1860 in science
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The year 1860 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.
Contents |
[edit] Biology
- June 30 - Debate about evolution at the Oxford University Museum.
- John Curtis publishes Farm Insects, being the natural history and economy of the insects injurious to the field crops of Great Britain and Ireland... with suggestions for their destruction in Glasgow.
[edit] Botany
- Joseph Dalton Hooker concludes publication of The Botany of the Antarctic Voyage of H.M. Discovery Ships Erebus and Terror ... 1839–1843 with issue of the final part of Flora Tasmaniae in London.[1]
[edit] Chemistry
- September 3–5 - Karlsruhe Congress, the first international meeting of chemists.
- Marcellin Berthelot rediscovers and names acetylene.
- Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff, using their newly-improved spectroscope, discover and name caesium in mineral water from Bad Dürkheim, Germany.[2]
[edit] Mathematics
- Carl Wilhelm Borchardt first discovers and proves Cayley's formula in graph theory.
[edit] Medicine
- July 9 – The Nightingale Training School and Home for Nurses, the first nursing school based on the ideas of Florence Nightingale, is opened at St Thomas' Hospital in London.
[edit] Psychology
- Gustav Fechner publishes Elemente der Psychophysik, establishing the discipline of psychophysics and introducing the Weber–Fechner law on the intensity of stimuli.[3][4]
[edit] Technology
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- April 9 - Earliest known decipherable sound recording of the human voice, a phonautogram, produced by Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville. Playback is impossible at this time.[5]
- December 29 - Launch of HMS Warrior by the Thames Ironworks and Shipbuilding Company, the first all-iron warship, for the first time combining steam engines delivering high speed, rifled breech-loading guns, iron frames and armoured cladding, and the propeller, in the largest naval ship built to this date.[6][7][8]
[edit] Awards
[edit] Births
- February 29 - Herman Hollerith (d. 1929), American statistician, punched card data processing inventor.
- May 2 - D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson (d. 1948), Scottish biologist.
- May 25 - James McKeen Cattell (d. 1944), American psychologist.
[edit] Deaths
- January 27 - János Bolyai (b. 1802), mathematician.
- January 27 - Thomas Brisbane (b. 1773), astronomer.
- June 29 - Thomas Addison (b. 1793), physician and scientist.
- July 1 - Charles Goodyear (b. 1800), inventor of the vulcanization process.
[edit] References
- ^ Sampson, F. Bruce (1985). "Botany of the Antarctic Voyage". Early New Zealand Botanical Art. Auckland: Reed Methuen. p. 76. http://www.nzetc.org/tm/scholarly/tei-SamEarl-t1-body1-d5-d5-d5.html. Retrieved 2011-04-05.
- ^ Weeks, Mary Elvira (1932). "The discovery of the elements. XIII. Some spectroscopic discoveries". Journal of Chemical Education 9 (8): 1413–1434. Bibcode 1932JChEd...9.1413W. doi:10.1021/ed009p1413. http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ed009p1413. Retrieved 2011-11-21.
- ^ Fancher, Raymond E. (1996). Pioneers of Psychology (3rd ed.). New York: W. W. Norton & Co. ISBN 0393969940.
- ^ Sheynin, Oscar (May 2004). "Fechner as a statistician". British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology 57 (1): 53–72. doi:10.1348/000711004849196. PMID 15171801.
- ^ Rosen, Jody (March 27, 2008). "Researchers Play Tune Recorded Before Edison". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/27/arts/27soun.html.
- ^ Brownlee, Walter (1985). Warrior: the First Modern Battleship. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-27579-8.
- ^ Brownlee, Walter (1987). "HMS Warrior". Scientific American 257 (6): 130–136.
- ^ Wells, John (1987). The immortal Warrior, Britain’s first and last battleship. Emsworth: Kenneth Mason. ISBN 0859373339.
