Haplogroup P (Y-DNA): Difference between revisions

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| Europe||Germany||[[Munich]]||95||NA||NA||14.3||<ref name = "Kayser_2005" />
| Europe||Germany||[[Munich]]||95||NA||NA||14.3||<ref name = "Kayser_2005" />
|-
|-
| Europe||Greece||Nea Nikomedeia||57||NA||0.00||21.1||<ref name="King_2008">{{cite journal | vauthors = King RJ, Ozcan SS, Carter T, Kalfoğlu E, Atasoy S, Triantaphyllidis C, Kouvatsi A, Lin AA, Chow CE, Zhivotovsky LA, Michalodimitrakis M, Underhill PA | display-authors = 6 | title = Differential Y-chromosome Anatolian influences on the Greek and Cretan Neolithic | journal = Annals of Human Genetics | volume = 72 | issue = Pt 2 | pages = 205–14 | date = March 2008 | pmid = 18269686 | doi = 10.1111/j.1469-1809.2007.00414.x | url = }}</ref>
| Europe||Greece||Nea Nikomedeia||57||NA||0.00||21.1||{{Harvcoltxt|King et al.|2008}}
|-
|-
| Europe||Greece||Sesklo/Dimini||57||NA||0.00||10.5||{{Harvcoltxt|King et al.|2008}}
| Europe||Greece||Sesklo/Dimini||57||NA||0.00||10.5||<ref name="King_2008" />
|-
|-
| Europe||Greece||Lerna/Franchthi||57||NA||0.00||1.8||{{Harvcoltxt|King et al.|2008}}
| Europe||Greece||Lerna/Franchthi||57||NA||0.00||1.8||<ref name="King_2008" />
|-
|-
| Europe||Greece||Crete||193||NA||0.50||8.3||{{Harvcoltxt|King et al.|2008}}
| Europe||Greece||Crete||193||NA||0.50||8.3||<ref name="King_2008" />
|-
|-
| Europe||Greece||Crete, Heraklion Prefecture||104||NA||0.00||8.7||<ref name="Martinez_2007">{{cite journal | vauthors = Martinez L, Underhill PA, Zhivotovsky LA, Gayden T, Moschonas NK, Chow CE, Conti S, Mamolini E, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Herrera RJ | title = Paleolithic Y-haplogroup heritage predominates in a Cretan highland plateau | journal = European Journal of Human Genetics : EJHG | volume = 15 | issue = 4 | pages = 485–93 | date = April 2007 | pmid = 17264870 | doi = 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201769 }}</ref>
| Europe||Greece||Crete, Heraklion Prefecture||104||NA||0.00||8.7||{{Harvcoltxt|Martinez et al.|2007}}
|-
|-
| Europe||Greece||Crete, Lasithi Plateau||41||NA||0.00||29.3||{{Harvcoltxt|Martinez et al.|2007}}
| Europe||Greece||Crete, Lasithi Plateau||41||NA||0.00||29.3||<ref name="Martinez_2007" />
|-
|-
| Europe||Greece||Crete, Lasithi Prefecture||23||NA||0.00||17.4||{{Harvcoltxt|Martinez et al.|2007}}
| Europe||Greece||Crete, Lasithi Prefecture||23||NA||0.00||17.4||<ref name="Martinez_2007" />
|-
|-
| Europe||Ukraine||||94||NA||NA||43.6||<ref name = "Kharkov_2004">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kharkov VN, Stepanov VA, Borinskaya SA, Kozhekbaeva ZM, Gusar VA, Grechanina EY, Puzyrev VP, Khusnutdinova EK, Yankovsky NK | title = Gene pool structure of eastern Ukrainians as inferred from the Y-chromosome haplogroups. | journal = Russian Journal of Genetics | date = March 2004 | volume = 40 | issue = 3 | pages = 326–331 | doi = 10.1023/B:RUGE.0000021635.80528.2f }}</ref>
| Europe||Ukraine||||94||NA||NA||43.6||{{Harvcoltxt|Kharkov et al.|2004}}
|-
|-
| Europe||[[Belarus]]||||68||NA||NA||45.6||<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kharkov VN, Stepanov VA, Feshchenko SP, Borinskaya SA, Yankovsky NK, Puzyrev VP | title = Frequencies of Y chromosome binary haplogroups in Belarussians. | journal = Russian Journal of Genetics | date = August 2005 | volume = 41 | issue = 8 | pages = 928–931 | doi = 10.1007/s11177-005-0182-x }}</ref>
| Europe||[[Belarus]]||||68||NA||NA||45.6||{{Harvcoltxt|Kharkov et al.|2005}}
|-
|-
| North Asia||Russia (Altai Republic)||Northern Altaians (Gorno-Altaisk) ||20||NA||NA||50.0||{{Harvcoltxt|Kharkov et al.|2007}}
| North Asia||Russia (Altai Republic)||Northern Altaians (Gorno-Altaisk) ||20||NA||NA||50.0||<ref name = "Kharkov_2007">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kharkov VN, Stepanov VA, Medvedeva OF, Spiridonova MG, Voevoda MI, Tadinova VN, Puzyrev VP | title = Gene pool differences between northern and southern Altaians inferred from the data on Y-chromosomal haplogroups. | journal = Russian Journal of Genetics. | date = May 2007 | volume = 43 | issue = 5 | pages = 551-562 | doi = 10.1134/S1022795407050110 }}</ref>
|-
|-
| North Asia||Russia (Altai Republic)||Northern Altaians (Kurmach-Baigol) ||11||NA||NA||18.2||{{Harvcoltxt|Kharkov et al.|2007}}
| North Asia||Russia (Altai Republic)||Northern Altaians (Kurmach-Baigol) ||11||NA||NA||18.2||<ref name = "Kharkov_2007" />
|-
|-
| North Asia||Russia (Altai Republic)||Northern Altaians (Turochak) ||19||NA||NA||36.8||{{Harvcoltxt|Kharkov et al.|2007}}
| North Asia||Russia (Altai Republic)||Northern Altaians (Turochak) ||19||NA||NA||36.8||<ref name = "Kharkov_2007" />
|-
|-
| North Asia||Russia (Altai Republic)||Southern Altaians (Beshpel'tir) ||43||NA||NA||58.1||{{Harvcoltxt|Kharkov et al.|2007}}
| North Asia||Russia (Altai Republic)||Southern Altaians (Beshpel'tir) ||43||NA||NA||58.1||<ref name = "Kharkov_2007" />
|-
|-
| North Asia||Russia (Altai Republic)||Southern Altaians (Kulada) ||46||NA||NA||52.2||{{Harvcoltxt|Kharkov et al.|2007}}
| North Asia||Russia (Altai Republic)||Southern Altaians (Kulada) ||46||NA||NA||52.2||<ref name = "Kharkov_2007" />
|-
|-
| North Asia||Russia (Altai Republic)||Southern Altaians (Kosh-Agach) ||7||NA||NA||28.6||{{Harvcoltxt|Kharkov et al.|2007}}
| North Asia||Russia (Altai Republic)||Southern Altaians (Kosh-Agach) ||7||NA||NA||28.6||<ref name = "Kharkov_2007" />
|-
|-
| Europe||England||[[West Lancashire]] (standard 2-G{{efn|name="modern"}})||49||NA||NA||2.0||<ref name = "Bowden_2008">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bowden GR, Balaresque P, King TE, Hansen Z, Lee AC, Pergl-Wilson G, Hurley E, Roberts SJ, Waite P, Jesch J, Jones AL, Thomas MG, Harding SE, Jobling MA | display-authors = 6 | title = Excavating past population structures by surname-based sampling: the genetic legacy of the Vikings in northwest England | journal = Molecular Biology and Evolution | volume = 25 | issue = 2 | pages = 301–309 | date = February 2008 | pmid = 18032405 | pmc = 2628767 | doi = 10.1093/molbev/msm255 | ref = {{sfnref|Bowden, Balaresque, et al.|2008}} | quote = Samples ascertained on the basis of two generations of residence were compared with independent samples based on known ancestry in the region, plus the possession of a surname known from historical records to have been present there in medieval times. }}</ref>
| Europe||England||[[West Lancashire]] (standard 2-G{{efn|name="modern"}})||49||NA||NA||2.0||<ref name = "Bowden_2008">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bowden GR, Balaresque P, King TE, Hansen Z, Lee AC, Pergl-Wilson G, Hurley E, Roberts SJ, Waite P, Jesch J, Jones AL, Thomas MG, Harding SE, Jobling MA | display-authors = 6 | title = Excavating past population structures by surname-based sampling: the genetic legacy of the Vikings in northwest England | journal = Molecular Biology and Evolution | volume = 25 | issue = 2 | pages = 301–309 | date = February 2008 | pmid = 18032405 | pmc = 2628767 | doi = 10.1093/molbev/msm255 | ref = {{sfnref|Bowden, Balaresque, et al.|2008}} | quote = Samples ascertained on the basis of two generations of residence were compared with independent samples based on known ancestry in the region, plus the possession of a surname known from historical records to have been present there in medieval times. }}</ref>
Line 740: Line 740:
| Europe||England||Wirral Peninsula (medieval{{efn|name="medieval"}})||37||NA||NA||13.5|||<ref name = "Bowden_2008" />
| Europe||England||Wirral Peninsula (medieval{{efn|name="medieval"}})||37||NA||NA||13.5|||<ref name = "Bowden_2008" />
|-
|-
| South Asia||India||South India, Chenchu||41||NA||NA||26.8||<ref name="Kivisild_2003">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kivisild T, Rootsi S, Metspalu M, Mastana S, Kaldma K, Parik J, Metspalu E, Adojaan M, Tolk HV, Stepanov V, Gölge M, Usanga E, Papiha SS, Cinnioğlu C, King R, Cavalli-Sforza L, Underhill PA, Villems R | display-authors = 6 | title = The genetic heritage of the earliest settlers persists both in Indian tribal and caste populations | journal = American Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 72 | issue = 2 | pages = 313–32 | date = February 2003 | pmid = 12536373 | pmc = 379225 | doi = 10.1086/346068 }}</ref>
| South Asia||India||South India, Chenchu||41||NA||NA||26.8||{{Harvcoltxt|Kivisild et al.|2003}}
|-
|-
| South Asia||India||South India, Koya||41||NA||NA||2.4||{{Harvcoltxt|Kivisild et al.|2003}}
| South Asia||India||South India, Koya||41||NA||NA||2.4||<ref name="Kivisild_2003" />
|-
|-
| South Asia||India||West Bengal||31||NA||NA||38.7||{{Harvcoltxt|Kivisild et al.|2003}}
| South Asia||India||West Bengal||31||NA||NA||38.7||<ref name="Kivisild_2003" />
