Dungan people
 |
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page.
|
 Dungan men in Kazakhstan. |
|||||||||
| Regions with significant populations | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|||||||||
| Languages | |||||||||
| Religion | |||||||||
| Related ethnic groups | |||||||||
Dungans (Russian: Дунгане), is an expatriated branch of Hui/Huwi ("回族"/حُوِ) which is an ethnic group of Chinese people. They a have middle-scale communities in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and Russia.
Contents |
[edit] History
The term “Dungan” is from the Turkic word döñän ("one who turns"), which has a similar meaning with the Chinese version of Dungans’ name "回回" (HuíHuí, "turnback"). The Chinese scholars tend to associate the name with Chinese word "东干" (Dong Gan), which means 'Eastern Gansu' (东甘), the region to which many Dungans can trace their ancestry. However the term "Dungan" ("Tonggan", "Donggan") has been used by Central Asian Turkic- and Tajik-speaking people for several centuries, and many Dungans can trace their ancestry to Shaanxi, therefore this theory is widely questioned (in fact, "Huihui" everywhere are referred to by Middle Asian Turks and Tajiks as Dungans).
[edit] The Hui people
Hui people is a mixed-ancestry group.They are of partial central Asian lineage, and also the converted Chinese lineage,as well as mongolian and other Chinese minorities such as Qiang.
[edit] Re-immigration to Middle Asia
The Dungans first re-appeared in Middle Asia were prisoners and captive exiled from Gansu and Ningxia to Kuldja and Kashgar after the Revolt of Jahriyya Dungans caused by the imprisonment of Ma Mingxin. The Han Chinese sold the captured women and children to Middle Asian slavetraders. They mostly served in private wealthy households. After the abolition of slavery by the Russian conquest of Central Asia, female Dungan slaves still stayed where they were originally held captive, a Russian ethnographer Validimir Petrovich Nalivkin and his wife said that "women slaves almost all remained in place, because they either were married to workers and servants of their former owners, or they were too young to begin an independent life." Dungan women slaves were of mean status, and not regarded highly in Bukhara.[3]
Up to early 19th century, the Dungans became a major ethnic group in Xinjiang Province, China. Marshall Broomhall, who has a chapter on "the Tungan Rebellion" in his 1910 book, referred the translation of the report on "Tungans" by an Ottoman writer named Abd-ul-Aziz. Abd-ul-Aziz divides the "Tungan people" into two branches: "the Tungans of China proper", as he also talks e.g. about the Tungans having 17 mosques in Beijing), and "The Tungans of Chinese and Russian Turkestan", who still look and speak Chinese, but have often also learned the Turkish language.[4]
The Dungans currently exists in the former Soviet republics are refugees who fled China in the nineteenth century, escaping retaliation of Han Chinese after the Muslim uprising in Northwestern China. In this uprising Dungans and Uighurs united to resist the enslavery of Chinese.[5]
Muhammad Ayyub (Chinese: Bai Yan-Hu(白彦虎)) was the biggest leader of this Dungan uprising, often called by his followers Akhund Muhammad Ayyub or Imam Muhammad Ayyub (he was the highest Imam of Shaanxi). Under the pressure of Chinese Army, his army went to Xinjiang Province, China, making an alliance with Yaqub Beg. After the falldown of Yaqub Beg, Muhammad Ayyub asked for protection of the Russian Empire. General Zuo Zongtang (called by Middle Asians as "Butcher Tso(Zuo)" for his responsibility to the massacre of millions of Dungan and Uighur civilians) demanded the extradition of Muhammad Ayyub and his followers, instantly refused by Russian government.
According to Rimsky-Korsakoff (1992), three separate groups of the Dungans fled to the Russian Empire across the Tengri Tagh during the exceptionally severe winter of 1877/78:
- The first group, of some 1,000 people, originally from Turpan in Xinjiang, led by Ma Daren (马大人, 'Master Ma'), also known as Ma Da-lao-ye (马大老爷, 'The Great Lord Ma'), reached Osh in southern Kyrgyzstan.
- The second group, originally from Didaozhou (狄道州) in Gansu, led by an ahond named Ma Yusuf (马郁素夫), also known as Ah Yelaoren (阿爷老人, 'the Old Lord'), were settled in the spring of 1878 in the village of Yrdyk (Russian: Ирдык or Ырдык) some 15 km from Karakol in Eastern Kyrgyzstan. They numbered 1130 on arrival.
- The third group, originally from Shaanxi, led by Muhammad Ayyub, were settled in the village of Karakunuz (now Masanchi) located in Zhambyl Province of Kazakhstan. This group numbered 3314 on arrival.
