Grape seed oil: Difference between revisions
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=== Composition === |
=== Composition === |
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[[Image:Illustration Vitis vinifera0.jpg|thumb|right|Grape seeds (Nr. 7 and 8) and grapes]] |
[[Image:Illustration Vitis vinifera0.jpg|thumb|right|Grape seeds (Nr. 7 and 8) and grapes]] |
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{{Refimprovesect|date=January 2008}} |
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The following table lists |
The following table lists a typical [[fatty acid]] composition of grape seed oil:<ref>{{cite journal |
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| first = B. S. | last = Kamel | coauthors = Dawson H., Kakuda Y. |
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| title = Characteristics and composition of melon and grape seed oils and cakes |
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| journal = Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society | year = 1985 | volume = 62 | issue = 5 |
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| pages = 881-883 | accessdate = 2009-06-10 | doi = 10.1007/BF02541750 |
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}}</ref> |
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{| name="acids" class="wikitable" |
{| name="acids" class="wikitable" |
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|- |
|- |
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! Acid |
! Acid |
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! Type |
! Type |
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! |
! Percentage |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[Linoleic acid]] |
| [[Linoleic acid]] |
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| [[Omega-6 fatty acid|ω−6]] [[unsaturated fatty acid|unsaturated]] |
| [[Omega-6 fatty acid|ω−6]] [[unsaturated fatty acid|unsaturated]] |
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| ⚫ | |||
| align=right | 69 |
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| align=center | to |
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| ⚫ | |||
|- |
|- |
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| [[Oleic acid]] |
| [[Oleic acid]] |
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| [[Omega-9 fatty acid|ω−9]] [[unsaturated fatty acid|unsaturated]] |
| [[Omega-9 fatty acid|ω−9]] [[unsaturated fatty acid|unsaturated]] |
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| ⚫ | |||
| align=right | 15 |
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| align=center | to |
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| ⚫ | |||
|- |
|- |
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| [[Palmitic acid]]<br />(Hexadecanoic acid) |
| [[Palmitic acid]]<br />(Hexadecanoic acid) |
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| [[Saturated fatty acid|Saturated]] |
| [[Saturated fatty acid|Saturated]] |
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| ⚫ | |||
| align=right | 5 |
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| align=center | to |
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| 11% |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[Stearic acid]]<br />(Octadecanoic acid) |
| [[Stearic acid]]<br />(Octadecanoic acid) |
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| [[Saturated fatty acid|Saturated]] |
| [[Saturated fatty acid|Saturated]] |
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| ⚫ | |||
| align=right | 3 |
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| align=center | to |
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| ⚫ | |||
|- |
|- |
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| [[α-Linolenic Acid]] |
| [[α-Linolenic Acid]] |
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| [[Omega-3 fatty acid|ω−3]] [[unsaturated fatty acid|unsaturated]] |
| [[Omega-3 fatty acid|ω−3]] [[unsaturated fatty acid|unsaturated]] |
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| less than 1% |
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| align=right | 0.3 |
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| align=center | to |
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| ⚫ | |||
|- |
|- |
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| [[Palmitoleic acid]]<br />(9-Hexadecenoic acid) |
| [[Palmitoleic acid]]<br />(9-Hexadecenoic acid) |
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| [[Fatty acid|ω−7]] [[unsaturated fatty acid|unsaturated]] |
| [[Fatty acid|ω−7]] [[unsaturated fatty acid|unsaturated]] |
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| less than 1% |
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| align=right | 0.5 |
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| align=center | to |
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| 0.70% |
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|} |
|} |
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Revision as of 12:27, 9 June 2009
Not to be confused with Rapeseed oil.
 | This article needs attention from an expert in Food and drink. Please add a reason or a talk parameter to this template to explain the issue with the article. (November 2008) |
 | This article's factual accuracy is disputed. (March 2008) |
Grape seed oil (also called grapeseed oil or grape oil) is a vegetable oil pressed from the seeds of various varieties of Vitis vinifera grapes, an abundant by-product of winemaking. Grape seed oil is used for salad dressings, marinades, deep frying, flavored oils, baking, massage oil, sunburn repair lotion, hair products, body hygiene creams, lip balm and hand creams. Most grape seed oil is produced in Italy, with other producing nations including France, Spain, and Argentina.[citation needed] Although known to Europeans for centuries, grape seed oil was not produced or used on a large scale until the 20th century, largely because grape seeds contain a lower percentage of oil as compared to other oil-producing seeds, nuts, or beans.[citation needed]
Uses
Cooking
Grape seed oil is extracted from grape seeds and has a relatively high smoke point, approximately 420 °F (216 °C), so it can be safely used to cook at high temperature. Grape seed oil can be used for stir-fries, sautéing and fondue. In addition to its high smoking point, grape seed oil has other positive attributes in relation to cooking. It has a clean, light taste that has been described as 'nutty'. Because of its 'neutral' taste, grape seed oil is often used as an ingredient in salad dressings or as a base for infusing or flavoring with garlic, rosemary, or other herbs or spices. It is also used as an ingredient in homemade mayonnaise. One is able to use less grape seed oil for precisely the same reasons that the cosmetics industry likes it, the emollient and film-forming virtues.[citation needed]
The metabolic energy density of grape seed oil is comparable to that of other oils: about 120 kcal per tablespoon (34 kJ/ml).[citation needed] However, because less oil is needed for cooking, it can be used within a low-fat diet especially when combined with good frying techniques (such as using enough oil, not overcrowding the pan, and having the oil at the correct temperature) which reduces the amount of absorbed oil.
