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West Village

Coordinates: 40°44′09″N 74°00′13″W / 40.73578°N 74.00357°W / 40.73578; -74.00357
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This article is about the neighborhood in Manhattan. For the development in Dallas, Texas, see West Village, Dallas, Texas.
2 Horatio Street in the West Village
File:Sheridan Square, Greenwich Village (7247504688).jpg
A duplicate of George Segal's sculpture Gay Liberation was placed in Christopher Park in 1992. Christopher Park was incorporated into the designation of Stonewall National Monument on June 24, 2016.[1]

The West Village is a neighborhood in Manhattan, New York City. Largely thought to constitute the western portion of the larger Greenwich Village neighborhood within Lower Manhattan, the area is roughly bounded by the Hudson River on the west and Sixth Avenue on the east, extending from West 14th Street south to West Houston Street.[2] The Far West Village extends from the Hudson River to Hudson Street.[3][a] Bordering neighborhoods are Chelsea to the north, Hudson Square – officially designated in 2009 – and the South Village to the south, and the East Village to the east.

The neighborhood is primarily residential, with a multitude of small restaurants, shops, and services. The area is part of Manhattan Community Board 2, as well as of the Sixth Precinct of the New York City Police Department, which also covers an area east of the West Village between Sixth Avenue and Broadway from Houston to 14th Streets. Residential property sale prices in the West Village neighborhood are some of the most expensive in the United States, typically exceeding US$2,000 per square foot ($22,000/m2) in 2016.[5]

History

The Stonewall Inn at 53 Christopher Street, a designated U.S. National Historic Landmark and National Monument, as the site of the 1969 Stonewall Riots.[6][7]

Beginning in the early 1980s, residential development spread in the Far West Village between West and Hudson Streets, from West 14th to West Houston Streets, resulting in the area being given its own name.[4]

Preservation

Historically, local residents and preservation groups have been concerned about development in the Village and have fought to preserve the architectural and historic integrity of the neighborhood. More than 50 blocks of West Village, bordered on the north by 14th Street, is part of a Historic District established by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. The District's convoluted borders run no farther south than 4th Street or St. Luke's Place, and no farther east than Washington Square East or University Place. Redevelopment in this area is severely restricted, and developers must preserve the main facade and aesthetics of the buildings even during renovation. This district—which was, for four decades, the city's largest—was created in 1969 by the then-four-year-old New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. However, preservationists advocated for the entire neighborhood to be designated an historic district; although it covers most of the West Village, the blocks closest to the Hudson River are excluded.[8]

Advocates continued to pursue their goal of additional designation, spurred in particular by the increased pace of development in the 1990s. The Greenwich Village Society for Historic Preservation (GVSHP), a nonprofit organization dedicated to the architectural and cultural character and heritage of the neighborhood, successfully proposed new districts and individual landmarks to the LPC. Those include:[9]

396-397 West Street at West 10th Street is a former hotel which dates from 1904, and is part of the Weehawken Street Historic District
  • Gansevoort Market Historic District was the first new historic district in Greenwich Village in 34 years. The 112 buildings on 11 blocks protect the city's distinctive Meatpacking District with its cobblestone streets, warehouses and rowhouses. About 70 percent of the area proposed by GVSHP in 2000 was designated a historic district by the LPC in 2003, while the entire area was listed on the State and National Registers of Historic Places in 2007.[10][11]
  • Weehawken Street Historic District, designated in 2006, is a 14-building, three-block district near the Hudson River centering on tiny Weehawken Street and containing an array of architecture including a sailor's hotel, former stables, and a wooden house.[12]
  • Greenwich Village Historic District Extension I, designated in 2006, brought 46 more buildings on three blocks into the district, thus protecting warehouses, a former public school and police station, and early 19th-century rowhouses. Both the Weehawken Street Historic District and the Greenwich Village Historic District Extension I were designated by the LPC in response to the larger proposal for a Far West Village Historic District submitted by GVSHP in 2004.[12] The Landmarks Preservation Commission also designated as landmarks several individual sites proposed by the Greenwich Village Society for Historic Preservation, including the former Bell Telephone Labs Complex (1861-1963), now Westbeth Artists Community, designated in 2011;[13] and houses at 159 Charles Street and 354 W. 11th Street, as well as the Keller Hotel, all in 2007.
173 and 176 Perry Street is an example of stark modern architecture in the West Village.