|-
|-
| South Asia||India||Konkanastha Brahmins, Bombay||43||NA||NA||41.9||{{Harvcoltxt|Kivisild et al.|2003}}
| South Asia||India||Konkanastha Brahmins, Bombay||43||NA||NA||41.9||<ref name="Kivisild_2003" />
|-
|-
| South Asia||India||Gujarat||29||NA||NA||24.1||{{Harvcoltxt|Kivisild et al.|2003}}
| South Asia||India||Gujarat||29||NA||NA||24.1||<ref name="Kivisild_2003" />
|-
|-
| South Asia||India||Lambadi||35||NA||NA||8.6||{{Harvcoltxt|Kivisild et al.|2003}}
| South Asia||India||Lambadi||35||NA||NA||8.6||<ref name="Kivisild_2003" />
|-
|-
| South Asia||India||Punjab||66||NA||NA||47.0||{{Harvcoltxt|Kivisild et al.|2003}}
| South Asia||India||Punjab||66||NA||NA||47.0||<ref name="Kivisild_2003" />
|-
|-
| South Asia||Sri Lanka||Sinhalese||39||NA||NA||12.8||{{Harvcoltxt|Kivisild et al.|2003}}
| South Asia||Sri Lanka||Sinhalese||39||NA||NA||12.8||<ref name="Kivisild_2003" />
|-
|-
| North Asia||Russia||Tuvan ||40||NA||NA||7.5||<ref name="Lell_2002">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lell JT, Sukernik RI, Starikovskaya YB, Su B, Jin L, Schurr TG, Underhill PA, Wallace DC | title = The dual origin and Siberian affinities of Native American Y chromosomes | journal = American Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 70 | issue = 1 | pages = 192–206 | date = January 2002 | pmid = 11731934 | pmc = 384887 | doi = 10.1086/338457 }}</ref>
| North Asia||Russia||Tuvan ||40||NA||NA||7.5||{{Harvcoltxt|Lell et al.|2002}}
|-
|-
| North Asia||Russia||Tofalar ||19||NA||NA||5.3||{{Harvcoltxt|Lell et al.|2002}}
| North Asia||Russia||Tofalar ||19||NA||NA||5.3||<ref name="Lell_2002" />
|-
|-
| North Asia||Russia||Buryat ||13||NA||NA||0.0||{{Harvcoltxt|Lell et al.|2002}}
| North Asia||Russia||Buryat ||13||NA||NA||0.0||<ref name="Lell_2002" />
|-
|-
| North Asia||Russia||Yenisey Evenk ||31||NA||NA||9.7||{{Harvcoltxt|Lell et al.|2002}}
| North Asia||Russia||Yenisey Evenk ||31||NA||NA||9.7||<ref name="Lell_2002" />
|-
|-
| North Asia||Russia||Okhotsk Evenk ||16||NA||NA||0.0||{{Harvcoltxt|Lell et al.|2002}}
| North Asia||Russia||Okhotsk Evenk ||16||NA||NA||0.0||<ref name="Lell_2002" />
|-
|-
| North Asia||Russia||Ulchi/Nanai ||53||NA||NA||0.0||{{Harvcoltxt|Lell et al.|2002}}
| North Asia||Russia||Ulchi/Nanai ||53||NA||NA||0.0||<ref name="Lell_2002" />
|-
|-
| North Asia||Russia||Upriver Negidal ||10||NA||NA||0.0||{{Harvcoltxt|Lell et al.|2002}}
| North Asia||Russia||Upriver Negidal ||10||NA||NA||0.0||<ref name="Lell_2002" />
|-
|-
| North Asia||Russia||Downriver Negidal ||7||NA||NA||0.0||{{Harvcoltxt|Lell et al.|2002}}
| North Asia||Russia||Downriver Negidal ||7||NA||NA||0.0||<ref name="Lell_2002" />
|-
|-
| North Asia||Russia||Ugedey ||20||NA||NA||5.0||{{Harvcoltxt|Lell et al.|2002}}
| North Asia||Russia||Ugedey ||20||NA||NA||5.0||<ref name="Lell_2002" />
|-
|-
| North Asia||Russia||Nivkh ||17||NA||NA||0.0||{{Harvcoltxt|Lell et al.|2002}}
| North Asia||Russia||Nivkh ||17||NA||NA||0.0||<ref name="Lell_2002" />
|-
|-
| North Asia||Russia||Kamchatka, Koryak ||27||NA||NA||0.0||{{Harvcoltxt|Lell et al.|2002}}
| North Asia||Russia||Kamchatka, Koryak ||27||NA||NA||0.0||<ref name="Lell_2002" />
|-
|-
| North Asia||Russia||Kamchatka, Itel\'man ||18||NA||NA||22.2||{{Harvcoltxt|Lell et al.|2002}}
| North Asia||Russia||Kamchatka, Itel\'man ||18||NA||NA||22.2||<ref name="Lell_2002" />
|-
|-
| North Asia||Russia||Chukotka, Chukchi ||24||NA||NA||4.2||{{Harvcoltxt|Lell et al.|2002}}
| North Asia||Russia||Chukotka, Chukchi ||24||NA||NA||4.2||<ref name="Lell_2002" />
|-
|-
| North Asia||Russia||Chukotka, Asiatic Eskimo ||33||NA||NA||0.0||{{Harvcoltxt|Lell et al.|2002}}
| North Asia||Russia||Chukotka, Asiatic Eskimo ||33||NA||NA||0.0||<ref name="Lell_2002" />
|-
|-
| Caucasus||Russia||Abazinians ||14||NA||NA||14.0||<ref name="Nasidze_2004">{{cite journal | vauthors = Nasidze I, Ling EY, Quinque D, Dupanloup I, Cordaux R, Rychkov S, Naumova O, Zhukova O, Sarraf-Zadegan N, Naderi GA, Asgary S, Sardas S, Farhud DD, Sarkisian T, Asadov C, Kerimov A, Stoneking M | title = Mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome variation in the caucasus | journal = Annals of Human Genetics | volume = 68 | issue = Pt 3 | pages = 205–21 | date = May 2004 | pmid = 15180701 | doi = 10.1046/j.1529-8817.2004.00092.x }}</ref>
| Caucasus||Russia||Abazinians ||14||NA||NA||14.0||{{Harvcoltxt|Nasidze et al.|2004}}
|-
|-
| Caucasus||Russia||Chechenians ||19||NA||NA||5.0||{{Harvcoltxt|Nasidze et al.|2004}}
| Caucasus||Russia||Chechenians ||19||NA||NA||5.0||<ref name="Nasidze_2004" />
|-
|-
| Caucasus||Russia||Darginians ||26||NA||NA||0.0||{{Harvcoltxt|Nasidze et al.|2004}}
| Caucasus||Russia||Darginians ||26||NA||NA||0.0||<ref name="Nasidze_2004" />
|-
|-
| Caucasus||Russia||Ingushians ||22||NA||NA||0.0||{{Harvcoltxt|Nasidze et al.|2004}}
| Caucasus||Russia||Ingushians ||22||NA||NA||0.0||<ref name="Nasidze_2004" />
|-
|-
| Caucasus||Russia||Kabardinians ||59||NA||NA||2.0||{{Harvcoltxt|Nasidze et al.|2004}}
| Caucasus||Russia||Kabardinians ||59||NA||NA||2.0||<ref name="Nasidze_2004" />
|-
|-
| Caucasus||Russia||Lezgi (Dagestan) ||25||NA||NA||0.0||{{Harvcoltxt|Nasidze et al.|2004}}
| Caucasus||Russia||Lezgi (Dagestan) ||25||NA||NA||0.0||<ref name="Nasidze_2004" />
|-
|-
| Caucasus||Russia||Ossetians (Ardon) ||28||NA||NA||4.0||{{Harvcoltxt|Nasidze et al.|2004}}
| Caucasus||Russia||Ossetians (Ardon) ||28||NA||NA||4.0||<ref name="Nasidze_2004" />
|-
|-
| Caucasus||Russia||Ossetians (Digora) ||31||NA||NA||0.0||{{Harvcoltxt|Nasidze et al.|2004}}
| Caucasus||Russia||Ossetians (Digora) ||31||NA||NA||0.0||<ref name="Nasidze_2004" />
|-
|-
| Caucasus||Russia||Rutulians ||24||NA||NA||0.0||{{Harvcoltxt|Nasidze et al.|2004}}
| Caucasus||Russia||Rutulians ||24||NA||NA||0.0||<ref name="Nasidze_2004" />
|-
|-
| Caucasus||Georgia||Abkhazians ||12||NA||NA||33.0||{{Harvcoltxt|Nasidze et al.|2004}}
| Caucasus||Georgia||Abkhazians ||12||NA||NA||33.0||<ref name="Nasidze_2004" />
|-
|-
| Caucasus||Armenia||Armenians||100||NA||NA||6.0||{{Harvcoltxt|Nasidze et al.|2004}}
| Caucasus||Armenia||Armenians||100||NA||NA||6.0||<ref name="Nasidze_2004" />
|-
|-
| Caucasus||Azerbaijan||Azerbaijanians ||72||NA||NA||7.0||{{Harvcoltxt|Nasidze et al.|2004}}
| Caucasus||Azerbaijan||Azerbaijanians ||72||NA||NA||7.0||<ref name="Nasidze_2004" />
|-
|-
| Caucasus||Georgia||Georgians||77||NA||NA||10.0||{{Harvcoltxt|Nasidze et al.|2004}}
| Caucasus||Georgia||Georgians||77||NA||NA||10.0||<ref name="Nasidze_2004" />
|-
|-
| Europe||Turkey||||39||NA||NA||13.0||{{Harvcoltxt|Nasidze et al.|2004}}
| Europe||Turkey||||39||NA||NA||13.0||<ref name="Nasidze_2004" />
|-
|-
| Middle East||Iran||[[Isfahan]]||50||NA||NA||18.0||{{Harvcoltxt|Nasidze et al.|2004}}
| Middle East||Iran||[[Isfahan]]||50||NA||NA||18.0||<ref name="Nasidze_2004" />
|-
|-
| Middle East||Iran||[[Tehran]]||80||NA||NA||20.0||{{Harvcoltxt|Nasidze et al.|2004}}
| Middle East||Iran||[[Tehran]]||80||NA||NA||20.0||<ref name="Nasidze_2004" />
|-
|-
| South Asia||Pakistan||Balti ||13||NA||NA||15.0||<ref name="Qamar_2002">{{cite journal | vauthors = Qamar R, Ayub Q, Mohyuddin A, Helgason A, Mazhar K, Mansoor A, Zerjal T, Tyler-Smith C, Mehdi SQ | title = Y-chromosomal DNA variation in Pakistan | journal = American Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 70 | issue = 5 | pages = 1107–24 | date = May 2002 | pmid = 11898125 | pmc = 447589 | doi = 10.1086/339929 | url = }}</ref>
| South Asia||Pakistan||Balti ||13||NA||NA||15.0||{{Harvcoltxt|Qamar et al.|2002}}
|-
|-
| South Asia||Pakistan||Brahui ||110||NA||NA||8.2||{{Harvcoltxt|Qamar et al.|2002}}
| South Asia||Pakistan||Brahui ||110||NA||NA||8.2||<ref name="Qamar_2002" />
|-
|-
| South Asia||Pakistan||Burusho ||94||NA||NA||27.7||{{Harvcoltxt|Qamar et al.|2002}}
| South Asia||Pakistan||Burusho ||94||NA||NA||27.7||<ref name="Qamar_2002" />
|-
|-
| South Asia||Pakistan||Pakistan Hazara ||23||NA||NA||60.9||{{Harvcoltxt|Qamar et al.|2002}}
| South Asia||Pakistan||Pakistan Hazara ||23||NA||NA||60.9||<ref name="Qamar_2002" />
|-
|-
| South Asia||Pakistan||Kalash ||44||NA||NA||9.1||{{Harvcoltxt|Qamar et al.|2002}}
| South Asia||Pakistan||Kalash ||44||NA||NA||9.1||<ref name="Qamar_2002" />
|-
|-
| South Asia||Pakistan||Pakistan Kashmiri ||12||NA||NA||25.0||{{Harvcoltxt|Qamar et al.|2002}}
| South Asia||Pakistan||Pakistan Kashmiri ||12||NA||NA||25.0||<ref name="Qamar_2002" />
|-
|-
| South Asia||Pakistan||Makrani Baluch ||25||NA||NA||24.0||{{Harvcoltxt|Qamar et al.|2002}}
| South Asia||Pakistan||Makrani Baluch ||25||NA||NA||24.0||<ref name="Qamar_2002" />
|-
|-
| South Asia||Pakistan||Makrani Negroid ||33||NA||NA||18.2||{{Harvcoltxt|Qamar et al.|2002}}
| South Asia||Pakistan||Makrani Negroid ||33||NA||NA||18.2||<ref name="Qamar_2002" />
|-
|-
