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Temporary protected status

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Temporary protected status (TPS) is given by the United States government to eligible nationals of designated countries, as determined by the Secretary of Homeland Security, who are present in the United States. In general, the Secretary of Homeland Security may grant temporary protected status to people already present in the United States who are nationals of a country experiencing ongoing armed conflict, an environmental disaster, or any temporary or extraordinary conditions that would prevent the foreign national from returning safely and assimilating into their duty.[1] Temporary protected status allows beneficiaries to live and, in some cases, work in the United States for a limited amount of time. As of March 2022, there are more than 400,000 foreign nationals in Temporary Protected Status.[2]

History

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In 1990, as part of the Immigration Act of 1990 ("IMMACT"), P.L. 101–649, Congress established a procedure by which the Attorney General may provide temporary protected status to immigrants in the United States who are temporarily unable to safely return to their home country because of ongoing armed conflict, an environmental disaster, or other extraordinary and temporary conditions.[3][4]

On March 1, 2003, pursuant to the Homeland Security Act of 2002, Public Law 107–296, the former Immigration and Naturalization Services of the Department of Justice was divided into three different agencies under the Department of Homeland Security, namely U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS), and U.S. Customs and Border Protection (USCBP).[5] As of October 2017, the authority to designate a country for temporary protected status rests with the United States Secretary of Homeland Security.

TPS beneficiaries and those who are found preliminarily eligible for TPS upon initial review of their cases are not removable from the United States, can obtain employment authorization (with an Employment Authorization Document (EAD)), and may be granted travel authorization via Form I-131, Application for Travel Document.[6]

By 2017, the temporary protected status program covered people from ten countries, namely El Salvador, Haiti, Honduras, Liberia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Somalia, Sudan, South Sudan, Syria, and Yemen. By November 2017, about 300,000 foreign nationals were recipients of protection under temporary protected status.[7] Some have been in the United States since the 1990s.

Deferred Enforced Departure is a status similar to temporary protected status. It covers those who formerly had TPS from certain countries prior to its termination. It is active for Liberia through March 30, 2020 and covers those who had TPS as of the termination of the second most recent TPS designation of Liberian on September 30, 2007.[8] Liberians covered by DED, as well as some Liberians not covered by DED, may be eligible for permanent resident status (a Green Card) under recently enacted legislation known as Liberian Refugee Immigration Fairness Act (LRIF).[8]

The Trump administration tried to end temporary protected status for certain individuals of certain nationalities, while advocacy groups instead recommended that people with temporary protected status be allowed to apply for permanent residency status.[9]

The 2021 United States Supreme Court case Sanchez v. Mayorkas affirmed that temporary protected status only granted legal status to remain in the country and was not equivalent to lawful admission into the country. Thus, those immigrants that had entered the country unlawfully but had received temporarily protected status are ineligible to apply for permanent resident status simply through virtue of their temporary protected status.[10]

Eligibility

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Designation of a country's nationals for temporary protected status allows all of those country's nationals who are in the United States on the day of the designation to apply for temporary protected status. Anyone from that country who enters after that date is not eligible. When the status comes up for expiration, the Attorney General of the United States may choose to redesignate, allowing that country's nationals who have entered since the original designation to apply, or to extend, which merely allows the previous recipients to maintain their status until the new expiration date.[11]

A person who is a national of a country, or a person having no nationality who last habitually resided in that country, designated for temporary protected status is eligible to apply for temporary protected status benefits if he or she:

  • Establishes the necessary continuous physical presence and continuous residence in the United States as specified by each designation;
  • Is not subject to one of the criminal, security-related, or other bars to temporary protected status; and
  • Applies for temporary protected status within the specified time period. If the Attorney General of the United States extends a temporary protected status designation beyond the initial designation period, the beneficiary must timely re-register to maintain his or her temporary protected status benefits under the temporary protected status program.

A person is not eligible for temporary protected status if he or she:

  • Has been convicted of any felony or two or more misdemeanors committed in the United States;
  • Is a person who ordered, incited, assisted, or otherwise participated in the persecution of any person on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion, or is otherwise subject to one of the bars to asylum; or
  • Is subject to one of several criminal-related or terrorism-related grounds of inadmissibility for which a waiver is not available.