In addition, several contextual rezonings were enacted in Greenwich Village in recent years to limit the size and height of allowable new development in the neighborhood, and to encourage the preservation of existing buildings. The following were proposed by the GVSHP and passed by the City Planning Commission:

  • Far West Village Rezoning, approved in 2005, was the first downzoning in Manhattan in many years, putting in place new height caps, thus ending construction of high-rise waterfront towers in much of the Village and encouraging the reuse of existing buildings.[14]
  • Washington and Greenwich Street Rezoning, approved in 2010, was passed in near-record time to protect six blocks from out-of-scale hotel development and maintain the low-rise character.[15]

Reputation as urban bohemia

Further information: LGBTQ culture in New York City
Gay Street at the corner of Waverly Place

The West Village historically was known as an important landmark on the map of American bohemian culture in the early and mid-twentieth century. The neighborhood was known for its colorful, artistic residents and the alternative culture they propagated. Due in part to the progressive attitudes of many of its residents, the Village was n a focal point of new movements and ideas, whether political, artistic, or cultural. This tradition as an enclave of avant-garde and alternative culture was established during the 19th century and into the 20th century, when small presses, art galleries, and experimental theater thrived. Known as "Little Bohemia" starting in 1916,[16] West Village is in some ways the center of the bohemian lifestyle on the West Side, with classic artists' lofts in the form of the Westbeth Artists Community and Julian Schnabel's Palazzo Chupi. It is also the site of sleek new residential towers designed by American architect Richard Meier facing the Hudson River at 173/176 Perry Street.

The Tenth Street Studio Building was situated at 51 West 10th Street between Fifth and Sixth Avenues, the building was commissioned by James Boorman Johnston[b] and designed by Richard Morris Hunt. Its innovative design soon represented a national architectural prototype, and featured a domed central gallery, from which interconnected rooms radiated. Hunt's studio within the building housed the first architectural school in the United States. Soon after its completion in 1857, the building helped to make Greenwich Village central to the arts in New York City, drawing artists from all over the country to work, exhibit, and sell their art. In its initial years Winslow Homer took a studio there,[17] as did Edward Lamson Henry, and many of the artists of the Hudson River School, including Frederic Church and Albert Bierstadt.[18]

The Whitney Museum of American Art's original location, at 8–12 West 8th Street, between Fifth Avenue and MacDougal Street; and currently the home of the New York Studio School of Drawing, Painting and Sculpture.

From the late 19th century through the 21st century, the Hotel Albert has served as a cultural icon of Greenwich Village. Opened during the 1880s and originally located at 11th Street and University Place, called the Hotel St. Stephan and then after 1902, called the Hotel Albert while under the ownership of William Ryder it served as a meeting place, restaurant and dwelling for several important artists and writers from the late 19th century well into the 20th century. After 1902, the owner's brother Albert Pinkham Ryder lived and painted there. Some of the other famous guests who lived there include: Augustus St. Gaudens, Robert Louis Stevenson, Mark Twain, Hart Crane, Walt Whitman, Anaïs Nin, Thomas Wolfe, Robert Lowell, Horton Foote, Salvador Dalí, Philip Guston, Jackson Pollock, Andy Warhol, and many others.[19][20] During the golden age of bohemianism, Greenwich Village became famous for such eccentrics as Joe Gould (profiled at length by Joseph Mitchell) and Maxwell Bodenheim, dancer Isadora Duncan, writer William Faulkner, and playwright Eugene O'Neill. Political rebellion also made its home here, whether serious (John Reed) or frivolous (Marcel Duchamp and friends set off balloons from atop Washington Square Arch, proclaiming the founding of "The Independent Republic of Greenwich Village").[21]

The Cherry Lane Theatre is located in the West Village.
The annual Greenwich Village Halloween Parade is the world's largest Halloween parade and takes place in the West Village.

In 1924, the Cherry Lane Theatre was established. Located at 38 Commerce Street, it is New York City's oldest continuously running Off-Broadway theater. A landmark in Greenwich Village's cultural landscape, it was built as a farm silo in 1817, and also served as a tobacco warehouse and box factory before Edna St. Vincent Millay and other members of the Provincetown Players converted the structure into a theatre they christened the Cherry Lane Playhouse, which opened on March 24, 1924, with the play The Man Who Ate the Popomack. During the 1940s The Living Theatre, Theatre of the Absurd, and the Downtown Theater movement all took root there, and it developed a reputation as a place where aspiring playwrights and emerging voices could showcase their work.

