World food crises (2022–present)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by BattyBot (talk | contribs) at 02:45, 27 November 2022 (Removed/fixed incorrect author parameter(s), performed general fixes). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Fertilizer prices 1992–2022. The 2007–2008 world food crisis happened when fertilizer prices spiked.
  DAP
  Potassium chloride
  Phosphorite
  Triple Superphosphate
  Urea
  Food Price Index
  Oils
  Cereals
  Dairy
  Meat
  Sugar
Commodity Prices
  Soybean
  Wheat
  Corn
  Copper

2022 saw a rapid increase in food prices and shortages of food supplies around the world. The compounding crises in distinct parts of the world were caused by compounding geopolitical and economic crisis. The crises followed food security and economic crises during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the Food and Agriculture Organization, as well as other observers of the food commodities markets, warned of a collapse in food supply and price increases.[1][2][3][4][5] Much of the concern is related to supply shortages of key commodity crops, such as wheat, corn, and oil seeds, which could cause price increases.[3] The invasion also led to fuel and associated fertilizer price increases, causing further food shortfalls and price increases.[5]

Even before the invasion, food prices were already at record highs. As of February 2022, year-over-year food prices were up 20%, according to the Food and Agriculture Organization.[6] The war further increased year-over-year prices another 40% in March.[7] The compounding issues, including the Russian invasion of Ukraine, as well as climate-related crop failures, are expected to reverse global trends in reducing hunger and malnutrition.[8]

Some regions, such as East Africa and Madagascar, were already experiencing drought and famine due to agricultural system failures and climate change,[9][10] and the price increases are expected to make the situation worse.[5][7] Even Global North countries that usually have secure food supplies, such as the UK and US, are beginning to experience the direct impacts of cost inflation due to food insecurity.[11] Some analysts described the price increases as the worst since the 2007–2008 world food price crisis.[7] Though initial international responses to the food crisis suggested that some suppliers or harvests may alleviate global shortages and price increases (e.g. a proposed influx of grain from India), as of June 2022 no international efforts have been effective at alleviating prices.[12]

Overview

Further information: Food security during the COVID-19 pandemic, 2021–2022 global supply chain crisis, 2021–2022 inflation surge, and 2021–2022 global energy crisis

The COVID-19 pandemic significantly disrupted food supply chains around the world, disrupting distribution channels at the consumption and distribution stages of the food industry. A rise in fuel and transport prices further increased the complexity of distribution as food competed with other goods.

At the same time, significant floods and heatwaves in 2021 destroyed key crops in the Americas and Europe.[13]

Observations by region

2022 Peruvian protests due to increased food and fuel prices
2022 Ecuadorian protests against the economic policies of Ecuadorian president Guillermo Lasso, triggered by increasing fuel and food prices

The price rises affected parts of Asia, Africa and Latin America particularly severely with Iran,[14] Sri Lanka,[15] Sudan,[16] and Iraq[17] seeing protests and food riots. Other countries that have seen food riots or are facing related unrest are Albania,[18] Kenya,[19] Indonesia,[20] Peru,[21] Ecuador,[22] Panama,[23] Argentina,[24] Tunisia and Lebanon.[25]

Africa and MENA

Price increases for certain staples, such as wheat, were expected to most severely affect countries like Egypt, Turkey, and Somalia in MENA and East Africa, which rely heavily on wheat imports from Ukraine and Russia.[7] This is expected to further hurt prices in regional food markets, such as Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, and South Sudan.[7]

The changes in the food market caused by the invasion of Ukraine further exacerbated existing drought problems in the already vulnerable Horn of Africa.[26] In February, the World Food Programme (WFP) and UNICEF had already projected nutrition and hunger gaps for thirteen million people in East Africa.[27] By March, the UN had expanded that number to 20 million people.[28]

Iran

Main article: 2022 Iranian food protests

Protests in Iran broke out in early May after an increase in wheat prices.[29]

West Africa

Oxfam, ALIMA and Save the Children warned that the food crises in West Africa could affect 27 million people, especially in Burkina Faso, Niger, Chad, Mali, and Nigeria.[30]