Late initial registration is available for those who did not apply during the initial registration period of a country's temporary protected status designation. In addition to meeting all of the other requirements for temporary protected status in one's own right (residence, physical presence, etc.), a late initial registrant must establish eligibility to file late by showing that one or more of the late initial filing conditions existed during the initial registration period and also within 60 days of filing the late initial temporary protected status application. Children and spouses of temporary protected status-eligible individuals cannot derive continuous residence or continuous physical presence from their parents or spouses for late initial filings.

Employment authorization

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TPS applicants are eligible to receive an Employment Authorization Document (EAD) based on temporary protected status only if they have a pending or approved initial Form I-821 (application for temporary protected status).[12] Category C19 appears on Employment Authorization Documents issued while the initial Form I-821 is pending approval or denial; therefore, receiving a C19 Employment Authorization Document does not mean that an applicant has been granted temporary protected status. Category A12 appears on Employment Authorization Documents issued after the initial Form I-821 has been approved.

During the period for which a country has been designated for TPS, beneficiaries may remain in the United States and may obtain work authorization. A person in temporary protected status is considered as being in "lawful status as a nonimmigrant".[13][14] Temporary protected status does not provide a path to permanent resident status (green card) or United States citizenship.[13]

TPSs is typically designated for between 6 and 18 months at a time for each country; once that time is up, the status expires and its beneficiaries revert to the same immigration status they maintained before TPS (unless that status had since expired). Accordingly, if an immigrant did not have lawful status prior to receiving temporary protected status and did not obtain any other lawful status during the designation of temporary protected status, the person reverts to unlawful status upon the expiration of that designation of temporary protected status.[15] However, employment authorization documentation (EADs) and/or TPS approval notices that appear to contain expired validity dates on their face may be automatically extended without the need to file a new Form I-821 and/or Form I-765 per the most recent Federal Register Notices (FRNs) for each country.[16]

Denial or withdrawal of application

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U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) may withdraw TPS if the person was not originally eligible or is no longer eligible; if the person has left the U.S. without first receiving advance parole since status was granted; or if the person does not re-register within 30 days of the end each 12-month period of status, unless for good cause.[17][18]

As long as the current designation of TPS for a registrant's country remains active, withdrawal of TPS must be by written notice to the person from USCIS.

Applicants are not eligible to file a re-registration of TPS application if their initial Form I-821 has been denied or if United States Citizenship and Immigration Services has withdrawn its prior approval of their TPS.[19] The automatic validity extension of certain TPS documentation for countries covered by the injunctions/litigation (El Salvador, Nicaragua, Haiti, Sudan, Honduras, and Nepal) also does not apply for anyone whose TPS has been formally withdrawn by USCIS.

If temporary protected status has been denied or withdrawn, however, it is possible to file another initial Form I-821. USCIS will treat the new initial Form I-821 as a late initial registration application. The full initial application fees must be paid for all multiple initial Form I-821s, and in Part 1 of the new initial Form I-821, Box A must be selected.

If USCIS approves a subsequent initial Form I-821, the applicant's temporary protected status will be established or restored and she or he may thereafter file re-registration applications.

Alternatively, an applicant whose temporary protected status has been denied or withdrawn may follow the instructions provided in the Notice of Denial or Withdrawal for filing a Form I-290B (Notice of Appeal or Motion) or, if applicable, seeking de novo review of TPS eligibility before an Immigration Judge in deportation or exclusion proceedings.

Injunctions

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The Department of Homeland Security (DHS)'s previously announced decisions to terminate TPS for El Salvador, Nicaragua, Sudan, Haiti, Honduras, and Nepal as of certain dates are undergoing challenges in the court system. In the last two years, some partial decisions have been made in regards to Sudan, Nicaragua, Haiti, and El Salvador. Specifically:

On October 3, 2018, in Ramos, et al. v. Nielsen, et al., No. 18-cv-01554 (N.D. Cal. Oct. 3, 2018), the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California enjoined DHS from implementing and enforcing the decisions to terminate TPS for Sudan, Nicaragua, Haiti and El Salvador. As of September 2020, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals made the decision to temporarily prohibited DHS from terminating any beneficiaries that are from the countries listed above.[20] Given this decision, the beneficiaries should remain in the United States through December 31, 2022 which was acknowledged and upheld by DHS. In addition, DHS put out an official Federal Register Notice ("FRN") that stated the following documents will automatically extend through December 2022: Employment Authorization Documents (EAD), Form I-797, Notice of Action (also known as an Approval Notice), Form I-94, Arrival and Departure Record (other TPS eligibility documentation).[21]