The next wave of re-immigration followed in the early 1880s. In accordance with the terms of the Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881), which required the withdrawal of the Russian troops from the Upper Ili Basin (the Kulja area), the Dungans and (Uyghurs) were allowed to opt for moving to the Russian side of the border. Many chose that option; according to Russian statistics, 4,682 Dungans remained in Xinjiang moved to the Russian Empire under the treaty. They migrated in many small groups between 1881 and 1883, settling in south-eastern Kazakhstan and northern Kyrgyzstan.
[edit] Soviet rule
The Dungans and the Russians maintain a very close and solid relationship. During the Russian Civil War, many Dungans joined Red Army to protect other Middle Asians and fight with White movement. Magaza Masanchi (Dungan: Магәзы Масанчын; Chinese: 马三奇) was their leader. Because of his bravery and leadership in Russian Civil War, Karakunuz was renamed Masanchi (sometimes spelt as "Masanchin") after him in 1965.
During World War II, most Dungan men are ordered for military service, during which many of them died. Mansuza Vanakhun (Cyrillic Dungan: мансуза ванахун; Mandarin Chinese:曼苏尔•王阿洪) was a Dungan National Hero who led a mortar battery.[6]
[edit] Dungan settlements in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan
Nowadays many Dungan people live in cities such as Almaty, Taraz, Bishkek, Tokmok, Karakol, Tashkent, Andijan and Samarkand. Some of them still live in countryside.
The following table summarizes location of Dungan villages in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, alternative names used for them, and their Dungan population as reported by Ma Tong (2003). The Cyrillic Dungan spelling of place names is as in the textbook by Sushanlo, Imazov (1988); the spelling of the name in Chinese character is as in Ma Tong (2003).
| Village name (and alternatives) | Location (in present-day terms) | Foundation | Current Dungan population (from Ma Tang (2003)) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kazakhstan - total 48,000 (Ma Tang (2003)) or 36,900 (Kazakhstan Census of 1999) | |||
| Masanchi (Russian: Масанчи; Kazakh: Масаншы) or Masanchin (Russian: Масанчин; Cyrillic Dungan: Масанчын; 马三成), prior to 1965 Karakunuz (Каракунуз, Караконыз). | (42°55′40″N 75°18′00″E / 42.92778°N 75.3°E) Korday District, Zhambyl Province of Kazakhstan (8 km north of Tokmok, Kyrgyzstan) | Spring 1878. 3314 people from Shaanxi, led by Muhammad Ayyub (白彦虎). | 7,000, current mayor: Ishar Ussupovich Lou |
| Sortobe (Kazakh: Сортөбе; Russian: Шортюбе, Shortyube; Dungan: Щёртюбе; Chinese: 新渠) | (42°52′00″N 75°15′15″E / 42.8666667°N 75.25417°E) Korday District, Zhambyl Province. On the northern bank of the Chui River opposite and a few km downstream from Tokmok; south of Masanchi (Karakunuz) | (Karakunuz group) | 9,000 |
| Zhalpak-tobe, (Kazakh: Жалпақ-төбе; Chinese: 加尔帕克秋白) | Zhambyl District, Zhambyl Province; near Grodekovo, south of Taraz | 3,000 | |
| Kyrgyzstan - total 50,000 (Ma Tang (2003) | |||
| Yrdyk Russian: Ырдык or Ирдык; Dungan: Эрдэх; Chinese: 二道沟) | (42°27′30″N 78°18′0″E / 42.45833°N 78.3°E) Jeti Oguz district of Issyk Kul Province; 15 km south-west from Karakol. | Spring 1878. 1130 people, originally from Didaozhou (狄道州) in Gansu, led by Ma Yusu (马郁素), a.k.a. Ah Yelaoren (阿爷老人). | 2,800 |
| Sokuluk (Russian: Сокулук; Dungan: Сохўлў; Chinese: 梢葫芦); may also include adjacent Aleksandrovka (Александровка) | Sokuluk District of Chuy Province; 30 km west of Bishkek | Some of those 4,628 Hui people who arrived in 1881-1883 from the Ili Basin. | 12,000 |
| Milyanfan (Russian: Милянфан; Dungan: Милёнчуан; Chinese: 米粮川) | Ysyk-Ata District of Chuy Province. Southern bank of the Chuy River, some 60 km west of Tokmok and about as much north-east of Bishkek. | (Karakunuz group (?)) | 10,000 |
| Ivanovka village (Russian: Ивановка; Chinese: 伊万诺夫卡) | Ysyk-Ata District of Chuy Province. Southern bank of the Chuy River, some 30 km west of Tokmok. | (Karakunuz group (?)) | 1,500 |
| Dungan community of Osh (Russian: Ош, Chinese: 奥什) | Osh City | Spring 1878, 1000 people, originally from Turpan in Xinjiang, led by Ma Daren, also known as Ma Da-lao-ye (马大老爷) | 800 |
The position of the Kazakhstan villages within the administrative division of Zhambyl Province, and the total population of each village can be found at the provincial statistics office web site.[7]
[edit] Language
Dungan language is a dialect of Central Plains Mandarin,with many loadwords from Russian and Kazakh language.They haved adopted Cyrillizated Chinese during Soviet rule.