During a visit in Nigeria, the Secretary-General of the United Nations voiced concerns over the war exacerbating the crises of food, energy, and economies in Africa as a whole.[31]

On 2 June 2022, Chad declared a national food emergency.[32]

Yemen

Further information: Saudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemen

The main cause of the famine in Yemen is the ongoing Yemeni Civil War. Aid often cannot effectively reach the population because of the blockade of Yemen by Saudi Arabia which started in 2015.[33][34] 17.4 million do not have enough food and malnutrition levels in Yemen are among the highest in the world.[35]

Asia

Bangladesh

International Monetary Fund (IMF) forecasted Consumer Price Index (CPI) in Bangladesh to rise to 5.9% by the year 2022. The price of cooking oil, sugar, eggs and chickpeas increased sharply, which contributed a great deal to the inflation. According to the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, general inflation climbed to 6.17% by February 2022. Government officials link local prices to the global market situation and necessary stepstaken to stabilize price hikes due to these conditions. Experts see government failure behind the price hikes, with Russia's invasion of Ukraine pressuring inflationary tendencies further. Before the invasion of Ukraine, 95% of the cooking oil in Bangladesh was imported from overseas. The price of cooking oil per barrel was $700 then, it went up to $1,940 prior to the invasion. The price of liquified petroleum gas (LPG) also increased 12% by March.[36][37]

Afghanistan

Following the Taliban takeover, western nations suspended humanitarian aid and the World Bank and IMF also halted payments to Afghanistan.[38][39] The Biden administration froze about $9 billion in assets belonging to the Afghan central bank, blocking the Taliban from accessing billions of dollars held in US bank accounts.[40] In October 2021, the UN stated that more than half of Afghanistan's 39 million people faced an acute food shortage.[41]

The price increases connected to Russia's invasion of Ukraine may worsen the economic crises in Afghanistan that followed the US withdrawal.[42] According to the UN, $4.4bn to pay for increased food costs,[43] with human rights experts calling on the US to unblock assets of the Afghan's central bank to ease humanitarian crisis.[44]

India

Further information: 2022 Indian heat wave

Six out of every 10 Indians are dependent on state-delivered subsidised food. Though early reporting and government policy after the price increases following the war in Ukraine for wheat suggested India was well positioned to export more wheat, by end of April a heatwave that is projected to decrease harvests, increasing local prices, and fertilizer price increases projected a shortfall rather than an export-friendly market.[45] The decrease in harvests was largely driven by the 2022 Indian heat wave which is expected to severely reduce wheat harvest, killing the plants during the final weeks where they are usually growing.[46]

On 13 May, India, the world's second largest producer of wheat,[47] prohibited wheat exports.[48] IMF chief Kristalina Georgieva urged India to reconsider its ban on wheat exports.[49]

Indonesia

Extreme price increases for cooking oil sparked student protests and other civil unrest. The national government of Indonesia banned export of palm oil.[50] As Indonesia is the largest producer of palm oil, and with a harvest decline in the second largest producer and neighbor Malaysia, the ban has caused severe global supply chain disruptions and further exacerbated the price increases caused by the loss of Russian and Ukrainian oil exports and failures of soy crops in South America.[50] Following protests by palm farmers, the ban was reversed in late May after being in effect for around three weeks.[51]

Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka was much more harshly affected by the food crisis as it was already facing mass man-made crop failures due to a total ban on chemical fertilizer by President Gotabaya Rajapaksa resulting in rice production in Sri Lanka falling by 40-50% while other crops also suffered large losses with some even reaching 70% loss even before it was affected by the effects of the Russian crisis. The 2022 Sri Lankan protests escalated in part due to food shortages and post-COVID-19 pandemic inflation. By the time government reversed the ban on chemical fertilizer the Russian invasion of Ukraine had caused fertilizer prices to rise making it unaffordable for Sri Lanka which had defaulted on its loans after nearly running out of forex reserves.[52] On 9 May, Sri Lankan Prime Minister Mahinda Rajapaksa resigned from his position after protests on the country's economic crisis turned violent.[53][54][55]