| South Asia||Pakistan||Pakistan Parsi ||90||NA||NA||26.7||{{Harvcoltxt|Qamar et al.|2002}}
| South Asia||Pakistan||Pakistan Parsi ||90||NA||NA||26.7||<ref name="Qamar_2002" />
|-
|-
| South Asia||Pakistan||Pathan (Pashtun) ||93||NA||NA||10.8||{{Harvcoltxt|Qamar et al.|2002}}
| South Asia||Pakistan||Pathan (Pashtun) ||93||NA||NA||10.8||<ref name="Qamar_2002" />
|-
|-
| South Asia||Pakistan||Pakistan Sindhi ||122||NA||NA||12.3||{{Harvcoltxt|Qamar et al.|2002}}
| South Asia||Pakistan||Pakistan Sindhi ||122||NA||NA||12.3||<ref name="Qamar_2002" />
|-
|-
| Europe||Albania||Albanian||51||NA||NA||9.8||<ref name="Semino_2004">{{cite journal | vauthors = Semino O, Magri C, Benuzzi G, Lin AA, Al-Zahery N, Battaglia V, Maccioni L, Triantaphyllidis C, Shen P, Oefner PJ, Zhivotovsky LA, King R, Torroni A, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Underhill PA, Santachiara-Benerecetti AS | title = Origin, diffusion, and differentiation of Y-chromosome haplogroups E and J: inferences on the neolithization of Europe and later migratory events in the Mediterranean area | journal = American Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 74 | issue = 5 | pages = 1023–34 | date = May 2004 | pmid = 15069642 | pmc = 1181965 | doi = 10.1086/386295 }}</ref>
| Europe||Albania||Albanian||51||NA||NA||9.8||{{Harvcoltxt|Semino et al.|2000}}
|-
|-
| Europe||France||French Basque||22||NA||NA||0.0||{{Harvcoltxt|Semino et al.|2000}}
| Europe||France||French Basque||22||NA||NA||0.0||<ref name="Semino_2004" />
|-
|-
| Europe||Spain||Spanish Basque||45||NA||NA||0.0||{{Harvcoltxt|Semino et al.|2000}}
| Europe||Spain||Spanish Basque||45||NA||NA||0.0||<ref name="Semino_2004" />
|-
|-
| Europe||Italy||Calabrian||37||NA||NA||0.0||{{Harvcoltxt|Semino et al.|2000}}
| Europe||Italy||Calabrian||37||NA||NA||0.0||<ref name="Semino_2004" />
|-
|-
| Europe||Spain||Catalan||24||NA||NA||0.0||{{Harvcoltxt|Semino et al.|2000}}
| Europe||Spain||Catalan||24||NA||NA||0.0||<ref name="Semino_2004" />
|-
|-
| Europe||Italy||Central/Northern||50||NA||NA||4.0||{{Harvcoltxt|Semino et al.|2000}}
| Europe||Italy||Central/Northern||50||NA||NA||4.0||<ref name="Semino_2004" />
|-
|-
| Europe||Croatia||Croatian||58||NA||NA||29.3||{{Harvcoltxt|Semino et al.|2000}}
| Europe||Croatia||Croatian||58||NA||NA||29.3||<ref name="Semino_2004" />
|-
|-
| Europe||Czech Republic/Slovakia||Czech/Slovak||45||NA||NA||26.7||{{Harvcoltxt|Semino et al.|2000}}
| Europe||Czech Republic/Slovakia||Czech/Slovak||45||NA||NA||26.7||<ref name="Semino_2004" />
|-
|-
| Europe||Netherlands||Dutch||27||NA||NA||3.7||{{Harvcoltxt|Semino et al.|2000}}
| Europe||Netherlands||Dutch||27||NA||NA||3.7||<ref name="Semino_2004" />
|-
|-
| Europe||Georgia||Georgian||63||NA||NA||7.9||{{Harvcoltxt|Semino et al.|2000}}
| Europe||Georgia||Georgian||63||NA||NA||7.9||<ref name="Semino_2004" />
|-
|-
| Europe||Germany||German||16||NA||NA||6.2||{{Harvcoltxt|Semino et al.|2000}}
| Europe||Germany||German||16||NA||NA||6.2||<ref name="Semino_2004" />
|-
|-
| Europe||Greece||Greek||76||NA||NA||11.8||{{Harvcoltxt|Semino et al.|2000}}
| Europe||Greece||Greek||76||NA||NA||11.8||<ref name="Semino_2004" />
|-
|-
| Europe||Hungary||Hungarian||45||NA||NA||60.0||{{Harvcoltxt|Semino et al.|2000}}
| Europe||Hungary||Hungarian||45||NA||NA||60.0||<ref name="Semino_2004" />
|-
|-
| Middle East||Lebanon||Lebanese||31||NA||NA||9.7||{{Harvcoltxt|Semino et al.|2000}}
| Middle East||Lebanon||Lebanese||31||NA||NA||9.7||<ref name="Semino_2004" />
|-
|-
| Europe||Republic of Macedonia||Macedonian||20||NA||NA||35.0||{{Harvcoltxt|Semino et al.|2000}}
| Europe||Republic of Macedonia||Macedonian||20||NA||NA||35.0||<ref name="Semino_2004" />
|-
|-
| Europe||Poland||Polish||55||NA||NA||56.4||{{Harvcoltxt|Semino et al.|2000}}
| Europe||Poland||Polish||55||NA||NA||56.4||<ref name="Semino_2004" />
|-
|-
| Europe||||Saami||24||NA||NA||8.3||{{Harvcoltxt|Semino et al.|2000}}
| Europe||||Saami||24||NA||NA||8.3||<ref name="Semino_2004" />
|-
|-
| Europe||Italy||Sardinian||77||NA||NA||0.0||{{Harvcoltxt|Semino et al.|2000}}
| Europe||Italy||Sardinian||77||NA||NA||0.0||<ref name="Semino_2004" />
|-
|-
| Europe||Syria||Syrian||20||NA||NA||10.0||{{Harvcoltxt|Semino et al.|2000}}
| Europe||Syria||Syrian||20||NA||NA||10.0||<ref name="Semino_2004" />
|-
|-
| Europe||Turkey||Turkish||30||NA||NA||6.6||{{Harvcoltxt|Semino et al.|2000}}
| Europe||Turkey||Turkish||30||NA||NA||6.6||<ref name="Semino_2004" />
|-
|-
| Asia||Russia||Udmurt||43||NA||NA||37.2||{{Harvcoltxt|Semino et al.|2000}}
| Asia||Russia||Udmurt||43||NA||NA||37.2||<ref name="Semino_2004" />
|-
|-
| Europe||Ukraine||Ukrainian||50||NA||NA||54.0||{{Harvcoltxt|Semino et al.|2000}}
| Europe||Ukraine||Ukrainian||50||NA||NA||54.0||<ref name="Semino_2004" />
|-
|-
| South Asia||Pakistan||||85||NA||NA||16.5||{{Harvcoltxt|Sengupta et al.|2005}}
| South Asia||Pakistan||||85||NA||NA||16.5||{{Harvcoltxt|Sengupta et al.|2005}}
Line 1,462: Line 1,462:
|align=center| 1 ||align=center| 72 ||align=center| 1.39%
|align=center| 1 ||align=center| 72 ||align=center| 1.39%
|-
|-
! [[Kuwait]]<ref>Mohammad et al. (2009), "[http://www.nature.com/hdy/journal/v103/n5/abs/hdy200972a.html Genetic structure of nomadic Bedouin from Kuwait]."</ref>
! [[Kuwait]]<ref name="Mohammad_2009">{{cite journal | vauthors = Mohammad T, Xue Y, Evison M, Tyler-Smith C | title = Genetic structure of nomadic Bedouin from Kuwait | journal = Heredity | volume = 103 | issue = 5 | pages = 425–33 | date = November 2009 | pmid = 19639002 | pmc = 2869035 | doi = 10.1038/hdy.2009.72 }}</ref>
|align=center| 1 ||align=center| 153 ||align=center| 0.65%
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|align=center| 1 ||align=center| 104 ||align=center| 0.96%
|align=center| 1 ||align=center| 104 ||align=center| 0.96%
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! [[Jordan]]<ref>Flores et al. (2005), "[http://www.nature.com/jhg/journal/v50/n9/abs/jhg200565a.html Isolates in a corridor of migrations: a high-resolution analysis of Y-chromosome variation in Jordan]."</ref>
! [[Jordan]]<ref name="Flores_2005">{{cite journal | vauthors = Flores C, Maca-Meyer N, Larruga JM, Cabrera VM, Karadsheh N, Gonzalez AM | title = Isolates in a corridor of migrations: a high-resolution analysis of Y-chromosome variation in Jordan | journal = Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 50 | issue = 9 | pages = 435–441 | date = 2005 | pmid = 16142507 | doi = 10.1007/s10038-005-0274-4 }}</ref>
|align=center| 2 ||align=center| 146 ||align=center| 1.37%
|align=center| 2 ||align=center| 146 ||align=center| 1.37%
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|align=center| 2 ||align=center| 935 ||align=center| 0.21%
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! [[State of Palestine|Palestine]]<ref>Myres et al. (2010), "[http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ejhg2010146a.html A major Y-chromosome haplogroup R1b Holocene era founder effect in Central and Western Europe]."</ref>
! [[State of Palestine|Palestine]]<ref name="Myres_2011">{{cite journal | vauthors = Myres NM, Rootsi S, Lin AA, Järve M, King RJ, Kutuev I, Cabrera VM, Khusnutdinova EK, Pshenichnov A, Yunusbayev B, Balanovsky O, Balanovska E, Rudan P, Baldovic M, Herrera RJ, Chiaroni J, Di Cristofaro J, Villems R, Kivisild T, Underhill PA | display-authors = 6 | title = A major Y-chromosome haplogroup R1b Holocene era founder effect in Central and Western Europe | journal = European Journal of Human Genetics : EJHG | volume = 19 | issue = 1 | pages = 95–101 | date = January 2011 | pmid = 20736979 | pmc = 3039512 | doi = 10.1038/ejhg.2010.146 }}</ref>
|align=center| 1 ||align=center| 49 ||align=center| 2.04%
|align=center| 1 ||align=center| 49 ||align=center| 2.04%
|-
|-
! [[Egypt]]<ref name="Luis_2004">{{cite journal | vauthors = Luis JR, Rowold DJ, Regueiro M, Caeiro B, Cinnioğlu C, Roseman C, Underhill PA, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Herrera RJ | title = The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: evidence for bidirectional corridors of human migrations | journal = American Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 74 | issue = 3 | pages = 532–44 | date = March 2004 | pmid = 14973781 | pmc = 1182266 | doi = 10.1086/382286 }}</ref>
! [[Egypt]]<ref>Luis et al. (2004), "[http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/AJHG_2004_v74_p000-0130.pdf The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: Evidence for Bidirectional Corridors of Human Migrations] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216123633/http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/AJHG_2004_v74_p000-0130.pdf |date=2012-02-16 }}."</ref>
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Revision as of 12:54, 21 November 2021