In one of the many Manhattan properties that Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney and her husband owned, Gertrude Whitney established the Whitney Studio Club at 8 West 8th Street as a facility where young artists could exhibit their works in 1914. By the 1930s the place would evolve to become her greatest legacy, the Whitney Museum of American Art, on the site of today's New York Studio School of Drawing, Painting and Sculpture. The Whitney was founded in 1931, as an answer to the Museum of Modern Art, founded 1928, and its collection of mostly European modernism and its neglect of American Art. Gertrude Whitney decided to put the time and money into the museum after the New York Metropolitan Museum of Art turned down her offer to contribute her twenty-five-year collection of modern art works.[22] In 1936, the renowned Abstract Expressionist artist and teacher Hans Hofmann moved his art school from E. 57th Street to 52 West 9th Street. In 1938, Hofmann moved again to a more permanent home at 52 West 8th Street. The school remained active until 1958 when Hofmann retired from teaching.[23]

On January 8, 1947, stevedore Andy Hintz was fatally shot by hitmen John M. Dunn, Andrew Sheridan and Danny Gentile in front of his apartment. Before he died on January 29, he told his wife that "Johnny Dunn shot me."[24] The three gunmen were immediately arrested. Sheridan and Dunn were executed.[25]

The Village hosted the first racially integrated night club in the United States,[26] when Café Society was opened in 1938 at 1 Sheridan Square[27] by Barney Josephson. Café Society showcased African American talent and was intended to be an American version of the political cabarets Josephson had seen in Europe before World War I. Notable performers there included among others: Pearl Bailey, Count Basie, Nat King Cole, John Coltrane, Miles Davis, Ella Fitzgerald, Coleman Hawkins, Billie Holiday, Lena Horne, Burl Ives, Lead Belly, Anita O'Day, Charlie Parker, Les Paul and Mary Ford, Paul Robeson, Kay Starr, Art Tatum, Sarah Vaughan, Dinah Washington, Josh White, Teddy Wilson, Lester Young, and The Weavers, who also in Christmas 1949, played at the Village Vanguard.

The annual Greenwich Village Halloween Parade, initiated in 1974 by Greenwich Village puppeteer and mask maker Ralph Lee, is the world's largest Halloween parade and America's only major nighttime parade, attracting more than 60,000 costumed participants, 2 million in-person spectators, and a worldwide television audience of over 100 million.[28]

Street grid

Some 18th-century streets, such as Bedford Street (pictured), are narrow.

The neighborhood is distinguished by streets that are "off the grid", being set at an angle to the other streets in Manhattan. These roads were laid out in an 18th-century grid plan, approximately parallel or perpendicular to the Hudson, long before the Commissioners' Plan of 1811 which created the main street grid plan for later parts of the city. Even streets that were given numbers in the 19th century to make them nominally part of the grid can be idiosyncratic, at best. West 4th Street, formerly Asylum Street, crosses West 10th, 11th and 12th Streets, ending at an intersection with West 13th Street. Heading north on Greenwich Street, West 12th Street is separated by three blocks from Little West 12th Street, which in turn is one block south of West 13th Street. Further, some of the smaller east-west residential streets are paved with setts (often confused with cobblestones), particularly in Far West Village and the Meatpacking District.

This grid is prevalent through the rest of Greenwich Village as well.

Demographics

66 Perry Street was featured in Sex and the City as Carrie Bradshaw's house.

The approximate residential population in the West Village is 34,000 people based on seven 2010 Census Tracts for Manhattan Community District 2.[29] Some population characteristics include:[30]

  • 10% of the population in the West Village is less than 20 years old (27% of population of entire US is less than 20 years old[31])
  • 45% of the population in the West Village is 20–39 years old (versus 27% in entire US[31])
  • Females aged 20–39 make up 25% of the population in the West Village (13% of population in entire US[31]) Females aged 20–29 make up 14% of the population in the West Village versus 7% in the entire US. Females in West Village represent 52% of the population versus 51% in all of the US.
  • 80% of the population was born in the US (87% in entire US[32])
  • Average household income by census tract was $180,000 (compared to $51,000 average household income by state for entire US[33])