Europe

Europe's energy crisis and the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine caused significant price increases for European fertilizer and food industries.[56][57] According to Julia Meehan, the head of fertilizers for the commodity price firm ICIS, "We are seeing record prices for every fertilizer type, which are all way above the previous highs in 2008. It's very, very serious. People don't realize that 50% of the world's food relies on fertilizers."[58]

In 2022, Europe's driest summer in 500 years had a negative impact on European agricultural production.[59][60][61]

North America

North America was already experiencing significant shortfalls and supply chain issues connected to the 2020–22 North American drought and the 2021–2022 global supply chain crisis.[7] The supply chain crisis was also one factor in infant formula shortages in the US.

Haiti

Main article: 2022 Haitian crisis

Along with protests and civil unrest against the government of Haiti in response to rising energy prices and the rising cost of living, as well as armed gang violence and an outbreak of cholera, Haiti is experiencing widespread acute hunger. On 14 October 2022, the WFP reported that a record 4.7 million people (almost half of the country's population) are currently facing acute hunger in Haiti;[62][63] using the Integrated Food Security Phase Classification (IPC) scale, the WFP classified 19,000 of those people as belonging to the fifth and highest level on the scale, the "Catastrophe" phase (IPC 5).[62][63]

South America

Chile

The 2022 food crises have added to the mounting inflation in Chile has experienced since 2020. Measured by the change in the Índice de Precios al Consumidor, the (IPC) in March 2022 relative to March 2021 indicated an inflation rate of 1.9%, the highest known since October 1993.[64] Bread and meat prices increased as well as those of food in general.[64] Cooking oil prices have risen, with a particular brand at a Santiago supermarket experiencing a 90% price increase from April 2021 to April 2022.[65]

The inflation in food prices is thought to be behind an increasing number of supermarket credit cards issued in 2022 as well as increasing rates of supermarket credit card debt default.[65] In April 2022, President Gabriel Boric announced a $3.7 billion economic recovery plan that included an increase in the minimum wage to help people deal with rising prices.[66] Supermarkets belonging to Cencosud begun rationing cooking oil, rice and flour in late April.[67]

Causes

Energy crisis

Natural gas prices in Europe and United States
  National Balancing Point NBP (UK) natural gas prices
  Europe TTF natural gas prices
  United States Henry Hub natural gas prices
Further information: 2007–2008 world food price crisis, Peak oil, and Food vs. fuel

Natural gas is a major feedstock for the production of ammonia, via the Haber process, for use in fertilizer production.[68] The development of synthetic nitrogen fertilizer has significantly supported global population growth — it has been estimated that almost half the people on the Earth are currently fed as a result of synthetic nitrogen fertilizer use.[69]

Since 2021, the 2021–2022 global energy crisis has spread to the fertilizer and food industries.[70][71][72][73] According to Julia Meehan, the head of fertilizers for the commodity price agency ICIS, "We are seeing record prices for every fertiliser type, which are all way above the previous highs in 2008. It's very, very serious. People don't realise that 50% of the world's food relies on fertilisers."[74] The impact of agricultural input costs, including fertilizer and fuels, on food prices has been shown to be larger than the effect of the curtailment of food exports from Russia and Ukraine.[75]

Russian invasion of Ukraine

Russian President Vladimir Putin met with the President of the African Union, Macky Sall, to discuss grain deliveries from Russia and Ukraine to Africa, 3 June 2022
Member of the State Emergency Service of Ukraine carrying an unexploded Russian bomb in an agricultural field in southeastern Ukraine, 1 July 2022. The Russian invasion of Ukraine disrupted all parts of the grain agriculture and grain trade from Ukraine, further stressing a global supply chain that had already been seeing major price increases.