This article is about the human Y-DNA haplogroup. For the human mtDNA haplogroup, see Haplogroup P (mtDNA).
Haplogroup P (K2b2)
Possible time of origin35,000 years BP[1]
Possible place of originMainland Southeast Asia or East Asia [2][3]
AncestorK2b[4]
DescendantsP1 (P-M45) and P2 (P-B253).
(P1 is the immediate ancestor of haplogroups Q and R.)
Defining mutationsP295/PF5866/S8, 92R7_1, 92R7_2, F91/PF5862/V231
Haplogroup P is an East-Eurasian lineage, which expanded with East Asian-related hunter gatherers. Haplogroup P and its subclades became dominant in a West-Eurasian population somewhere in western Central Asia through gene flow and genetic drift, and then diversified there.[5]

Haplogroup P also known as P-P295 and K2b2 is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup in human genetics. P-P295 is a branch of K2b (previously Haplogroup MPS; P331), which is a branch of Haplogroup K2 (K-M526).

The only primary branches (clades) of P-P295 are P1 (P-M45) and P2 (P-B253).[1] P1 is, in turn, the parent node of Haplogroup Q (Q-M242) and Haplogroup R (R-M207).

The major subclades Haplogroups Q and R now include most males among Europeans, Native Americans, South Asians and Central Asians.

In a 2014 phylogenetic analysis of southeast Asian populations, the researchers Karafet, Mendez, and colleagues, say that their findings point to: [3]

... an initial rapid diversification process of K-M526 that likely occurred in Southeast Asia, with subsequent westward expansions of the ancestors of haplogroups R and Q.

— Karafet, Mendez, et al. (2015)

According to Hallast, Agdzhoyan, and team (2020), haplogroup P and its two sub-clades, R and Q, spread with East-Eurasian hunter-gatherers and migrated from Southeast Asia to both Oceania and Europe respectively, during several migrations and expansions from Eastern Eurasia. Hallast, Agdzhoyan, et al. refers to this migration event concerning Europe as the "replacement of West-Eurasian lineages from the East".[5]

Structure

Main article: Structure of Y-DNA Haplogroup K

The subclades of Haplogroup P with their defining mutation, according to the 2016 ISOGG tree:[1]

  • P (P295/PF5866/S8, 92R7_1, 92R7_2, F91/PF5862/V231)
    • P1 (M45/PF5962)
      • Q (M242)
      • R (M207, P224, P227, P229, P232, P280, P285, L248.2, V45)
    • P2 (B253/Z33760/Z33761/Z33762/Z33763)

Distribution

P(xP1)

Because P2 (P-B253) was discovered relatively recently, it is not always clear if older studies have screened for it. Therefore, cases of basal P* (also known as P-P295*; K2b2*; PxM45, B253) reported in literature may include P2.

P(xP1) exists at low to moderate levels among various groups in Island South East Asia, the South West Pacific and East Asia.[3]

P* is found at its highest rate among members of the Aeta (or Agta), a people indigenous to Luzon who formed from various ancient groups, such as Oceanians and Austronesian peoples from Taiwan.[1] Even though P1 is now more common among individuals in Eastern Siberia and Central Asia, it is suggested that P originated in southern East Asia and was once widespread.[2][3][5]

Basal P* was also found in one historical 19th-century Andaman islander.[6] along with basal P* found among a Jehai sample in Malayasia.[7]

P(xP1) frequency in surveyed groups in Island South East Asia, South West Pacific and East Asia
Population P* % Notes
Papua New Guinea 0.69  assumed from Kayser et al. 2006 1 P* found[3]
New Zealand 0
Fiji 0
Solomon Islands 0
French Polynesia 0
Vanuatu 0
New Caledonia
Guam 0
Samoa 0
Kiribati
Tonga 0
Micronesia FDR 0
Marshall Islands 0
American Samoa
Northern Mariana Islands
Palau
Cook Islands 0
Wallis and Futuna 0
Tuvalu 0
Nauru
Norfolk Island
Niue 0 small sample size
Tokelau 0 small sample size
Hawaii 0 small sample size from FTDNA
Australia 0
Timor 10.8
Aeta (Philippines) 28
Austronesians (Philippines) 0
Malay 0
Flores 0
Sulawesi 0.6
East Indonesia 0
Java Indonesia 0
Bali Indonesia 0
Sumatra Indonesia 0
Borneo Indonesia 0
West Papua Province 0
Papua Province 0
Sumba Indonesia 3.2

P1 (P-M45)

Many ethnic groups with high frequencies of P1, also known as P-M45 and K2b2a, are located in Central Asia and Siberia: 35.4% among Tuvans, 28.3% among Altai-Kizhi (PxQ-M3,R1),[8] and 35% among Nivkh males.

P1 (P-M45) frequency in surveyed groups of Central Asia and Siberia
Modern population Modern ethnolinguistic affiliation Reference n Percentage Notes/SNPs tested
Tuvinian Turkic Darenko 2005 113 35.40 P-M45
Nivkh isolate Lell 2001 17 35 P-M45
Altai-Kizhi Turkic Darenko 2005 92 28.3 P-M45
Todjin Turkic Darenko 2005 36 22.2 P-M45
Chukchi Chukotkan Lell 2001 24 20.8 P-M45
Koryak Chukotkan Lell 2001 27 18.5 P-M45
Yupik Eskimo-Aleut Lell 2001 33 18.2 P-M45
Uighur Turkic Xue 2006 70 17.1 P-M45
Kalmyk Mongolic Darenko 2005 68 11.8 P-M45
Turkmen Turkic Wells et al. (2001)[9] 30 10 P-M45
Soyot Turkic Darenko 2005 34 8.8 P-M45
Uriankhai Mongolic Katoh 2004 60 8.3 P-M45
Khakas Turkic Darenko 2005 53 7.6 P-M45
Kazakh Turkic [9] 54 5.6 P-M45
Uzbek Turkic [9] 366 5.5 P-M45
Khasi-Khmuic Austro-Asiatic Reddy 2009 353 5.40 P-M45(xM173) §
Munda Austro-Asiatic Reddy 2009 64 10.90 P-M45(xM173) §
Nicobarese Austro-Asiatic Reddy 2009 11 0.00 P-M45(xM173) §
Southeast Asia Austro-Asiatic Reddy 2009 257 1.60 P-M45(xM173) §
Garo Tibeto-Burman Reddy 2009 71 1.40 P-M45(xM173) §
India Tibeto-Burman Reddy 2009 226 3.10 P-M45(xM173) §
East Asia Tibeto-Burman Reddy 2009 214 0.00 P-M45(xM173) §
Eastern India unclear/various Reddy 2009 54 18.50 P-M45(xM173) §
Southern Talysh, Iran Iranian Nasidze 2009 50 4.00 P-M45(xM124, xM173)
Northern Talysh, Azerbaijan Iranian Nasidze 2009 40 5.00 P-M45(xM124, xM173)
Mazandarani Iranian Nasidze 2009 50 4.00 P-M45(xM124, xM173)
Gilaki Iranian Nasidze 2009 50 0.00 P-M45(xM124, xM173)
Tehran Iranian Nasidze 2004 80 4.00 P-M45(xM124, xM173)
Isfahan Iranian Nasidze 2004 50 6.00 P-M45(xM124, xM173)
Bakhtiari Iranian Nasidze 2008 53 2.00 P-M45(xM124, xM173)
Iranian Arabs Arabic Nasidze 2008 47 2.00 P-M45(xM124, xM173)
North Iran Iranian Regueiro 2006 33 9.00 P-M45(xM124, xM173)
South Iran Iranian Regueiro 2006 117 3.00 P-M45(xM124, xM173)
South Caucacus Georgian Nasidze and Stoneking 2001 77 3.00 P-M45(xM124, xM173)
South Caucacus Armenian Nasidze and Stoneking 2001 100 2.00 P-M45(xM124, xM173)
Hvar Croatian [10] 14
Korčula Croatian [10] 6

§ May include members of haplogroup R2.

Modern Southeast Asian populations featuring P1 (M45)[11]
Population group N P (xQ, xR) Q R
[11] Count % Count % Count %
Gope 16 1 6.4
Oriya Brahmin 24 1 4.2
Mahishya 17 3 17.6
Bhumij 15 2 13.3
Saora 13 3 23.1
Nepali 7 2 28.6
Muslims of Manipur 9 3 33.3
Himachal Pradesh Rajput 15 1 6.7
Lambadi 18 4 22.2
Gujarati Patel 9 2 22.2
Katkari 19 1 5.3
Madia Gond 14 1 7.1
Kamma Chowdary 15 0 0 1 6.7 12 80

Q

Near universal in the Kets (95%) of Siberia. Very common in pre-modern Native American populations and Selkups, except for the Na-Dene peoples, where it reaches 50-90%. Also common, at 25-50% in Siberian populations such as the Siberian Tatars, Nivkh, Tuvans, Chukchi, Siberian Eskimos, Northern Altaians, and in 30% of Turkmens.

R

The only discovered case of basal R* (i.e. one that does not belong to R1 or R2) is the Mal'ta Boy in the Upper Paleolithic on the upper Angara River in the area west of Lake Baikal in the Irkutsk Oblast, Siberia, Russian Federation.

