcony นอกชาน ระเบียง ระเบียง also practical in Siamese dialects as well
Basement floors (B1, B2) ชั้นล่าง (ที่...) ชั้นใต้ดิน (ที่...) Usually dispute between Siamese and Local Krungthepian
Ground floor/First floor ชั้นหนึ่ง ชั้นล่าง
Behind the refrigerator ข้างหลังตู้เย็น หลังตู้เย็น Usually dispute between Siamese and Local Krungthepian as well
On the refrigerator หลังตู้เย็น บนตู้เย็น
Capsized car/boat รถ/เรือคว่ำ รถ/เรือหงายท้อง คว่ำ also practical in Krung Thep dialect as well
Cockroach แมลงสาบ กะจั๊วะ From Teochew 虼蚻; For Krung Thep dialect, แมลงสาบ only refer Democrat Party
Cyan สีเขียว สีฟ้า Siamese dialects cannot distinguish between Cyan and Green.
Dress precariously แต่งตัวโป๊ แต่งตัวล่อแหลม/วับๆแวมๆ,
นุ่งน้อยห่มน้อย		 โป๊ is Siamese's pseudo interpretation from Teochew 補
Pornography หนังโป๊ หนังเอ็กซ์, หนังเอวี
Fishcake ปลาเห็ด ทอดมัน Siamese dialects come from Khmer
Frontage Road เลนใน เลนนอก Frontage Road official called ทางขนาน, while Main Road Official called ทางหลัก.
Usually dispute between Siamese and Local Krungthepian as well
Main Road เลนนอก เลนใน
Greetings (informal) ไปไหนมา, กินข้าวแล้วยัง ไง... สบายดีไหม, เป็นไงบ้าง In technically, Siamese dialects literally are busybody
Lipstick รูท ลิปสติก Siamese dialects come from French
Motorcycle taxi เมล์เครื่อง วินมอเตอร์ไซค์ Official called มอเตอร์ไซค์รับจ้าง; วินมอเตอร์ไซค์ also practical in Siamese dialects as well
Penthouse floor บ้านเล็กบนหลังคาตึก ชั้นบนสุด Both also practical eachother as well
Pretty ชดช้อย สวย From Teochew 嫷, also practical in Siamese dialects as well
Rooftop ดาดฟ้า เหล่าเต๊ง From Teochew 樓頂; ดาดฟ้า also practical in Krung Thep dialect as well
Thank you ขอบใจ ขอบคุณ ขอบใจ is derogatory for Krung Thep dialect
Unfortunate ตกอับ ซวย From Teochew 衰, also practical in Siamese dialects as well

Particles[edit]

Like the rest of Central Thai dialects, modal particles also exist in Southern Min language and make Krung Thep dialect are also practical like ครับ (khrap, [gʰráp]) and ค่ะ (kha, [gʰâ]). Both particle forms are very difference, for instance, the word อ่ะ (啊) is exclusive for Krung Thep dialect, many particles are also have difference pronunciation and meaning as follows:

Word Siamese dialects Krung Thep Note
จ๊ะ /ʨáʔ/ /ʦɐ́/ Expression mark, Krung Thep dialect is derogatory.
จ๋า /ʨâː/ /ʦɐ̌ː/ Expression mark, Krung Thep dialect mainly use for flirt.
ละ /láʔ/ /læ̀ʔ/ (แหล่ะ) Expression mark, different vowel.
สิ /sìʔ/ /ɐ̄ dī/ (อะดิ) Express emphasis or imperative
/zī/ (ซิ) Different consonant.
นะ /náʔ/ /nɐ̀/ (หน่ะ) Krung Thep dialect is soft request mark; Different tone

Since the tones in the checked syllables of the Ayutthaya accent is not applicable in the Krung Thep accent, many particles are also difference vowel length and tones.[1][unreliable source?]

Word Siamese dialects Krung Thep Note
เขา /kʰǎw/] /gʰɐ́ʋ/ (เค๊า) Different tone; Siamese dialects only for "he", while Krung Thep dialect are both "he, she",
Krung Thep dialect are also homophone with "me" (Use with family).
ตัวเอง /tū:a ʔē:ŋ/ /tā ʔɪ̄:ŋ/ (ตะเอง)
/tɪ̄:ŋ/ (เตง) 		Pronunciation decay; Siamese dialects only refer "my self", Krung Thep dialect can use for flirt.
ฉัน /ʨʰǎn/ /ʃɐ́n/ (ชั้น) Different tone; Krung Thep dialect also homophone with "floor (building)"
ดิฉัน /dì ʨʰǎn/ /dí:ən/ (เดี๊ยน) Pronunciation decay; Krung Thep dialect is derogatory.
นาง /nā;ŋ/ /nɐ̄ŋ/ (นัง) Short vowel; Krung Thep dialect is derogatory.
ท่าน /tʰâ:n/ /tʰɐ̂n/ (ทั่น) Short vowel
ร้องไห้ /rɔ́:ŋ hâj/ /rɔ́:ŋ hä̂:ɪ/ (ร้อง-ห้าย) Long vowel
น้ำ /nám/ /nɐ́:m/ (น้าม) Long vowel

/d/ consonant shift[edit]

/ท/ (but written in "ด") does not exist in Southern Min, and usually shift to /ง/, /ร/ or /ล/ during early development.