In 2019, TPS beneficiaries' statuses, from Honduras and Nepal, were threatened by DHS similarly to those of TPS beneficiaries from Nicaragua, Sudan, Haiti, and El Salvador. Because the cases were very alike, a judge from the US District Court for the Northern District of California decided to link this case to that of Ramos v. Nielsen.[20] By doing so, DHS was in no position to terminate the beneficiaries status in the US until that was resolved. Now— because this the future of Honduras and Nepal beneficiaries depends on what happens to the beneficiaries of Haiti, El Salvador, Sudan, and Nicaragua; the final decision that will come in the future for Ramos v. Nielsen will determine what happens to the TPS beneficiaries of Haiti, Sudan, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Honduras, and Nepal.[22]

In regards to Venezuela, Syria, and Burma (also known as Myanmar) being added as countries whose nationals are eligible to become beneficiaries of TPS, DHS has extended the initial registration period from 180 days to 18 months, as of August 2021. DHS is strictly enforcing that extensions nor submission of applications later that the given time period will not be considered and rejected.[23]

The "Automatic Extension of EADs Issued Under the TPS Designations for El Salvador, Haiti, Honduras, Nepal, Nicaragua, and Sudan" and "Automatic Extension of Forms I-94 and Forms I-797" tables in the most recent Federal Register Notices (FRNs) for these countries state whether the validity of current TPS registrants' Employment Authorization Documents (EADs), TPS I-821 approval notices, and/or I-94s has been automatically extended without needing to file a new Form I-821 and/or Form I-765.[24] The "Automatic Employment Authorization Document (EAD) Extension" section of each of U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS)'s country-specific TPS webpages also states which prior EAD, approval notice, and I-94 end validity dates have been automatically extended without the need to re-file as long as beneficiaries remain eligible for TPS and the injunctions isn't removed or updated on behalf of the court.[24]

Those whose TPS documents have been automatically extended can show their existing documentation and a copy of the relevant FRN to employers and agencies as verification of their continuing TPS and employment authorization.[25] Registrants whose EADs, I-821 approval notices, and/or I-94s have been automatically extended do not receive any notification of or documentation concerning the extension of validity other than the FRN itself.[26]

Impact

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Registrants who are poised to potentially lose TPS if it is terminated for their country and not continued based on an injunction have a number of options. Salvadorian official Roberto Lorenzana[a] estimates that about half will be eligible to apply for permanent residence.[27] Many are expected to stay in the United States illegally.[28] However, those who do choose to stay in the United States illegally are expected to be much easier to deport than most undocumented immigrants because their home and workplace are known to the government through the application process for temporary protected status.[27]

César Ríos of the Salvadorean Migrant Institute estimates that, at most, 15% of Salvadorians with temporary protected status will return to El Salvador if their status terminates.[27] Some have considered moving to Canada.[27] The government of El Salvador has been in conversation with the government of Qatar about some of those formerly under temporary protected status working in Qatar temporarily.[29]

The United States has made an agreement with El Salvador to limit the number of deportation flights to eight a week, each with a maximum capacity of 135 people. This puts the maximum number of deportations at 56,000 Salvadoreans a year.[27][b]

Business owners and local governments in the United States have expressed concern about the economic impact of possibly enforcing TPS terminations on industries which depend on workers in the United States under temporary protected status.[28] Deportation is expected to cause disruption in El Salvador and increase illegal immigration from El Salvador to the United States.[28]

A 2017 study by the Immigrant Legal Resource Center found that removing temporary protected status from Haitians, Salvadorans, and Hondurans would decrease Social Security and Medicare income by $6.9 billion, decrease Gross Domestic Product by $45.2 billion, and incur deportation costs of $3.1 billion over 10 years.[31][28]

Concerns also exist that if TPS is terminated for large numbers of registrants who have now lived and worked in the United States for decades under the program, numerous United States citizen children who currently reside with and depend on their TPS registrant parents or guardians will be impacted.[32]