R1
R1a frequency in surveyed groups by continent and country
Continental Country Population Sample R1a1 [12] R1a1* [13] R1a1a [14] Source
Caucasus Ossetians North 134 NA 0.00 0.75 [15]
Europe Estonia 100 NA 0.00 35.00 [15]
Europe Romania 335 NA 0.00 17.01 [15]
Europe Croatia Krk (island) 74 NA 0.00 36.49 [15]
Europe Croatia Brac (island) 49 NA 0.00 24.49 [15]
Europe Croatia Hvar (island) 91 NA 0.00 6.59 [15]
Europe Croatia Korcula (island) 134 NA 0.00 15.67 [15]
Europe Croatia mainland 108 NA 0.00 26.85 [15]
Europe Bosnia-Herzegovina Herzegovina 141 NA 0.00 12.06 [15]
Europe Kosovo Albanians 114 NA 0.00 3.51 [15]
Europe Serbia 113 NA 0.00 18.58 [15]
Europe Republic of Macedonia Macedonia 79 NA 0.00 13.92 [15]
Europe Czech Republic 53 NA 0.00 37.74 [15]
Europe Belarus Brest 97 NA 0.00 58.8 [16]
Europe Belarus 267 NA 0.00 54.7 [16]
Europe Belarus 50 NA 0.00 42.00 [15]
Europe Russia Russians 39 NA 0.00 38.46 [15]
Central Asia Tajiks, Turkmens 38 NA 0.00 7.89 [15]
North Asia Russia Tuvas 104 NA 0.00 7.69 [15]
North Asia Russia Altaians 58 NA 0.00 41.38 [15]
South Asia India Jammu Jharkhand 61 NA 0.00 37.70 [15]
South Asia India Andhra-Pradesh Jharkhand 19 NA 0.00 26.32 [15]
South Asia India Madhya-Pradesh Madhya-Pradesh 54 NA 0.00 35.19 [15]
South Asia India Khatri-Punjab/Haryana 15 NA 0.00 67.00 [15]
South Asia India Ahir-Punjab/Haryana 24 NA 0.00 63.00 [15]
South Asia India Uttar-Pradesh Jharkhand 171 NA 0.00 49.71 [15]
South Asia India Uttranchal Jharkhand 21 NA 0.00 47.62 [15]
South Asia India West-Bengal Chhattisgarh 49 NA 0.00 48.98 [15]
South Asia India Asur Maharashtra 88 NA 0.00 5.68 [15]
South Asia India Ho Madhya-Pradesh 45 NA 0.00 0.00 [15]
South Asia India Mawasi Orissa 27 NA 0.00 3.70 [15]
South Asia India Mawasi Chhattisgarh 12 NA 0.00 8.33 [15]
South Asia India Mahali Orissa 32 NA 0.00 9.38 [15]
South Asia India Santhal Meghalaya 20 NA 0.00 10.00 [15]
South Asia India Birhor Meghalaya 27 NA 0.00 3.70 [15]
South Asia India Birhor 35 NA 0.00 2.86 [15]
South Asia India Baiga 23 NA 0.00 8.70 [15]
South Asia India Baiga 42 NA 0.00 2.38 [15]
South Asia India Kharia 37 NA 0.00 5.41 [15]
South Asia India Savara 21 NA 0.00 9.52 [15]
South Asia India Meghwal Rajasthan 50 NA 0.00 30.00 [15]
South Asia India Garo 25 NA 0.00 4.00 [15]
South Asia India Lohana Gujarat 20 NA 0.00 60.00 [15]
South Asia India Khasi 21 NA 0.00 4.76 [15]
South Asia Iran 87 NA 0.00 10.34 [15]
South Asia Pakistan Sindhi 134 NA 0.00 49.00 [15]
South Asia Pakistan Mohanna 70 NA 0.00 71.00 [15]
Europe Turkey 89 NA 0.00 3.37 [15]
Caucasus Armenia 25 NA 0.00 4.00 [15]
Caucasus Megrels 67 NA 0.00 8.96 [15]
Caucasus Abkhazes 162 NA 0.00 9.26 [15]
Caucasus Avars 42 NA 0.00 2.38 [15]
Caucasus Chamalals 27 NA 0.00 7.41 [15]
Caucasus Bagvalals 28 NA 0.00 3.57 [15]
Caucasus Andis 49 NA 0.00 2.04 [15]
Caucasus Lezgis 31 NA 0.00 0.00 [15]
Caucasus Darginians 68 NA 0.00 0.00 [15]
Caucasus Tabasarans 43 NA 0.00 2.33 [15]
Caucasus Adyghes 160 NA 0.00 11.25 [15]
Caucasus Karachays 69 NA 0.00 27.54 [15]
Caucasus Kumyks 76 NA 0.00 13.16 [15]
Caucasus Balkars 136 NA 0.00 25.74 [15]
Caucasus Cherkessians 126 NA 0.00 12.70 [15]
Caucasus Kabardians 141 NA 0.71 13.48 [15]
Caucasus Abazas 89 NA 0.00 19.10 [15]
Caucasus Nogays 87 NA 0.00 12.64 [15]
Caucasus Karanogays 77 NA 0.00 9.09 [15]
Caucasus Tats 10 NA 0.00 0.00 [15]
Europe Crete 193 NA 0.00 8.81 [15]
Middle East Oman 121 NA 0.00 9.09 [15]
Middle East Iran 150 NA 0.67 12.67 [15]
Middle East United Arab Emirates 164 NA 0.00 7.32 [15]
Europe Turkey 523 NA 0.00 6.88 [15]
Europe Lithuania Aukštaičiai 106 45.3 NA NA [17][18]
Europe Lithuania Žemaičiai 90 44.4 NA NA [17]
Europe Norway North 377 27.1 NA NA [19]
Europe Norway Middle 317 31.5 NA NA [19]
Europe Norway West 301 24.3 NA NA [19]
Europe Norway East 493 26.8 NA NA [19]
Europe Norway Bergen 93 28 NA NA [19]
Europe Norway Oslo 109 19.3 NA NA [19]
Europe Norway South 76 13.2 NA NA [19]
Europe Spain/Portugal large survey 1140 NA 0.00 1.2 [20]
Europe Greece Greeks 92 NA 0.00 16.3 [21]
Europe Greece Macedonian Greeks 57 NA 1.80 10.5 [21]
Europe Albania 55 NA 0.00 9.1 [21]
Europe Bosnia Serbs 81 NA 0.00 13.6 [21]
Europe Bosnia Bosniacs 84 NA 0.00 15.5 [21]
Europe Bosnia Croats 90 NA 0.00 12.2 [21]
Europe Croatia 89 NA 0.00 27.0 [21]
Europe Hungary 53 NA 0.00 56.6 [21]
Europe Czech Republic 75 NA 0.00 41.3 [21]
Europe Poland 99 NA 0.00 56.6 [21]
Europe Ukraine 92 NA 0.00 50.0 [21]
Europe Georgia 66 NA 0.00 10.6 [21]
Europe Russia Balkarians 38 NA 0.00 13.2 [21]
Europe Republic of Macedonia Albanian language 64 NA 0.00 1.6 [21]
Europe Croatia Osijek 29 NA 0.00 37.9 [21]
Europe Slovenia Slovenians 75 NA 0.00 38.70 [21]
Europe Italy North East 67 NA 0.00 10.4 [21]
- - Ashkenazi Cohen 76 NA 0.00 1.3 [22]
- - Sephardi Cohen 69 NA 0.00 5.8 [22]
Europe - Ashkenazi Levite 60 NA 0.00 51.7 [22]
- - Sephardi Levite 31 NA 0.00 3.2 [22]
Middle East Israel Ashkenazi 100 NA 0.00 4.0 [22]
Middle East Israel Sephardi 63 NA 0.00 1.6 [22]
Europe Germany 88 NA 0.00 12.5 [22]
Europe Norway 83 NA 0.00 21.7 [22]
Europe Germany Sorbs 112 NA 0.00 63.4 [22]
Europe Belarus 306 NA 0.33 51.0 [22]
Europe Spain Spanish Basques 42 NA NA 0.0 [23]
Europe British Crown Channel Islands 128 NA NA 2.0 [23]
Europe England Chippenham 52 NA NA 6.0 [23]
Europe England Cornwall 52 NA NA 6.0 [23]
Europe England Dorchester 73 NA NA 4.0 [23]
Europe England Faversham 55 NA NA 2.0 [23]
Europe England Midhurst 80 NA NA 1.0 [23]
Europe England Morpeth 95 NA NA 2.0 [23]
Europe England Norfolk 121 NA NA 2.0 [23]
Europe England Penrith 90 NA NA 2.0 [23]
Europe England Southwell 70 NA NA 4.0 [23]
Europe England Uttoxeter 84 NA NA 0.0 [23]
Europe England York 46 NA NA 2.0 [23]
Europe Denmark/Germany Denmark/Schleswig-Holstein 190 NA NA 8.0 [23]
Europe Ireland Castlerea 43 NA NA 0.0 [23]
Europe British Crown Isle of Man 62 NA NA 8.0 [23]
Europe Norway 201 NA NA 12.0 [23]
Europe Scotland Orkney 121 NA NA 7.0 [23]
Europe Ireland Rush, Dublin 76 NA NA 1.0 [23]
Europe Scotland Durness 51 NA NA 2.0 [23]
Europe Scotland Oban 42 NA NA 2.0 [23]
Europe Scotland Pitlochry 41 NA NA 0.0 [23]
Europe Scotland Stonehaven 44 NA NA 5.0 [23]
Europe Scotland Western Isles 88 NA NA 3.0 [23]
Europe Scotland Shetland 63 NA NA 6.0 [23]
Europe Wales Haverfordwest 59 NA NA 2.0 [23]
Europe Wales Llangefni 80 NA NA 1.0 [23]
Europe Wales Llanidloes 57 NA NA 4.0 [23]
Europe Turkey 523 NA NA 6.9 [24]
Europe Italy Sicily 236 NA NA 5.5 [25]
Europe Greece 77 NA NA 15.6 [26]
South Asia Pakistan Burusho 97 NA NA 25.8 [26]
South Asia Pakistan Kalash 44 NA NA 18.2 [26]
South Asia Pakistan Pathan (Pashtun) 96 NA NA 44.8 [26]
South Asia Pakistan 638 NA NA 37.1 [26]
South Asia Nepal Tharu Chitwan C. Terai 1 57 NA 0.00 10.5 [27]
South Asia Nepal Tharu Chitwan C. Terai 2 77 NA 0.00 3.9 [27]
South Asia Nepal Tharu Chitwan E. Terai 37 NA 0.00 16.2 [27]
South Asia Nepal/India Hindus (proxy for Indian ancestry) Chitwan, Nepal 26 NA 0.00 69.2 [27]
South Asia India Hindus New Delhi 49 NA 0.00 34.7 [27]
South Asia India Andhara Pradesh tribal 29 NA 0.00 27.6 [27]
Europe Poland 913 NA NA 57.0 [28]
Europe Germany 1215 NA NA 17.9 [28]
Europe Germany Berlin 103 NA NA 22.3 [28]
Europe Germany Leipzig 144 NA NA 27.1 [28]
Europe Germany Magdeburg 100 NA NA 21 [28]
Europe Germany Rostock 96 NA NA 31.3 [28]
Europe Germany Greifswald 104 NA NA 19.2 [28]
Europe Germany Hamburg 161 NA NA 16.8 [28]
Europe Germany Münster 102 NA NA 7.8 [28]
Europe Germany Freiburg 102 NA NA 10.8 [28]
Europe Germany Cologne 96 NA NA 15.6 [28]
Europe Germany Mainz 95 NA NA 8.4 [28]
Europe Germany Munich 95 NA NA 14.3 [28]
Europe Greece Nea Nikomedeia 57 NA 0.00 21.1 [29]
Europe Greece Sesklo/Dimini 57 NA 0.00 10.5 [29]
Europe Greece Lerna/Franchthi 57 NA 0.00 1.8 [29]
Europe Greece Crete 193 NA 0.50 8.3 [29]
Europe Greece Crete, Heraklion Prefecture 104 NA 0.00 8.7 [30]
Europe Greece Crete, Lasithi Plateau 41 NA 0.00 29.3 [30]
Europe Greece Crete, Lasithi Prefecture 23 NA 0.00 17.4 [30]
Europe Ukraine 94 NA NA 43.6 [31]
Europe Belarus 68 NA NA 45.6 [32]
North Asia Russia (Altai Republic) Northern Altaians (Gorno-Altaisk) 20 NA NA 50.0 [33]
North Asia Russia (Altai Republic) Northern Altaians (Kurmach-Baigol) 11 NA NA 18.2 [33]
North Asia Russia (Altai Republic) Northern Altaians (Turochak) 19 NA NA 36.8 [33]
North Asia Russia (Altai Republic) Southern Altaians (Beshpel'tir) 43 NA NA 58.1 [33]
North Asia Russia (Altai Republic) Southern Altaians (Kulada) 46 NA NA 52.2 [33]
North Asia Russia (Altai Republic) Southern Altaians (Kosh-Agach) 7 NA NA 28.6 [33]
Europe England West Lancashire (standard 2-G[a]) 49 NA NA 2.0 [34]
Europe England Wirral Peninsula (standard 2-G[a]) 100 NA NA 4.0 [34]
Europe England West Lancashire (medieval[b]) 42 NA NA 16.7 [34]
Europe England Wirral Peninsula (medieval[b]) 37 NA NA 13.5 [34]
South Asia India South India, Chenchu 41 NA NA 26.8 [35]
South Asia India South India, Koya 41 NA NA 2.4 [35]