Word Siamese dialects Krung Thep Note
ดอก /dɔ̀k̚/ /rɔ̀k̚/ (หรอก) ดอก are not homophone in Krung Thep dialect
อันใด /ʔān.dāj/ /ə̄.rɐ̄ɪ/ (อะไร)
อย่างใด /jàːŋ.dāj/ /ʒɐ̀ːŋ.rɐ̄ɪ/, /ʒɐ̀ŋ.ŋɐ̄ɪ/ (อย่างไร, ยังไง)

Notelist[edit]

  1. ^ Central Thai people have never been recognized as the indigenous of Bangkok CBD
  2. ^ His native language is French
  3. ^ Like another Central Thai dialects, such as Suphanburi, Rayong, Phitsanulok, or even Khorat dialects, sometimes Ayutthaya dialect also called Ner (Thai: เหน่อ; literally: improper accent), despite Ayutthaya dialect actually is Standard Thai
  4. ^ Many foreigner may be misconception with the Isan people which mostly emigrated to Bangkok after the Cold War; The term Ner is only used with Central Thai dialects native speakers, speaking in Central Thai with an Isan accent is not called by this word
  5. ^ Also written in "บ" like Ayutthaya dialect
  6. ^ Also written in "ด" like Ayutthaya dialect
  7. ^ [k] is equivalent to ㄍ, while [g] is equivalent to ㆣ; Ayutthaya accent exist only [k]
  8. ^ a b Correspond with [ʔ] in Ayutthaya accent
  9. ^ a b [bʱ] is equivalent toㄅﾞ(exclusive for Teoyeo dialect [zh]); Ayutthaya accent exist only [pʰ]
  10. ^ a b Ayutthaya accent exist only [tʰ]
  11. ^ Also written in "ท, ธ" like Ayutthaya dialect
  12. ^ a b Ayutthaya accent exist only [kʰ]
  13. ^ Also written in "ค, ฆ" like Ayutthaya dialect
  14. ^ Also written in "ผ, พ" like Ayutthaya dialect
  15. ^ [ʦ] is equivalent toㄗ, while [ʤ] is equivalent toㄓ; Correspond with [ʨ] in Ayutthaya accent
  16. ^ a b c Three difference phoneme are correspond under only [ʨʰ] phoneme in Ayutthaya accent; [tsʰ] is equivalent toㄘ, [ʧʰ] is equivalent toㄔ (Hakka), while [ʃ] is equivalent to
  17. ^ a b c d Four difference phoneme are correspond under only [s] phoneme in Ayutthaya accent; [z] is equivalent to , [s] is equivalent to ㄙ, [ɕ] is equivalent to ㄒ, while [ɹ̠̊˔] is equivalent to ㄕ (exclusive for Taipei Mandarin)
  18. ^ a b [ʒ] is equivalent to ㄖ (Hakka), while [ɹ̠˔] is equivalent to ㆡ; Despite sounds like measure in English, it's allophone under [j] in Ayutthaya accent. This make Krung Thep accent hypercorrection to words like in your English.
  19. ^ Written in "ศ"
  20. ^ Written in "ส"
  21. ^ a b [v] is equivalent to ㄪ (Hakka), while [f] is equivalent to ㄈ (Hakka); Ayutthaya accent exist only [f]. This make Krung Thep speaker usually hypercorrection with [f] sounds like Fine into Vine
  22. ^ Ayutthaya accent exist only [h]
  23. ^ Also written in "ห, ฮ" like Ayutthaya dialect
  24. ^ Correspond with [w] in Ayutthaya accent. Krung Thep speaker usually foreigner accents both for [v] and [w], despite [v] are exist, but because classifieds as subclass of /f/ phoneme
  25. ^ [ɹ] is equivalent to ㄖ (Southern Min); Traditionally [r] in Ayutthaya accent, but also trend to use [ɹ] like Krung Thep speakers
  26. ^ Equivalent to ㄌ (Southern Min); Correspond with [l] in Ayutthaya accent
  27. ^ a b c Ayutthaya accent exist only [t̚]
  28. ^ a b Silence in Ayutthaya accent
  29. ^ Correspond with [j] in Ayutthaya accent
  30. ^ Correspond with [w] in Ayutthaya accent
  31. ^ a b Equivalent to ㆤ. Correspond with [e], [eː] in Ayutthaya accent.
  32. ^ a b Equivalent to 帀 (ㄭ [zh]). Correspond with [ɯ], [ɯː] in Ayutthaya accent.
  33. ^ a b Equivalent to ㄨ. Correspond with [u], [uː] in Ayutthaya accent
  34. ^ a b Equivalent to ㄜ. Correspond with [ɤ], [ɤː] in Ayutthaya accent
  35. ^ a b Equivalent to ㄡ. Correspond with [o], [oː] in Ayutthaya accent, so they classified as monophthong, even actually it's diphthong
  36. ^ a b In Ayutthaya dialect was written as โ-ะ, --, โ-
  37. ^ a b Equivalent to ㄝ. Correspond with [ɛ], [ɛː] in Ayutthaya accent
  38. ^ a b Equivalent to ㄚ. Correspond with [a], [aː] in Ayutthaya accent
  39. ^ a b Equivalent to ㄛ. Ayutthaya accent exist only [ɔ], [ɔː]
  40. ^ a b Ayutthaya accent spell /kʰ/
  41. ^ a b Ayutthaya accent spell /w/

Reference[edit]

  1. ^ "ภาษาถิ่นกรุงเทพฯ (?) รวบรวมเท่าที่นึกออก". Pantip.com. Archived from the original on 2019-09-24. Retrieved 2019-09-24.

Category:Thai language

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