[edit] Culture
The Dungans are famous for their hospitality, bravery and respect of honor. The urban Dungans are mostly highly-respected rich merchants (some of them are bankers). Those who live in countryside are farmers, growing rice, vegetables and raise dairy cattle.
The Dungan culture are basically similar to other ethnic nationalities in Middle Asia, especially Tajiks. The Dungan crafts and cuisine have Persian origin. Although Dungan finery had been influenced by Chinese fashion in the past (men wore Ma Gua(马褂) with Taqiyah while women wore Cheongsam), the Dungans now wear Russian clothes with Ushanka.
Around the late 19th century the Bride Price was between 240 to 400 rubles for Dungan women. Dungans take other women such as Kirghiz and Tatars as brides willingly, or kidnap Kirghiz girls.[8] Though marriage customs of Dungans are conservative, Dungan men are allowed to marry Turkish girls, or even Russian and Jewish girls (in Middle Asia marriage between Muslim men and non-Muslim women are very common).
[edit] Identity
The Dungans who settle in Middle Asia define themselves as the descendants of Hui-hui-guo (Khwarezm) and an ethnic group of Middle Asia, rather than Chinese. But the Hui people in China, though share same blood and ancestry with the Dungans, consider themselves Chinese citizen and devote themselves to their country, meanwhile insist that they are an individual ethnic group and are not Han Chinese who converted to Islam. As Ding (2005) notes, "[t]he Dungan people derive from China's Hui people, and now live mainly in Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan. Their population is about 110,000. This people have now developed a separate ethnicity outside China, yet they have close relations with the Hui people in culture, ethnic characteristics and ethnic identity."
The Middle Asians also recognize Dungans and Han Chinese as two different groups. Marshall Broomhall’s book introduces "the name Tungan or Dungan, by which the Muslims of these parts [i.e., NE China] are designated, in contradistinction as the Chinese Buddhists who are spoken of as Kithay"; the reference to "Khitay" shows that he was viewing the two terms as used by Turkic speakers.[9]
[edit] Religion
The large majority of Dungans are Gedimu Muslims, with a Sufi minority (mostly Jahriyya)[citation needed]. Many Dungan villages contain a mosque run by village elders. Islam came to the Dungans in the manner it came to Hui people. See the article on Gedimu, Jahriyya, Khwarazmian Dynasty, and Hui people for more information.
[edit] Notes
- ^ Population and Housing Census 2009. Book 2. Part 1. (in tables). Population of Kyrgyzstan. (Перепись населения и жилищного фонда Кыргызской Республики 2009. Книга 2. Часть 1. (в таблицах). Население Кыргызстана), Bishkek: National Committee on Statistics, 2010, http://212.42.101.100:8088/nacstat/sites/default/files/3.1.pdf
- ^ Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года
- ^ Shail Mayaram (2009). Shail Mayaram. ed. The other global city (illustrated ed.). Taylor & Francis US. p. 209. ISBN 0415991943. http://books.google.com/books?id=QVSVux0wIW0C&pg=PA209&dq=yelia's+mother-in-law+had+married+a+Chechen.+But+such+is+the+stigma+of+the+Chala+identity+that+it+overrode+both+the+low+status+of+the+Dungan+grandmother,+who+arrived+in+Bukhara+as+a+slave,+and+current+political+anxieties+about+Chechens&hl=en&ei=dRPbTYb5L6rn0QGO-IX0Dw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=yelia's%20mother-in-law%20had%20married%20a%20Chechen.%20But%20such%20is%20the%20stigma%20of%20the%20Chala%20identity%20that%20it%20overrode%20both%20the%20low%20status%20of%20the%20Dungan%20grandmother%2C%20who%20arrived%20in%20Bukhara%20as%20a%20slave%2C%20and%20current%20political%20anxieties%20about%20Chechens&f=false. Retrieved 2010-07-30.
- ^ Broomhall 1910, p. 260
- ^ Thomas Edward Gordon writes about the "Tunganis" with taifu wall pieces (small cannons) guarding the walls of Yaqub Beg's capital Kashgar (in today's Western Xinjiang) in his book The roof of the world: being a narrative of a journey over the high plateau of Tibet to the Russian frontier and the Oxus sources on Pamir. A Times journalist in "Russia and China in Central Asia" (reprinted by The Brisbane Courier, Wednesday 8 January 1879) distinguishes "the Tungan Country" (today, eastern Xinjiang) and "Eastern Turkestan" (corresponding to Yaqub Beg's state in today's western Xinjiang). He talks about "the Tungani who had erected in the various cities of Hamil, Barkul, Guchen, Urumtsi, and Manas a confederacy of no mean power".