From 2 Feb to 1 April Russia banned the export of ammonium nitrate (AN) to guarantee supplies for domestic farmers following the spike in global fertilizer prices, which were impacted by rising costs for natural gas.[76][77] This conflict will affect most of the economies, however, the most affected economies are in Europe and Africa. It is advisable for these economies to explore and find alternative food supply chain partners and solutions in North America, South America, the Middle East, Australasia, and some regions of Asia and Africa that have been less affected by this conflict.[77]

This section is an excerpt from Economic impact of the Russian invasion of Ukraine § Cost of food and crops.[edit]
A burning wheat field near Andriivka, Kharkiv Oblast after Russian shelling on 5 July 2022

Wheat prices surged to their highest prices since 2008 in response to the 2022 attacks.[78] Ukraine accounted for 10% of global wheat exports.[79] At the time of the invasion, Ukraine was the fourth-largest exporter of corn and wheat, and the world's largest exporter of sunflower oil, with Russia and Ukraine together responsible for 27% of the world's wheat exports and 53% of the world's sunflowers and seeds.[80] The head of the World Food Programme, David Beasley, warned in March that the war in Ukraine could take the global food crisis to "levels beyond anything we've seen before".[81]

A potential disruption to global wheat supplies could exacerbate the ongoing hunger crisis in Yemen,[82] Afghanistan[83][84] and East Africa.[85] The American Bakers Association president warned that the price of anything made with grain would begin rising as all the grain markets are interrelated. The chief agricultural economist for Wells Fargo stated that Ukraine will likely be severely limited in their ability to plant crops in spring 2022 and lose an agricultural year, while an embargo on Russian crops would create more inflation of food prices. Recovering crop production capabilities may take years even after fighting has stopped.[86]

Surging wheat prices resulting from the conflict have strained African countries such as Egypt, which are highly dependent upon Russian and Ukrainian wheat exports, and have provoked fears of social unrest.[87] At least 25 African countries import a third of their wheat from Russia and Ukraine, and 15 of them import more than half from those two countries.[88] On 24 February, the Chinese government announced that it would drop all restrictions on Russian wheat as part of an agreement that had been reached earlier in February;[89] the South China Morning Post called this a potential "lifeline" for the Russian economy.[90]

Effects of climate change

Main article: Effects of climate change on agriculture

Multiple heat, flooding, and drought events between 2020 and 2022 significantly hurt global food supplies and reserves. These weather events, which have been connected with climate change, made the food system less resilient to shocks like the war in Ukraine. Global reserves of wheat were extremely low at the beginning of 2022 because of these weather events.[91] During the year 2022 many similar events connected to climate change continue to severely reduce agriculture production in the world.[92]

This section is an excerpt from Effects of climate change on agriculture.[edit]

There are numerous effects of climate change on agriculture, many of which are making it harder for agricultural activities to provide global food security. Rising temperatures and changing weather patterns often result in lower crop yields due to water scarcity caused by drought, heat waves and flooding.[93] These effects of climate change can also increase the risk of several regions suffering simultaneous crop failures. Currently this risk is regarded as rare but if these simultaneous crop failures did happen they would have significant consequences for the global food supply.[94][95] Many pests and plant diseases are also expected to either become more prevalent or to spread to new regions. The world's livestock are also expected to be affected by many of the same issues, from greater heat stress to animal feed shortfalls and the spread of parasites and vector-borne diseases.[93]: 746 

The increased atmospheric CO2 level from human activities (mainly burning of fossil fuels) causes a CO2 fertilisation effect. This effect offsets a small portion of the detrimental effects of climate change on agriculture. However, it comes at the expense of lower levels of essential micronutrients in the crops.[93]: 717  Furthermore, CO2 fertilisation has little effect on C4 crops like maize.[96] On the coasts, some agricultural land is expected to be lost to sea level rise, while melting glaciers could result in less irrigation water being available.[97] On the other hand, more arable land may become available as frozen land thaws. Other effects include erosion and changes in soil fertility and the length of growing seasons. Also, bacteria like Salmonella and fungi that produce mycotoxin grow faster as the climate warms. Their growth has negative effects on food safety, food loss and prices.[93]