A study by NYU estimated that 1.61 million workers commute to Manhattan during the workweek, 8,000 of them to the West Village.[34]

About 13,000 out-of-town visitors also visit the neighborhood daily. A portion of these approximately 139,452 domestic and international visitors that enter the city daily[35] visit or stay in the West Village; an average of 11,000 people visit the High Line every day.[36]

Community board and non-emergency services

West Village Post Office

Community Board 2 (CB2) deals with land use and zoning matters, municipal service delivery and community concerns of an area including the West Village. New York City's Community Boards review data collected by the 311 Customer Service Center. 3-1-1 is a non-emergency telephone number, and New York City releases monthly reports on the number of requests for services to 311. In April 2013 there were 77 non-emergency calls per day, up 8% sequentially and down 2% year-over-year.[37]

Crime

There were approximately nine crime complaints per day in the New York City Police Department's Sixth Precinct (which includes the West Village and the area east of Sixth Avenue to Broadway between Houston and 14th Streets) year-to-date as of May 12, 2013, according to NYPD crime data.[38] According to the data, 86% of the total tabulated crime complaints in the Sixth Precinct are related to instances of stealing (robbery, burglary, grand larceny, grand larceny auto, petit larceny) compared to 71% citywide. Excluding cases of petit larceny (such as a person stealing a bottle of shampoo from a drug store), crime increased 5% in 2012.[39][40]

The Meatpacking District at the north end of this neighborhood, also known as the "Gansevoort Historic District", is filled with trendy boutiques and nightclubs. It is also the area's most concentrated site of grand larceny. In February 2013 the NYPD passed out 3,500 fliers to bars and clubs in the Sixth Precinct warning people to guard their valuables, especially at district's clubs, due to the rise in grand larceny rates.[41] Police have said these crimes mostly happen in the Meatpacking District from 11 p.m. to 3 a.m.[42] Grand larceny in New York refers to stealing property worth $1,000 or more or property taken from the person of another without the threat of force (robbery), among other definitions.[43]

Education

There are two zoned elementary schools nearby: PS 3 Melser Charrette School, and PS 41 Greenwich Village School. Residents are zoned to Baruch Middle School 104. Greenwich Village High School was a private high school formerly located in the area, but later moved to SoHo.[44]

Transportation

The area is served by the M5, M8, M11, M14A, M20 New York City Bus routes and the following New York City Subway stations:

The Citi Bike bike share program launched in the area in May 2013 with 14 bike share stations in the West Village.[45][46]

Points of interest

The Jefferson Market Library
Whitney Museum of American Art under construction in 2013

Notable residents

Liam Armstrong Costas Kondylis's 1 Morton Square residential development (on Morton and West Street, completed in 2004) is the residence of actors Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen[53] and of actor Daniel Radcliffe.[54] Richard Meier's towers at 173 Perry Street, 176 Perry Street, and 165 Charles Street are home to actors Jim Carrey, Hugh Jackman, and Nicole Kidman.[55][56] Other notable actors who currently or formerly resided in the neighborhood include Matthew Broderick, Andy Samberg, Claire Danes,[57] Will Ferrell,[58] Jill Hennessy, Philip Seymour Hoffman, Seth Meyers, Julianne Moore, Sarah Jessica Parker, Brooke Shields, Liv Tyler,[59][60] Saoirse Ronan,[61] Karlie Kloss, and Bianca Brigitte Van Damme.[62][63]

Notes

  1. ^ There is some ambiguity in the boundaries of the Far West Village, due to variations in block-by-block character – some exclude the 3 north-south blocks from Morton Street (north) to Houston Street (south), and some include the 2 blocks from Hudson Street (west) to Bleecker Street (east) between Bank Street (north) and Christopher Street (south).[4]
  2. ^ James Boorman Johnston (1822–1887) was a son of the prominent Scottish-born New York merchant John Johnston, in partnership with James Boorman (1783–1866) as Boorman & Johnston, developers of Washington Square North, and a founder of New York University; a group portrait of the Johnston Children, 1831, is at the Museum of the City of New York.