Cosmetics
In all products grape seed oil is a preferred cosmetic ingredient for damaged and stressed tissues, possessing regenerative and restructuring qualities which allow a better control of skin moisturization. It can help skin retain the normal structure of epithelium cells and nerve cells via supporting the cell membranes.[citation needed] It is noted to be especially effective for repair of the skin around the eyes. Used as an all-over skin moisturizer, grape seed oil is known to reduce the look of stretch marks. A light, thin oil, grape seed oil leaves a glossy film over the skin when used as a carrier oil for essential oils in aromatherapy. It contains more linoleic acid than many other carrier oils. Grape seed oil is also usable as a lubricant for face shaving.
Several other studies have shown that grape seed oil is effective in destroying cancer cells.
Possible medicinal benefits
Historically european folk healers developed an ointment from the sap of grapevines to cure skin and eye diseases. Grape leaves were used to stop bleeding, inflammation, and pain, such as the kind brought on by hemorrhoids. Unripe grapes were used to treat sore throats and dried grapes (raisins) were used to heal consumption, constipation, and thirst. The round, ripe, sweet grapes, were used to treat a range of health problems including cancer, cholera, smallpox, nausea, eye infections, and skin, kidney, and liver diseases.[citation needed]
Grape seeds contain several antioxidants, including polyphenols, including proanthocyanidins, which show some health benefits.[1] In particular, sufficiently high amounts of resveratrol occur that it can be extracted commercially.[2] Despite this, these antioxidants are not likely to be present in significant amounts in the cold-pressed grape seed oil itself,[3] since proanthocyanidins are polar molecules and therefore insoluble in lipids. Antioxidants from grape skins and seeds are more concentrated in products such as grape juice and red wine.
A 1993 study suggested that grape seed oil may increase HDL-C levels and reduced LDL levels.[4]
Composition
The following table lists a typical fatty acid composition of grape seed oil:[5]
| Acid | Type | Percentage |
|---|---|---|
| Linoleic acid | ω−6 unsaturated | 72% |
| Oleic acid | ω−9 unsaturated | 16% |
| Palmitic acid (Hexadecanoic acid) |
Saturated | 7% |
| Stearic acid (Octadecanoic acid) |
Saturated | 4% |
| α-Linolenic Acid | ω−3 unsaturated | less than 1% |
| Palmitoleic acid (9-Hexadecenoic acid) |
ω−7 unsaturated | less than 1% |
Grape seed oil also contains 0.8 to 1.5% unsaponifiables rich in phenols (tocopherols) and steroids (campesterol, beta-sitosterol, stigmasterol)[citation needed]. Grapeseed oil also contains small amounts of Vitamin E.[6]
References
- ^ Joshi, SS (2001). "The cellular and molecular basis of health benefits of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract". Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 2 (2): 187–200. doi:10.2174/1389201013378725. PMID 11480422.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Yilmaz, Y (2006). "Oxygen radical absorbance capacities of grape/wine industry byproducts and effect of solvent type on extraction of grape seed polyphenols". Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 19 (1): 41–48. doi:10.1016/j.jfca.2004.10.009.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ Nakamura, Y (2003). "Analysis of proanthocyanidins in grape seed extracts, health foods and grape seed oils". Journal of Health Science. 49 (1): 45–54. doi:10.1248/jhs.49.45.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Nash, DT (2004). "Cardiovascular risk beyond LDL-C levels: Other lipids are performers in cholesterol story". Postgraduate Medicine. 116 (3): 11–5.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ Kamel, B. S. (1985). "Characteristics and composition of melon and grape seed oils and cakes". Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society. 62 (5): 881–883. doi:10.1007/BF02541750.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ "Calorie and Vitamin Diary". Bitelog.com. Retrieved 2008-01-13.