Nationals

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Countries with nationals under temporary protected status

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Countries with nationals formerly under temporary protected status

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See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ See "Roberto Lorenzana". Thirty-sixth session of ECLAC (Biography). 5 May 2016.
  2. ^ ICE typically utilizes only eight airplanes for deportation worldwide, at a cost of $8,410 per flight-hour in 2015.[30]
  3. ^ a b On October 3, 2018, in Ramos, et al v. Nielsen, et al., the United States District Court for the Northern District of California enjoined the Department of Homeland Security from implementing and enforcing the decisions to terminate Temporary Protected Status for Sudan, Haiti, El Salvador, and Nicaragua, pending further resolution of the case.[38]
  4. ^ Temporary Protected Status for Nepal and Honduras will not go into effect while appeals are pending in the federal court case of Ramos, et al v. Nielsen, et al., as required by the federal court-approved stipulation in Bhattarai v. Nielsen.[47]
  5. ^ Discontinued because no longer temporary as "volcanic eruptions are unlikely to cease in the foreseeable future".[70]

References

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  1. ^ "temporary protected status". United States Citizenship and Immigration Services. December 21, 2021. Retrieved February 4, 2022.
  2. ^ a b Sullivan, Eileen (March 3, 2022). "U.S. Grants Temporary Protected Status to Some Ukrainians". The New York Times.
  3. ^ "Pub. L. 101-649 Immigration Act of 1990". United States Department of Justice. March 4, 2009. Retrieved January 8, 2018.
  4. ^ Ostrow, Ronald J. (November 30, 1990). "Bush signs immigration reform law". Austin American-Statesman (Austin, Texas). p. A2.
  5. ^ "Our History". USCIS. Retrieved November 1, 2017.
  6. ^ "Temporary protected status". USCIS. January 17, 2020.
  7. ^ About 2,500 Nicaraguans to Lose Special Permission to Live in U.S. By Ron Nixon Nov. 6, 2017
  8. ^ a b "DED Granted Country - Liberia". USCIS. January 29, 2020.
  9. ^ UCLA Study Recommends Permanent Residence for Immigrants in Temporary Protected Status (September 5, 2020)
  10. ^ Liptak, Adam (June 7, 2021). "Supreme Court Rules Against Immigrants Seeking Green Cards". The New York Times. Retrieved June 7, 2021.
  11. ^ "Temporary protected status". United States Department of Justice. 13 January 2015. Retrieved November 1, 2017.
  12. ^ "Temporary Protected Status Alert". U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS)/U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services(USCIS). nd. Retrieved January 8, 2018.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Wilson, Jill H. (November 2, 2017). "Temporary Protected Status: Overview and Current Issues". Congressional Research Service.
  14. ^ "Immigration and Naturalization Act, Section 244(f). (8 U.S.C. 125)". United States Citizenship and Immigration Service.
  15. ^ "Temporary protected status". United States Citizenship and Immigration Services. Retrieved November 1, 2017.
  16. ^ "2.1.3 Unexpired Document Required". E-Verify. 27 October 2023.
  17. ^ 8 CFR 244.14)
  18. ^ 8 CFR 244.15)
  19. ^ "Decisions Issued in 2009" (PDF). United States Citizenship and Immigration Services. September 14, 2009.[dead link‍]
  20. ^ a b Clinic. (2021, September 21). Promoting the dignity of immigrants with affordable legal expertise. Challenges to TPS and DED Terminations and Other TPS-Related Litigation | Catholic Legal Immigration Network, Inc. (CLINIC). Retrieved February 4, 2022, from https://cliniclegal.org/resources/humanitarian-relief/temporary-protected-status-and-deferred-enforced-departure/challenges
  21. ^ USA, U. S. C. I. S. (2021, September 9). Update on Ramos V. Nielsen. USCIS. Retrieved February 5, 2022, from https://www.uscis.gov/humanitarian/update-on-ramos-v-nielsen
  22. ^ Clinic.(2021, September 21). Promoting the dignity of immigrants with affordable legal expertise. Challenges to TPS and DED Terminations and Other TPS-Related Litigation | Catholic Legal Immigration Network, Inc. (CLINIC). Retrieved February 4, 2022, from https://cliniclegal.org/resources/humanitarian-relief/temporary-protected-status-and-deferred-enforced-departure/challenges