References

  1. ^ Cite error: The named reference StonewallNationalMonument1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  2. ^ Wilson, Claire. "Neighborhoods: The West Village". topics.nytimes.com (The New York Times Company). Retrieved 2014-03-31.
  3. ^ Cheslow, Jerry (April 18, 1993). "If You're Thinking of Living in: Far West Village". The New York Times. Retrieved 2014-03-31.
  4. ^ a b Johnston, Laurie (April 18, 1982). "The Far West Village". The New York Times. Retrieved August 22, 2009.
  5. ^ "Real Estate Overview for West Village, New York, NY". Trulia.com. Retrieved 2016-06-30.
  6. ^ "Workforce Diversity The Stonewall Inn, National Historic Landmark National Register Number: 99000562". National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Retrieved May 1, 2011.
  7. ^ Eli Rosenberg (June 24, 2016). "Stonewall Inn Named National Monument, a First for the Gay Rights Movement". The New York Times. Retrieved June 25, 2016.
  8. ^ "Landmark Maps: Historic District Maps: Manhattan". Nyc.gov. Retrieved September 21, 2010.
  9. ^ "Progress on Landmark and Zoning Protections in the Far West Village 2001-2008" (PDF). Greenwich Village Society for Historic Preservation. Retrieved 19 September 2014.
  10. ^ The New York Times (September 11, 2003). "Blood on the Street, and it's Chic". Retrieved March 4, 2014.
  11. ^ The Villager. "Gansevoort Historic District Gets Final Approval From City". Retrieved March 4, 2014.
  12. ^ a b The Observer. "Village Historic District Extension". Retrieved March 4, 2014.
  13. ^ The Villager. "City Dubs Westbeth a Landmark". Retrieved March 4, 2014.
  14. ^ The Sun. "City, Landmarks Looking to Rezone Part of West Village". Retrieved March 4, 2014.
  15. ^ Crain's NY Business. "Council Approves 2 Village Rezonings". Retrieved March 4, 2014. {{cite news}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  16. ^ (nd) Greenwich Village East and West - History and Legacies. Arts and Music Pennsylvania. Retrieved June 17, 2007.
  17. ^ "Evoking the World of Winslow Homer, The". New York Times. August 17, 1997. Retrieved January 27, 2015.
  18. ^ "4. History of the Tenth Street Studio". Tfaoi.com. November 16, 1997. Retrieved January 27, 2015.
  19. ^ "Hotel Albert history". Thehotelalbert.com. Retrieved January 27, 2015.
  20. ^ Gray, Christopher. "The Albert Hotel Addresses Its Myths", The New York Times, April 15, 2011. Accessed June 21, 2016.
  21. ^ "The Daily Plant, The Free And Independent Republic Of Washington Square". Nycgovparks.org. Retrieved January 27, 2015.
  22. ^ Berman, Avis (1990). Rebels on Eighth Street: Juliana Force and the Whitney Museum of American Art. New York: Atheneum.
  23. ^ "Hans Hofmann Estate, retrieved December 19, 2008". Hanshofmann.org. Retrieved September 21, 2010.
  24. ^ "National Affairs: A Date at The Dance Hall". Time.com. March 7, 1949. p. 1.
  25. ^ "National Affairs: A Date at The Dance Hall". Time.com. March 7, 1949. p. 2.
  26. ^ William Robert Taylor, Inventing Times Square: commerce and culture at the crossroads of the world 1991:176
  27. ^ Many sources give the address at 2 Sheridan Square: "Barney Josephson, Owner of Cafe Society Jazz Club, Is Dead at 86", The New York Times; see history of "The theater at One Sheridan Square".
  28. ^ Village Halloween Parade. "History of the Parade". Retrieved July 28, 2014.
  29. ^ "Manhattan CD 2 Profile" (PDF). Nyc.gov. Retrieved February 2, 2014.
  30. ^ [1] [dead link‍]
  31. ^ a b c "National Characteristics: Vintage 2011". census.gov. Retrieved February 2, 2014.
  32. ^ "The Foreign-Born Population in the United States: 2010" (PDF). Census.gov. Retrieved 2016-06-30.
  33. ^ "Income Statistics - U.S Census Bureau". census.gov. Retrieved February 2, 2014.
  34. ^ Mitchell L. Moss; Carson Qing (March 2012). "The Dynamic Population of Manhattan" (PDF). Wagner.nyu.edu. Retrieved 2016-06-30.