South Asia India West Bengal 31 NA NA 38.7 [35]
South Asia India Konkanastha Brahmins, Bombay 43 NA NA 41.9 [35]
South Asia India Gujarat 29 NA NA 24.1 [35]
South Asia India Lambadi 35 NA NA 8.6 [35]
South Asia India Punjab 66 NA NA 47.0 [35]
South Asia Sri Lanka Sinhalese 39 NA NA 12.8 [35]
North Asia Russia Tuvan 40 NA NA 7.5 [36]
North Asia Russia Tofalar 19 NA NA 5.3 [36]
North Asia Russia Buryat 13 NA NA 0.0 [36]
North Asia Russia Yenisey Evenk 31 NA NA 9.7 [36]
North Asia Russia Okhotsk Evenk 16 NA NA 0.0 [36]
North Asia Russia Ulchi/Nanai 53 NA NA 0.0 [36]
North Asia Russia Upriver Negidal 10 NA NA 0.0 [36]
North Asia Russia Downriver Negidal 7 NA NA 0.0 [36]
North Asia Russia Ugedey 20 NA NA 5.0 [36]
North Asia Russia Nivkh 17 NA NA 0.0 [36]
North Asia Russia Kamchatka, Koryak 27 NA NA 0.0 [36]
North Asia Russia Kamchatka, Itel\'man 18 NA NA 22.2 [36]
North Asia Russia Chukotka, Chukchi 24 NA NA 4.2 [36]
North Asia Russia Chukotka, Asiatic Eskimo 33 NA NA 0.0 [36]
Caucasus Russia Abazinians 14 NA NA 14.0 [37]
Caucasus Russia Chechenians 19 NA NA 5.0 [37]
Caucasus Russia Darginians 26 NA NA 0.0 [37]
Caucasus Russia Ingushians 22 NA NA 0.0 [37]
Caucasus Russia Kabardinians 59 NA NA 2.0 [37]
Caucasus Russia Lezgi (Dagestan) 25 NA NA 0.0 [37]
Caucasus Russia Ossetians (Ardon) 28 NA NA 4.0 [37]
Caucasus Russia Ossetians (Digora) 31 NA NA 0.0 [37]
Caucasus Russia Rutulians 24 NA NA 0.0 [37]
Caucasus Georgia Abkhazians 12 NA NA 33.0 [37]
Caucasus Armenia Armenians 100 NA NA 6.0 [37]
Caucasus Azerbaijan Azerbaijanians 72 NA NA 7.0 [37]
Caucasus Georgia Georgians 77 NA NA 10.0 [37]
Europe Turkey 39 NA NA 13.0 [37]
Middle East Iran Isfahan 50 NA NA 18.0 [37]
Middle East Iran Tehran 80 NA NA 20.0 [37]
South Asia Pakistan Balti 13 NA NA 15.0 [38]
South Asia Pakistan Brahui 110 NA NA 8.2 [38]
South Asia Pakistan Burusho 94 NA NA 27.7 [38]
South Asia Pakistan Pakistan Hazara 23 NA NA 60.9 [38]
South Asia Pakistan Kalash 44 NA NA 9.1 [38]
South Asia Pakistan Pakistan Kashmiri 12 NA NA 25.0 [38]
South Asia Pakistan Makrani Baluch 25 NA NA 24.0 [38]
South Asia Pakistan Makrani Negroid 33 NA NA 18.2 [38]
South Asia Pakistan Pakistan Parsi 90 NA NA 26.7 [38]
South Asia Pakistan Pathan (Pashtun) 93 NA NA 10.8 [38]
South Asia Pakistan Pakistan Sindhi 122 NA NA 12.3 [38]
Europe Albania Albanian 51 NA NA 9.8 [39]
Europe France French Basque 22 NA NA 0.0 [39]
Europe Spain Spanish Basque 45 NA NA 0.0 [39]
Europe Italy Calabrian 37 NA NA 0.0 [39]
Europe Spain Catalan 24 NA NA 0.0 [39]
Europe Italy Central/Northern 50 NA NA 4.0 [39]
Europe Croatia Croatian 58 NA NA 29.3 [39]
Europe Czech Republic/Slovakia Czech/Slovak 45 NA NA 26.7 [39]
Europe Netherlands Dutch 27 NA NA 3.7 [39]
Europe Georgia Georgian 63 NA NA 7.9 [39]
Europe Germany German 16 NA NA 6.2 [39]
Europe Greece Greek 76 NA NA 11.8 [39]
Europe Hungary Hungarian 45 NA NA 60.0 [39]
Middle East Lebanon Lebanese 31 NA NA 9.7 [39]
Europe Republic of Macedonia Macedonian 20 NA NA 35.0 [39]
Europe Poland Polish 55 NA NA 56.4 [39]
Europe Saami 24 NA NA 8.3 [39]
Europe Italy Sardinian 77 NA NA 0.0 [39]
Europe Syria Syrian 20 NA NA 10.0 [39]
Europe Turkey Turkish 30 NA NA 6.6 [39]
Asia Russia Udmurt 43 NA NA 37.2 [39]
Europe Ukraine Ukrainian 50 NA NA 54.0 [39]
South Asia Pakistan 85 NA NA 16.5 Sengupta et al. (2005)
South Asia India Rajput(Rajasthan) 29 NA NA 31.3 Sengupta et al. (2005)
South Asia Pakistan Southern 91 NA NA 31.9 Sengupta et al. (2005)
Southeast Asia Cambodia 6 NA NA 0.0 Sengupta et al. (2005)
East Asia China 128 NA NA 0.0 Sengupta et al. (2005)
East Asia Japan 23 NA NA 0.0 Sengupta et al. (2005)
North Asia Siberia 18 NA NA 0.0 Sengupta et al. (2005)
South Asia India Tribe (Austro-Asiatic) 64 NA NA 0.0 Sengupta et al. (2005)
South Asia India Tribe (Dravidian) 18 NA NA 2.8 Sengupta et al. (2005)
South Asia India Tribe (Tibeto-Burman) 87 NA NA 4.6 Sengupta et al. (2005)
South Asia India Tribe (Indo-European) 21 NA NA 19.1 Sengupta et al. (2005)
South Asia India Dravidian Upper Caste 59 NA NA 28.8 Sengupta et al. (2005)
South Asia India Dravidian Middle Caste 85 NA NA 11.8 Sengupta et al. (2005)
South Asia India Dravidian Lower Caste 29 NA NA 24.1 Sengupta et al. (2005)
South Asia India Indo-European Upper Caste 86 NA NA 45.4 Sengupta et al. (2005)
South Asia India Indo-European Middle Caste 48 NA NA 50.4 Sengupta et al. (2005)
South Asia India Indo-European Lower Caste 50 NA NA 26.0 Sengupta et al. (2005)
South Asia India Kashmiri Gujars 49 NA 0.00 40.86 Sharma et al. (2009)
South Asia India Kashmiri Pandits 51 NA 3.92 19.61 Sharma et al. (2009)
South Asia India Gujarat Brahmins 64 NA 0.00 32.81 Sharma et al. (2009)
South Asia India Bihar Paswan 27 NA 0.00 40.74 Sharma et al. (2009)
South Asia India Bihar Brahmins 38 NA 0.00 60.53 Sharma et al. (2009)
South Asia India Himachal Pradesh Brahmin 30 NA 0.00 47.37 Sharma et al. (2009)
South Asia India Indian Punjab Brahmins 49 NA 0.00 35.71 Sharma et al. (2009)
South Asia India West Bengal Brahmins 30 NA 0.00 72.22 Sharma et al. (2009)
South Asia India Uttar Pradesh Brahmins 31 NA 0.00 67.74 Sharma et al. (2009)
South Asia India Uttar Pradesh Kols 38 NA 0.00 14.81 Sharma et al. (2009)
South Asia India Madhya Pradesh Saharia 57 NA 22.8 28.07 Sharma et al. (2009)
South Asia India Madhya Pradesh Brahmins 42 NA 0.00 38.1 Sharma et al. (2009)
South Asia India Maharashtra Brahmins 32 NA 0.00 43.33 Sharma et al. (2009)
Europe Moldova Moldavians, Carahasani[40][41] 72 NA NA 34.7 [41]
Europe Moldava Moldavians Sofia, Moldava 54 NA NA 20.4 [41]
Europe Romania Dniester-Carpathian - NA NA 20.4 [41]
Europe Ukraine Ukrainians, Rashkovo 53 NA NA 41.5 [41]
Europe Moldava Gagauzes, Kongaz 48 NA NA 12.5 [41]
Europe Ukraine Gagauzes, Etulia 41 NA NA 26.8 [41]
East Asia China Dongxiang (Mongolian descent) 49 28.0 Wang et al. (2003)
East Asia China Salar (Central Asian Turkish descent[citation needed]) 52 NA 17.0 Wang et al. (2003)
East Asia China Bo\'an (Bonan) Mongolian descent 47 NA 26.0 Wang et al. (2003)
Caucasus Armenia Ararat 44 NA 0.00 0.0 Weale et al. (2001)
Caucasus Armenia/Georgia \"Northern Armenians\" 189 NA 0.53 4.2 Weale et al. (2001)
Caucasus Armenia Syunik (South Armenia) 140 NA 0.00 9.3 Weale et al. (2001)
Caucasus Azerbaijan/Armenia Karabakh 215 NA 0.00 5.6 Weale et al. (2001)
Middle East Iran Isfahan, New Julfa, (Armenian descent) 56 NA 0.00 1.8 Weale et al. (2001)
Europe Turkey near Armenia 90 NA 1.11 3.3 Weale et al. (2001)
Europe Turkey Istanbul University 173 NA 0.00 10.4 Weale et al. (2001)
Caucasus Azerbaijan Baku 29 NA 0.00 10.3 Weale et al. (2001)
Middle East Syria Damascus University 44 NA 0.00 2.3 Weale et al. (2001)
Caucasus Georgia Tbilisi 68 NA 0.00 4.4 Weale et al. (2001)
Europe Greece Athens 132 NA 0.00 6.1 Weale et al. (2001)
Europe Mongolia soldiers mainly from Khalkh 402 NA 0.00 2.5 Weale et al. (2001)
Europe Hungary 215 NA 1.40 24.2 Völgyi et al. (2008)
Europe Wales North Wales 98 NA NA 1.0 Weale et al. (2002)
Europe England English Midlands 136 NA NA 4.4 Weale et al. (2002)
Europe England East Anglia 173 NA NA 4.6 Weale et al. (2002)
Europe Netherlands Friesland 94 NA NA 7.4 Weale et al. (2002)
Europe Norway 83 NA NA 21.7 Weale et al. (2002)
Europe United Kingdom British 25 NA NA 0.0 [9]
Europe Scotland Orkney 26 NA NA 27.0 [9]
Europe Russia Pomor 28 NA NA 36.0 [9]
Europe Russia Russian, North 49 NA NA 43.0 [9]
Asia Russia Russian, Tashkent 89 NA NA 47.0 [9]
Europe Russia Kazan Tatar 38 NA NA 24.0 [9]
Europe Russia Saami 23 NA NA 22.0 [9]
Asia Russia Nenets 54 NA NA 11.0 [9]
Middle East Lebanon 50 NA NA 0.0 [9]
Middle East Iran Tehran 24 NA NA 4.0 [9]
Middle East Iran Shiraz 12 NA NA 0.0 [9]
Middle East Iran Esfahan 16 NA NA 0.0 [9]
Caucasus Georgia Svans (Svanetians) 25 NA NA 8.0 [9]
Caucasus Georgia Kazbegi 25 NA NA 4.0 [9]
Caucasus Georgia South Ossetians 17 NA NA 6.0 [9]
Caucasus Azerbaijan Lezgi in Azerbaijan 12 NA NA 8.0 [9]
Caucasus Azerbaijan Azerbaijanians 21 NA NA 10.0 [9]
Caucasus Armenia Armenians 47 NA NA 9.0 [9]
Central Asia Afghanistan Pashtuns 49 NA NA 51.02 Haber et al. (2012)
Central Asia Afghanistan Tajiks 56 NA NA 30.36 Haber et al. (2012)
Central Asia Afghanistan Hazara 60 NA NA 6.66 Haber et al. (2012)
Central Asia Afghanistan Uzbeks 17 NA NA 17.64 Haber et al. (2012)
Central Asia Afghanistan Balochs 13 NA NA 0.0 Haber et al. (2012)
Central Asia Afghanistan Nuristanis 5 NA NA 60.0 Haber et al. (2012)
Central Asia Turkmenistan Turkmen 30 NA NA 7.0 [9]
Central Asia Turkmenistan Turkmenistan Kurd 17 NA NA 12.0 [9]
Central Asia Uzbekistan Sinte Romani 15 NA NA 0.0 [9]
Central Asia Uzbekistan Iranian (Samarkand) 53 NA NA 11.0 [9]
Central Asia Uzbekistan Tajik (Samarkand) 40 NA NA 25.0 [9]
Central Asia Uzbekistan Arab Bukhara 42 NA NA 19.0 [9]
Central Asia Uzbekistan Crimean Tartar 22 NA NA 32.0 [9]
Central Asia Uzbekistan Karakalpak 44 NA NA 18.0 [9]
Central Asia Uzbekistan Uzbek/ Kashkadarya 19 NA NA 16.0 [9]