  23. ^ USA, U. S. C. I. S. (2021, August 4). Federal Register document issue for 2021-08-04. Extension of Initial Registration Periods for New Temporary Protected Status Applicants Under the Designations for Venezuela, Syria, Burma; Correction to the Notice on the Designation of Venezuela for Temporary Protected Status and Implementation of Employment Authorization for Venezuelans Covered by Deferred Enforced Departure. Retrieved February 4, 2022, from https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2021/08/04
  24. ^ a b "Temporary Protected Status Designated Country: El Salvador". USCIS. November 1, 2019.
  25. ^ "Temporary Protected Status Designated Country: El Salvador | USCIS". www.uscis.gov. 2020-12-07. Retrieved 2021-05-27.
  26. ^ "Continuation of Documentation for Beneficiaries of Temporary Protected Status Designations for El Salvador, Haiti, Honduras, Nepal, Nicaragua, and Sudan". Federal Register. November 4, 2019.
  27. ^ a b c d e "A fearful welcome: How will El Salvador cope with deportees from America?". The Economist. 11 January 2018. Retrieved 17 February 2018.
  28. ^ a b c d Woody, Christopher (17 January 2018). "Trump's latest immigration crackdown threatens the economy". Business Insider. Retrieved 17 February 2018.
  29. ^ Renteria, Nelson; Cooney, Peter (17 January 2018). "El Salvador eyes work scheme with Qatar for migrants facing exit..." U.S. Retrieved 17 February 2018.
  30. ^ Ortega, Bob (18 April 2015). "ICE Air may have wasted $41 million flying detainees". The Arizona Republic. Retrieved 17 February 2018.
  31. ^ Baran, Amanda; Magaña-Salgado, Jose; Wong, Tom K. (April 2017). "Economic contributions by Salvadoran, Honduran, and Haitian TPS holders: The cost to taxpayers, GDP, and businesses of ending TPS" (PDF). Washington, DC: Immigrant Legal Resource Center. Retrieved 17 February 2018.
  32. ^ Schochet, Leila; Svajlenka, Nicole Prchal (11 February 2019). "How Ending TPS Will Hurt U.S.-Citizen Children". Center for American Progress.
  33. ^ Secretary Mayorkas Designates Afghanistan for Temporary Protected Status
  34. ^ "Temporary Protected Status Designated Country: Afghanistan". U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services. Department of Homeland Security. January 27, 2024.
  35. ^ Shivaram, Deepa (April 16, 2022). "The U.S. designates Temporary Protected Status to Cameroon for 18 months". National Public Radio.
  36. ^ "Extension and Redesignation of Cameroon for Temporary Protected Status". U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services. October 10, 2023. Retrieved June 12, 2024.
  37. ^ a b c d e "DHS Publishes Federal Register Notice Announcing the Extensions of Re-Registration Periods for Temporary Protected Status for El Salvador, Haiti, Honduras, Nepal, Nicaragua and Sudan". United States Citizenship and Immigration Services. 13 December 2023. Retrieved June 12, 2024.
  38. ^ "Ramos, et al v. Nielsen, et al." United States District Court for the Northern District of California. October 3, 2018.
  39. ^ DHS Designates Ethiopia for Temporary Protected Status for 18 Months
  40. ^ "Extension and Redesignation of Ethiopia for Temporary Protected Status". U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services. April 15, 2024. Retrieved June 12, 2024.
  41. ^ Jackson, David (January 15, 2010). "Obama team grants special status to Haitian nationals in U.S.". USA Today .
  42. ^ McKinley Jr., James C. (January 15, 2010). "Vows to Move Fast for Haitian Immigrants in U.S.". The New York Times.
  43. ^ Atkinson, Khorri (July 21, 2017). "Haitian Immigrants With Temporary Status Await Trump’s Next Move". The New York Times.
  44. ^ "Designation of Haiti for Temporary Protected Status". U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services. Federal Register. August 3, 2021.
  45. ^ "Temporary Protected Status Designated Country: Honduras". United States Citizenship and Immigration Services. Retrieved October 11, 2019.
  46. ^ Jordan, Miriam (May 4, 2018). "Trump Administration Ends Protected Status for Thousands of Hondurans". The New York Times.
  47. ^ "Update on Bhattarai v. Nielsen". United States Citizenship and Immigration Services". June 7, 2019.
  48. ^ Biden, Joe (July 26, 2024). "Memorandum on the Deferred Enforced Departure for Certain Lebanese Nationals". The White House. Archived from the original on July 27, 2024. Retrieved July 27, 2024.