There has been extensive research on the effects of climate change on individual crops, particularly on the four staple crops: corn (maize), rice, wheat and soybeans. These crops are responsible for around two-thirds of all calories consumed by humans (both directly and indirectly as animal feed).[98] The research investigates important uncertainties, for example future population growth, which will increase global food demand for the foreseeable future.[99] The future degree of soil erosion and groundwater depletion are further uncertainties. On the other hand, a range of improvements to agricultural yields, collectively known as the Green Revolution, has increased yields per unit of land area by between 250% and 300% since the 1960. Some of that progress will likely continue.[93]: 727 

Drought in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA)

Further information: Climate change in the Middle East and North Africa

Climate change in Iraq is leading to increasing water scarcity which will likely have serious implications for the country for years to come.[100] Additionally, Iraq's water security is based on the declining Tigris–Euphrates river system.[101]

East African drought

Further information: 2021 Somali drought and Famine in the Tigray War

A drought in East Africa began in 2021 and further intensified in 2022, precipitated in part by the oncoming La Niña in 2022.[26][102] Three rainy seasons failed in the Horn of Africa, destroying crops and killing large herds of livestock.[26] In Somalia 4 rainy seasons failed and the fifth is also not seems good, Kenya and Sudan were also strongly affected.[92] The UN identified 20 million people at risk of famine.[26] Both wildlife and livestock have been killed by the drought.[26] The region is especially vulnerable because an extreme wet season caused the 2019–2021 locust infestation, which destroyed large regions of crops.[26]

By early October 2021, nearly a year after the Tigray War started, Mark Lowcock, who led OCHA during part of the Tigray War, stated that the Ethiopian federal government was deliberately starving Tigray, "running a sophisticated campaign to stop aid getting in" and that there was "not just an attempt to starve six million people but an attempt to cover up what's going on."[103]

Madagascar drought

Further information: 2021–2022 Madagascar famine

In mid-2021, a severe drought in southern Madagascar caused hundreds of thousands of people to suffer from food insecurity.[104][105] In October 2022, UNICEF contributed with $23 millions for children suffering from the famine,[106] which continued in the south, with a third of the population suffering from the disaster, according to researchers cited by the Financial Times.[107]

North American heatwave and drought

Further information: 2021 Western North America heat wave and 2020–22 North American drought

Drought significally reduced harvests in North America including the USA that produce a quarter of the world grains. The years 2000-2021 was the driest in centuries in North America. The production of crops in the Midwest declined by 20% in this period.[92]

European extreme weather

Further information: 2022 European drought

Droughts in Spain and Portugal during early 2022 led to 60-80% loss predictions for crops in some areas.[108] The huge amount of precipitation in March and early April 2022 in mainland Spain provided relief but did not fully revert the ongoing meteorological drought.[109] Fruit crops in most of Europe were damaged by a cold wave that caused freezing rain, frost, and snow during early budding, after a period of unseasonably early warm weather.[110]

Additional drought in Italy, has reduced the flow of fresh water near the Po river, which is responsible for 40% of crop production. Salt water intrusion is expected to greatly reduce the viability of crop production in areas near the delta.[111]

South Asian heat wave

This section is an excerpt from 2022 India–Pakistan heat wave § Impact on agriculture.[edit]

During the 2022 food crises, India began taking steps to export more rice and wheat, in part to fill the gaps created by the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[112] However, the heatwave caused increasing local prices and lower supply, issues also exacerbated by the war increasing fertilizer prices.[113] The heat wave occurred mostly during the final weeks of the wheat growing season, killing the plants shortly before harvest.[114][115]

The heatwave strongly impacted agriculture in India. At the same time early rainfall in India was 71% lower than the norm. In Punjab, the main crop producer in India, 15% of the harvest was lost and in some regions even 30%.[116] The heatwave caused a reverse in policy by Indian government, from trying to import to address the crises, to halting exports.[117]

The heatwave has also severely impacted peach and apple harvests in Balochistan.[118]

Southern Cone heat wave

Further information: 2022 heat wave in the Southern Cone

A heatwave that deeply affected Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, and Southern Brazil caused yield declines for corn, soy, and other key grains, resulting in significant global commodity price increases.[119][120][121][122] The heatwave further exacerbated an already dry season in much of the region.[122] Drought made 28% of the agricultural territory of Brazil "no longer climatically optimal"[92]