Central Asia Uzbekistan Uzbek/ Bukhara 58 NA NA 28.0 [9]
Central Asia Uzbekistan Uzbek/ Surkhandarya 68 NA NA 29.0 [9]
Central Asia Uzbekistan Uzbek/ Khorezm 70 NA NA 30.0 [9]
Central Asia Uzbekistan Uzbek/ Tashkent 43 NA NA 28.0 [9]
Central Asia Uzbekistan Uzbek/ Fergana Valley 63 NA NA 22.0 [9]
Central Asia Uzbekistan Samarkand 45 NA NA 13.0 [9]
Central Asia Tajikistan <<link:2>> (near Afghanistan) 25 NA NA 68.0 [9]
Central Asia Tajikistan Bartangi 30 NA NA 40.0 [9]
Central Asia Tajikistan Shugnan 44 NA NA 23.0 [9]
Central Asia Tajikistan Yagnobi 31 NA NA 16.0 [9]
Central Asia Tajikistan Tajiks/Panjikent 22 NA NA 64.0 [9]
Central Asia Tajikistan Tajiks/Dushanbe 16 NA NA 19.0 [9]
Central Asia Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyz 52 NA NA 63.0 [9]
Central Asia Kyrgyzstan Dungan (Sino-Tibetan) 40 NA NA 10.0 [9]
Central Asia Kazakhstan Kazakhs 54 NA NA 4.0 [9]
Central Asia Kazakhstan Uighur 41 NA NA 22.0 [9]
South Asia India South India Sourashtran 46 NA NA 39.0 [9]
South Asia India South India Kallar Dravidian 84 NA NA 4.0 [9]
South Asia India South India Yadhava 129 NA NA 13.0 [9]
North Asia Russia Tuvinian 42 NA NA 14.0 [9]
North Asia Mongolia 24 NA NA 4.0 [9]
East Asia Korea 45 NA NA 0.0 [9]
East Asia China Liqian from Yongchang 87 NA NA 1.1 [42]
East Asia China Yugur from Su\'nan 52 NA NA 1.9 [42]
East Asia China Tibetan from Guide, Qinghai 39 NA NA 2.6 [42]
East Asia China Uygurs from Urumqi 49 NA NA NA [42]
Europe Italy Sardinia 10 0.0 NA NA [43]
Europe England Cornwall 51 0.0 NA NA [43]
Europe Spain Basque 26 0.0 NA NA [43]
Europe Portugal Northern 328 0.0 NA NA [43]
North Africa Algeria 27 0.0 NA NA [43]
North Africa 129 0.0 NA NA [43]
North Africa Tunisia Jerbian Arabs 46 NA 4.3 4.3 Ennafaa et al. (2011)
Europe Finland 57 10.0 NA NA [43]
Europe Bulgaria 24 12.0 NA NA [43]
Europe Netherlands 84 13.0 NA NA [43]
Europe Germany Bavarian 80 15.0 NA NA [43]
Europe Sweden Gotlander 64 16.0 NA NA [43]
Europe Yugoslavian 100 16.0 NA NA [43]
Europe Russia Chuvash 17 18.0 NA NA [43]
Europe Sweden Northern 48 19.0 NA NA [43]
Europe Romania 45 20.0 NA NA [43]
Europe Iceland 28 21.0 NA NA [43]
Europe Saami 48 21.0 NA NA [43]
Europe Hungary 36 22.0 NA NA [43]
Europe Estonia 207 27.0 NA NA [43]
Europe Russia Mari 48 29.0 (Tambets disagrees) NA NA [43]
Europe Ukraine Ukraine 27 30.0 NA NA [43]
Europe Germany 30 30.0 NA NA [43]
Europe Norway 52 31.0 NA NA [43]
Europe Lithuania 38 34.0 NA NA [43]
Europe Slovenia 70 37.0 NA NA [43]
Europe Czech Republic 53 38.0 NA NA [43]
Europe Belarus 41 39.0 NA NA [43]
Europe Latvia 34 41.0 NA NA [43]
Asia Russia 122 47.0 NA NA [43]
Europe Slovakia 70 47.0 NA NA [43]
Europe Poland 112 54.0 NA NA [43]
Europe Ireland 57 1.0 NA NA [43]
Europe Ossetia 47 2.0 NA NA [43]
Europe Cyprus 45 2.0 NA NA [43]
Europe Italy 99 2.0 NA NA [43]
Europe Spain 126 2.0 NA NA [43]
Europe Portugal Southern 57 2.0 NA NA [43]
Europe Belgium 92 4.0 NA NA [43]
Europe Turkey 167 5.0 NA NA [43]
Europe France 40 5.0 NA NA [43]
Europe Georgia 64 6.0 NA NA [43]
Europe Armenia 89 6.0 NA NA [43]
Europe Denmark 56 7.0 NA NA [43]
Europe Scotland Western 120 7.0 NA NA [43]
Europe Scotland 43 7.0 NA NA [43]
Europe Greece 36 8.0 NA NA [43]
Europe England East Anglia 172 9.0 NA NA [43]
Europe Iceland 181 23.8 NA NA Helgason et al. (2000)
Europe Norway 112 17.9 NA NA Helgason et al. (2000)
Europe Sweden 110 17.3 NA NA Helgason et al. (2000)
Europe Denmark 12 16.7 NA NA Helgason et al. (2000)
Europe Ireland 222 0.5 NA NA Helgason et al. (2000)
Europe Scotland 61 6.6 NA NA Helgason et al. (2000)
Europe Britain 32 9.4 NA NA Helgason et al. (2000)
Europe Germany 32 9.4 NA NA Helgason et al. (2000)
Europe Greece 42 4.8 NA NA Helgason et al. (2000)
Europe Italy 332 2.7 NA NA Helgason et al. (2000)
Asia Russia 30 43.3 NA NA Helgason et al. (2000)
Europe Estonia 74 36.5 NA NA Malaspina et al. (2003)
Europe Russia Komi-Permiak 42 23.8 NA NA Malaspina et al. (2003)
Europe Russia Russian (Perm) 37 43.2 NA NA Malaspina et al. (2003)
Europe Russia - Mordovia Mordovian Erzya 46 39.1 NA NA Malaspina et al. (2003)
Europe Russia - Mordovia Mordovian Moksi 46 21.7 NA NA Malaspina et al. (2003)
Europe Estonia Estonia Russian 26 26.9 NA NA Malaspina et al. (2003)
Europe Ukraine Ukrainian 6 50.0 NA NA Malaspina et al. (2003)
Europe Bulgaria Bulgarian 808 17.5 NA NA Karachanak et al. (2013)
Europe Turkey Northeast Turkish 11 18.2 NA NA Malaspina et al. (2003)
Europe Turkey Central Anatolian 18 11.1 NA NA Malaspina et al. (2003)
Europe Turkey Southwest Turkish 29 10.3 NA NA Malaspina et al. (2003)
Europe Turkey Southeast Turkish 13 15.4 NA NA Malaspina et al. (2003)
Europe Cyprus Turkish Cypriots 22 13.6 NA NA Malaspina et al. (2003)
Middle East Talysh 20 10.0 NA NA Malaspina et al. (2003)
Caucasus Azerbaijan Azeri 24 12.5 NA NA Malaspina et al. (2003)
Europe Croatia Mainland 108 34.3 NA NA Pericic et al. (2005)
Europe Bosnia-Herzogivina Bosnians 69 24.6 NA NA Pericic et al. (2005)
Europe Bosnia-Herzogivina Herzogivinians 141 12.1 NA NA Pericic et al. (2005)
Europe Serbia Serbians 113 15.9 NA NA Pericic et al. (2005)
Europe Kosova Albanians 114 4.4 NA NA Pericic et al. (2005)
Europe Republic of Macedonia Macedonians 79 15.2 NA NA Pericic et al. (2005)
Europe Republic of Macedonia Romani 57 1.8 NA NA Pericic et al. (2005)
Europe Croatia Mainland 109 33.9 NA NA [10]
Europe Croatia Krk 74 28.0 NA NA [10]
Europe Croatia Brač 49 13.0 NA NA [10]
Europe Croatia Hvar 91 8.0 NA NA [10]
Europe Croatia Korčula 134 27.0 NA NA [10]
Europe Russia North 380 34.20 NA NA Balanovsky et al. (2008)
Europe Russia Central 364 46.50 NA NA Balanovsky et al. (2008)
Europe Russia South 484 55.40 NA NA Balanovsky et al. (2008)
Europe Portugal 553 1.27 NA NA Gonçalves et al. (2005)
Europe Sweden Swedes 141 18.4 NA NA [44]
Europe Estonia Estonians 209 33.5 NA NA [44]
Europe Latvia Latvians 86 38.4 NA NA [44]
Europe Russia Mari 111 47.7 (Rosser disagrees) NA NA [44]
Europe Russia Mordvin 83 26.5 NA NA [44]
Europe Russia Komi 94 33 NA NA [44]
Europe Russia Udmurt 87 10.3 NA NA [44]
Europe Russia Chuvash 79 31.6 NA NA [44]
Europe Russia Volga Tatars 126 34.1 NA NA [44]
Europe France French 61 0 NA NA [44]
Europe Hungary Hungarians 113 20.4 NA NA [44]
Europe Russia Russians 61 42.6 NA NA [44]
North Asia Russia Khant 47 4.3 NA NA [44]
North Asia Russia Nganasan 38 0 NA NA [44]
North Asia Russia Nenets 148 0 NA NA [44]
North Asia Russia Selkup 131 19.1 NA NA [44]
North Asia Russia Ket 48 0 NA NA [44]
North Asia Russia Dolgan 67 16.4 NA NA [44]
North Asia Russia Yakut 155 1.9 NA NA [44]
North Asia Russia Buryat 81 1.2 NA NA [44]
North Asia Russia Evenk 96 1 NA NA [44]
North Asia Russia Evens 31 6.5 NA NA [44]
North Asia Russia Altaians 98 46.9 NA NA [44]
Europe Norway Norwegians 72 23.6 NA NA [44]
Europe Denmark Danes 194 16.5 NA NA Sanchez et al. (2003)
Europe Turkey Kurds Zazaki speakers 27 NA NA 25.9 Nasidze et al. (2005)
Europe Turkey Kurds Kurmanji speakers 87 NA NA 12.7 Nasidze et al. (2005)
Middle East Iraq Kurds 95 NA NA 11.6 Brinkmann et al. (1999)
Caucasus Georgia Kurds 25 NA NA 0.0 Nasidze et al. (2005)
Middle East Jordan Amman 101 NA NA 2.0 Flores et al. (2005)
Middle East Jordan Dead Sea 45 NA NA 0.0 Flores et al. (2005)
Middle East Iraq Baghdad, different ethnic groups 139 NA NA 6.5 Al Zahery et al. (2003)
Europe Russia Arkhangelsk 28 NA 0.00 17.9 Mirabal et al. (2009)
North Asia Russia Khanty 27 NA 0.00 14.8 Mirabal et al. (2009)
Europe Russia Izhenski Komi 54 NA 0.00 29.6 Mirabal et al. (2009)
Europe Russia Priluzki Komi 49 NA 0.00 32.7 Mirabal et al. (2009)
Europe Russia Kursk region Russian 40 NA 0.00 52.5 Mirabal et al. (2009)
Europe Russia Tver region Russian 38 NA 0.00 57.9 Mirabal et al. (2009)
R1b frequency in surveyed groups by continent and country
Continent Population #No. Total% R-P25* R-V88 R-M269 R-M73
Africa Northern Africa 691 5.9% 0.0% 5.2% 0.7% 0.0%
Africa Central Sahel Region 461 23.0% 0.0% 23.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Africa Western Africa 123 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Africa Eastern Africa 442 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Africa Southern Africa 105 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Europe Western Europeans 465 57.8% 0.0% 0.0% 57.8% 0.0%
Europe North western Europeans 43 55.8% 0.0% 0.0% 55.8% 0.0%
Europe Central Europeans 77 42.9% 0.0% 0.0% 42.9% 0.0%
Europe North Eastern Europeans 74 1.4% 0.0% 0.0% 1.4% 0.0%
Europe Russians 60 6.7% 0.0% 0.0% 6.7% 0.0%
Europe Eastern Europeans 149 20.8% 0.0% 0.0% 20.8% 0.0%
Europe South eastern Europeans 510 13.1% 0.0% 0.2% 12.9% 0.0%
Asia Western Asians 328 5.8% 0.0% 0.3% 5.5% 0.0%
Asia Southern Asians 288 4.8% 0.0% 0.0% 1.7% 3.1%
Asia South eastern Asians 10 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Asia North eastern Asians 30 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Asia Eastern Asians 156 0.6% 0.0% 0.0% 0.6% 0.0%
TOTAL 5326
R2