  35. ^ "NYC & Company: The Official Marketing, Tourism and Partnership Organization for the City of New York". Nycandcompany.orn. Retrieved February 2, 2014.
  36. ^ "Park Information - Friends of the High Line". thehighline.org. Retrieved February 2, 2014.
  37. ^ "311 Reporting". nyc.gov. February 16, 2011. Retrieved February 2, 2014.
  38. ^ "NYPD - Office of the Chief of Department". nyc.gov. February 16, 2011. Retrieved February 2, 2014.
  39. ^ "American FactFinder". factfinder2.census.gov. Retrieved February 2, 2014.
  40. ^ "Population - New York City Department of City Planning". nyc.gov. February 16, 2011. Retrieved February 2, 2014.
  41. ^ "Alleged Stolen Phone Seller Busted at 6th Avenue Tattoo Shop". dnainfo.com. Retrieved February 2, 2014.
  42. ^ "iPhone bar thefts have sent Village crime rate soaring". thevillager.com. Retrieved February 2, 2014.
  43. ^ "Article 155 - New York State Penal Law Code - Larceny". ypdcrime.com. January 20, 2014. Retrieved February 2, 2014.
  44. ^
  45. ^ "Citi Bike - Your bike sharing system in New York City". citibikenyc.com. Retrieved February 2, 2014.
  46. ^ "Citi Bike Station Map - New York City Bike Share". A841-tfpweb.nyc.gov. March 22, 2013. Retrieved February 2, 2014.
  47. ^ White, Norval; Willensky, Elliot; Leadon, Fran (2010). AIA Guide to New York City (5th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19538-386-7., p.144
  48. ^ F. Green; C. Letsch (September 21, 2014). "New High Line section opens, extending the park to 34th St". Daily News. Retrieved September 21, 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |lastauthoramp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
  49. ^ Dunlap, David W. From Abyssinian to Zion: A Guide to Manhattan's Houses of Worship. (New York: Columbia University Press, 2004.) p. 223.
  50. ^ National Park Service (2008). "Workforce Diversity: The Stonewall Inn, National Historic Landmark National Register Number: 99000562". US Department of Interior. Retrieved January 21, 2013.
  51. ^ Bosh, Clemen (June 8, 1968). "The Talk of the Town: Westbeth". The New Yorker.
  52. ^ Ellie Stathaki (October 16, 2013), Under Construction: The Whitney Museum's new HQ by Renzo Piano in New York Wallpaper.
  53. ^ "Olsen Twins Sell—Finally—at 1 Morton Square for $7.7 M." 20 September 2010.
  54. ^ Barbanel, Josh (24 February 2008). "Daniel Radcliffe Buys Second New York City Apartment - A Real Estate Sequel" – via NYTimes.com.
  55. ^ Knowawall. "Richard Meier & Partners Architects LLP". richardmeier.com. Retrieved February 2, 2014.
  56. ^ Knowawall Liam Armstrong. "Richard Meier & Partners Architects LLP". richardmeier.com. Retrieved February 2, 2014.
  57. ^ Sara Nathan. "Claire Danes snaps up a $6.8 million West Village townhouse to raise her newborn son...and it's nicer than Carrie Mathison's bleak duplex". London: dailymail.co.uk. Retrieved February 2, 2014.
  58. ^ "Vornado's Steve Roth Sells West Village Loft for Four Times What He Paid". observer.com. Retrieved February 2, 2014.
  59. ^ "Celebrity Homes In The West Village". Business Insider. September 28, 2012. Retrieved February 2, 2014.
  60. ^ "NYC Celebrity Star Map 2014 - Where Celebrities Live in New York City". rentenna.com. January 20, 2014. Retrieved February 2, 2014.
  61. ^ "Saoirse Ronan on Brooklyn, her stage debut, why moms know best and returning to New York". Time Out. February 16, 2016. Retrieved February 22, 2016.
  62. ^ Davies, Anna (8 May 2016). "Van Damme's daughter is even more badass than he is". New York Post. Retrieved 2016-05-11.
  63. ^ Biography for West Village at IMDb
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40°44′09″N 74°00′13″W / 40.73578°N 74.00357°W / 40.73578; -74.00357

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