- ^ Svetlana Rimsky-Korsakoff Dyer (1991). I︠A︡syr Shivaza: the life and works of a Soviet Dungan poet (illustrated ed.). P. Lang. p. 205. ISBN 3631439636. http://books.google.com/books?id=ywAaAQAAIAAJ&q=Makeeva+writes+that+one+of+the+heroes,+who+perished+while+defending+Moscow+in+1941,+is+Dulshenkul+Shopokov;+another+hero+is+the+courageous+commander+of+the+mortar+battery,+Vanakhun+Mansuza,+a+third+hero+is+the+private+Tashmamat&dq=Makeeva+writes+that+one+of+the+heroes,+who+perished+while+defending+Moscow+in+1941,+is+Dulshenkul+Shopokov;+another+hero+is+the+courageous+commander+of+the+mortar+battery,+Vanakhun+Mansuza,+a+third+hero+is+the+private+Tashmamat&hl=en&ei=kTP1TcHKOZSz0AG9xdXsDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA. Retrieved 2011-06-11.
- ^ Population data for Zhambyl Province towns and villages (1999-2002)
- ^ Asian Folklore Institute, Society for Asian Folklore, Nanzan Daigaku. Jinruigaku Kenkyūjo, Nanzan Shūkyō Bunka Kenkyūjo (1992). Asian folklore studies, Volume 51. Nanzan University Institute of Anthropology. p. 256. http://books.google.com/books?ei=XCQ2TKdkgYKUB-7J9dQH&ct=result&id=ODXYAAAAMAAJ&dq=poor+dungans+kirghiz+brides+tatar+sart&q=kirghiz+girls+abduct. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
- ^ Broomhall, Marshall (1910), Islam in China: a neglected problem, China Inland Mission, p. 147, OCLC 347514, http://books.google.com/books?id=ObcNAAAAIAAJ. A 1966 reprint by Paragon Book Reprint is available. Relatedly, the Russian word for China is also Kitai (Китай), and for Chinese is Kitaitsy (китайцы), a label that is not applied to the Dungans (дунгане) in an ethnic sense; that is, Dungans and Kitaitsi (Chinese) were regarded as different ethnic groups or nationalities.
[edit] References
- Allès, Elisabeth. 2005. "The Chinese-speaking Muslims (Dungans) of Central Asia: A Case of Multiple Identities in a Changing Context," Asian Ethnicity 6, No. 2 (June): 121-134.
- Ding Hong. 2005. "A Comparative Study on the Cultures of the Dungan and the Hui People," Asian Ethnicity 6, No. 2 (June): 135-140.
- Svetlana Rimsky-Korsakoff Dyer. 1979. "Soviet Dungan kolkhozes in the Kirghiz SSR and the Kazakh SSR (Oriental monograph series)". Faculty of Asian Studies, Australian National University. ISBN 0-909879-11-7.
- Svetlana Rimsky-Korsakoff Dyer. Karakunuz: An Early Settlement of the Chinese Muslims in Russia, with an English translation of V.Tsibuzgin and A.Shmakov's work. "Asian Folklore Studies", Vol. 51 (1992), pp. 243–279.
- 马通 (Ma Tong), "吉尔吉斯草原上的东干族穆斯林文化" (Dungans' Muslim culture on the grasslands of Kyrgyzstan), Series "丝绸之路上的穆斯林文化" (Muslim Cultures of the Silk Road), 2003-Apr-27. (Chinese). (This article has some details additional to Rimsky-Korsakoff (1992)).
- Сушанло Мухамед, Имазов Мухаме. "Совет хуэйзў вынщүә". Фрунзе, "Мектеп" чубаншә, 1988. (Mukhamed Sushanlo, Mukhame Imazov. "Dungan Soviet Literature: textbook for 9th and 10th grade". Frunze, 1988). ISBN 5-658-00068-8.
- http://nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp/publications/afs/pdf/a916.pdf
[edit] External links
 |
Look up حُوِ ذَو in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
- 'A Very Dungan Wedding' Article on Kyrgyz Dungans
- Dungans Forum (rus)
- Chinabroadcast.cn
- About the Dungan alphabet
- Soviet Census data analyzed by mother tongue and second language, in English
- Association of Dungans of the Kyrgyz Republic, in English and Russian
- Samples of the Dungans' Cuisine
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||