Haplogroup R2 is most common in South Asia and south Central Asia, as well as diaspora populations, such as the Romanis.

Frequency of R2a (R-M124) in Social and Linguistic Subgroups of Indian Populations - (Source: Sengupta et al. 2006)
Tibeto-Burman Austro-Asiatic Dravidian Indo-European
Tribe 5.75% 10.94% 5.00% -
Lower Caste - - 13.79% 10.00%
Middle Caste - - 3.53% 18.75%
Upper Caste - - 10.17% 16.28%
Frequency of Haplogroup R2a (R-M124) in the Arab World from DNA studies
Count Sample Size R-M124 Frequency %
UAE[45] 8 217 3.69%
Qatar[46] 1 72 1.39%
Kuwait[47] 1 153 0.65%
Yemen[46] 1 104 0.96%
Jordan[48] 2 146 1.37%
Lebanon[49] 2 935 0.21%
Palestine[50] 1 49 2.04%
Egypt[51] 1 147 0.68%
R2b frequency Central-South Asia
R2b% Population
10.3% Burusho
6.8% Kalash
1.0% Pashtuns
3.4% Gujarat
0.63% Pakistan

P2 (P-B253)

The Aeta (or Agta) people of Luzon in the Philippines have also provided the only known samples of P2 (P-B253).[1]

Notes

  1. ^ a b The first sample recruited for the study by Bowden, Balaresque, et al., followed the usual sampling strategy: Evidence of two generations of residence in a studied location were sufficient to qualify a donor to participate in the study of DNA localised to a particular geographical area. They contrasted this 'modern' group with a 'medieval' group they recruited, in whom they required additional "cultural markers" of ancestry.
  2. ^ a b For a sample with local (either: West Lancashire; or the Wirral) ancestry likely going back to the time of the Viking influx into Northern England, Bowden, Balaresque, et al. used special inclusion criteria:

    "Subjects for the second sample ('medieval') were also required to have at least two generations of residence, and to have their earliest recorded patrilineal ancestor born in the relevant area. However, in addition they were required to carry surnames that were present in the relevant region prior to 1572 as judged by documentary sources"

    — Bowden, Balaresque, et al. (2008)

References

  1. ^ a b c d e ISOGG, 2016, Y-DNA Haplogroup P and its Subclades – 2016 (20 June 2016).
  2. ^ a b The island of Luzon, in the Philippines is the only known location of P2 (P-B253) and one of only a few locations for P*; it also features P1* (M45). See, for example: Tumonggor MK, Karafet TM, Downey S, Lansing JS, Norquest P, Sudoyo H, Hammer MF, Cox MP (September 2014). "Isolation, contact and social behavior shaped genetic diversity in West Timor". Journal of Human Genetics. 59 (9): 494–503. doi:10.1038/jhg.2014.62. PMC 4521296. PMID 25078354. and Heyer E, Georges M, Pachner M, Endicott P (2013). "Genetic diversity of four Filipino negrito populations from Luzon: comparison of male and female effective population sizes and differential integration of immigrants into Aeta and Agta communities". Human Biology. 85 (1–3): 189–208. doi:10.3378/027.085.0310. PMID 24297226.
  3. ^ a b c d e Karafet TM, Mendez FL, Sudoyo H, Lansing JS, Hammer MF (March 2015) [online June 2014]. "Improved phylogenetic resolution and rapid diversification of Y-chromosome haplogroup K-M526 in Southeast Asia". European Journal of Human Genetics. 23 (3): 369–373. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2014.106. PMC 4326703. PMID 24896152.
  4. ^ Magoon GR, Banks RH, Rottensteiner C, Schrack BE, Tilroe VO, Robb T, Grierson AJ (2013). "Generation of high-resolution a priori Y-chromosome phylogenies using "next-generation" sequencing data". bioRxiv: 000802. doi:10.1101/000802. S2CID 377800.
  5. ^ a b c Hallast P, Agdzhoyan A, Balanovsky O, Xue Y, Tyler-Smith C (February 2021). "A Southeast Asian origin for present-day non-African human Y chromosomes". Human Genetics. 140 (2): 299–307. doi:10.1007/s00439-020-02204-9. PMC 7864842. PMID 32666166.
  6. ^ Moreno-Mayar et Al., Early human dispersals within the Americas, see Supplementary Materials, Table S9. Y chromosome and mtDNA description of new ancient sequences : HistAndaman, Y haplogroup P-295. Included in Yfull tree
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  12. ^ SRY1532.2 positive, M17/M198 not tested (%)
  13. ^ SRY1532.2 positive, M17/M198 negative (%)
  14. ^ SRY1532.2 positive, M17/M198 positive (%)
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs Underhill PA, Myres NM, Rootsi S, Metspalu M, Zhivotovsky LA, King RJ, et al. (April 2010). "Separating the post-Glacial coancestry of European and Asian Y chromosomes within haplogroup R1a". European Journal of Human Genetics. 18 (4): 479–484. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2009.194. PMID 19888303.
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  18. ^ Kasperaviciūte, Kučinskas, & Stoneking (2005).
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  27. ^ a b c d e f Fornarino S, Pala M, Battaglia V, Maranta R, Achilli A, Modiano G, Torroni A, Semino O, Santachiara-Benerecetti SA (July 2009). "Mitochondrial and Y-chromosome diversity of the Tharus (Nepal): a reservoir of genetic variation". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 9: 154. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-154. PMC 2720951. PMID 19573232.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
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  40. ^ The source (Varzari) gives location as Karahasani, Tighina district. The Ștefan Vodă District, where Carahasani, or Karahasani [sic], is located, was formerly (1998-2003) part of Tighina County. During this period, Tighina County was included as an administrative division of Moldava: "... the southeastern sample of the Moldavians (N=123) is from the Village of Karahasani, the Tighina district."
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