  49. ^ Bennett, John (April 1, 1991). "Wars Prompt Visa Extensions". Scripps Howard. Appleton, Wisconsin: The Post-Crescent. p. A6.
  50. ^ "RIN 1615–ZB88 Designation of Burma (Myanmar) for Temporary Protected Status". U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services. U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Federal Register. Vol. 86. No. 99. May 25, 2021. p. 28132.
  51. ^ "Extension and Redesignation of Burma (Myanmar) for Temporary Protected Status". U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services. March 25, 2024. Retrieved June 12, 2024.
  52. ^ "DHS Announces Temporary Protected Status Designation for Nepal". United States Citizenship and Immigration Services. 24 June 2015. Retrieved June 25, 2015.
  53. ^ "RIN 1615–ZB77 Extension of the Designation of Somalia for Temporary Protected Status". U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services. U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Federal Register. Vol. 85. No. 48. March 11, 2020. p. 14229.
  54. ^ "Notice of temporary protected status extension and redesignation.". U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services. Department of Homeland Security. July 22, 2021.
  55. ^ "Extension and Redesignation of Somalia for Temporary Protected Status". U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services. Department of Homeland Security. March 13, 2023.
  56. ^ "Temporary Protected Status Designated Country: South Sudan". U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services. 22 April 2024. Retrieved June 12, 2024.
  57. ^ "Temporary Protected Status Designated Country: South Sudan". U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services. Department of Homeland Security. Retrieved September 21, 2023.
  58. ^ "RIN 1615–ZB72 Extension and Redesignation of Syria for Temporary Protected Status". U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services. U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Federal Register. Vol. 86. No. 52. March 19, 2021. p. 14946.
  59. ^ "Extension and Redesignation of Syria for Temporary Protected Status". U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Service. January 29, 2024. Retrieved June 12, 2024.
  60. ^ "Temporary Protected Status Designated Country: Ukraine". U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services. Department of Homeland Security. Retrieved September 21, 2023.
  61. ^ Montoya-Galvez, Camilo (September 20, 2023). "U.S. offers nearly half-a-million Venezuelan migrants legal status and work permits following demands from strained cities". CBS News.
  62. ^ "Temporary Protected Status Designated Country: Venezuela". U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services. April 2024. Retrieved June 12, 2024.
  63. ^ "DHS Announces Temporary Protected Status Designation for Yemen". United States Citizenship and Immigration Services. 3 September 2015. Retrieved September 10, 2015.
  64. ^ "RIN 1615–ZB76 Extension of the Designation of Yemen for Temporary Protected Status". U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services. U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Federal Register. Vol. 85. No. 41. March 2, 2020. p. 12313.
  65. ^ "Extension and Redesignation of Yemen for Temporary Protected Status". U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services. Department of Homeland Security. July 9, 2021.
  66. ^ "Temporary Protected Status Designated Country: Yemen". U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services. Department of Homeland Security. Retrieved September 21, 2023.
  67. ^ a b c "DHS Announces Temporary Protected Status Designations for Liberia, Guinea, and Sierra Leone". U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services. Department of Homeland Security. 20 November 2014. Retrieved December 16, 2014.
  68. ^ "Temporary Refuge". All Things Considered. National Public Radio. January 9, 1999.
  69. ^ Levy, Doug (February 21, 2005). "Haven no more: Refugees from volcano-stricken isle must leave U.S." The Patriot Ledger (Quincy, Massachusetts).
  70. ^ "Termination of the Designation of Montserrat Under the Temporary Protected Status Program". USCIS. July 6, 2004.
  71. ^ "Termination of the Designation of Sierra Leone Under the Temporary Protected Status Program". USCIS. September 3, 2003.
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