Australian floods

Further information: 2022 eastern Australia floods

A severe flood in New South Wales during February 2022 caused the complete destruction of soy and rice crops and 36% of macadamia nut production.[123] Animal herds and farming infrastructure were also severely damaged by the flooding, which was the third major natural disaster to agriculture communities in the region.[124]

Supply chain failures

Further information: 2021–2022 global supply chain crisis

In a May 2022 editorial for the Guardian, environmental George Monbiot described part of the collapse of food supply, a problem of concentration of supply in a handful of supply chains through the "Global Standard Diet" making the food system vulnerable to critical failures.[125] He compared the food system failures to the 2008 banking crises, in terms of similar structural problems of concentration of economic power.[125]

In China, rolling lockdowns as part of a zero-COVID policy significantly reduced key agricultural inputs for important grain crops.[126] Before that, China already maintaining its food stockpiles at a "historically high level" in 2021, because of trade wars; the deal and negotiation with U.S. and Australia could also be prodding China to buy food reserves.[127]

Ethanol for fuel

Corn vs Ethanol production in the United States
  Total corn production (bushels) (left)
  Corn used for Ethanol fuel (bushels) (left)
  Percent of corn used for Ethanol (right)
Main article: Food vs. fuel
See also: 2007–2008 world food price crisis

Ethanol fuel makes up about 10% of motor vehicle gasoline produced and consumed in 2021, and around 40% of corn grown is used for ethanol fuel in the United States each year. Because it is 33% less efficient than petroleum gasoline miles driven from ethanol is less than 10%.[128][129][130]

Responses

China

By the first half of the agricultural year 2022, according to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, China acquired 50% of the world supply of wheat, 60% of rice, and 69% of corn.[131] China has maintained its food stockpiles at a "historically high level", contributing to higher global food prices.[132][133] Bloomberg columnist Adam Minter wrote that "For China, such stockpiles are necessary to ensure it won't be at the mercy of major food exporters such as the U.S."[132]

United States

Food Price Index United States

The Biden administration responded to the growing shortages in April by trying to increase US farm production. The US policy community was worried about China or other countries filling the food gap. Obstruction in the US Congress prevented new funding and resources for the crises.[91] A group of 160 advocacy groups challenged funding cuts by the Biden administration and Congress to USDA programs.[134]

On 18 May 2022, the US announced $215 million in development assistance to mitigate the crises.[135] This was in addition to $320 million for the Horn of Africa.[135]

Germany

See also: Food vs. fuel

Germany is working on a proposal to phase out the use of biofuels produced from food crops by 2030.[136] Up to 40% of corn produced in the US is used to make ethanol,[137] and worldwide 10% of all grain is turned into biofuel.[138] A 50% reduction in grain used for biofuels in the US and Europe would replace all of Ukraine's grain exports.[139]

Russia

Signing ceremony of the Black Sea Grain Initiative in Istanbul

On 30 June 2022, Russia withdrew its troops from Snake Island in a so called "goodwill gesture" to not obstruct U.N. attempts to open a humanitarian corridor allowing grains to be shipped from Ukraine. On 16 July, major news outlets reported that Kyiv is definitely a step closer to being able to export grain through its Black Sea ports after talks with Russia, facilitated by Turkey, and the United Nations.[140] Russia was accused of blocking crucial shipments of grains from Ukrainian ports but claims its exports are impacted by economic sanctions. On 23 July, Russia shelled the port of Odesa which had recently been unlocked.[141][142]

The first shipment since the grain agreement was set off for Lebanon, where the Sierra Leone-flagged ship Razoni carried the cargo of corn.[143] As of August 20, the total number of vessels leaving Ukraine in accordance with the agreement reached 27.[144]

On 14 September 2022, UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres reiterated his concerns over a constrained fertilizer supply from Russia due to the 2022 Russian invasion of the Ukraine and subsequent economic sanctions. According to the source, UN diplomats held discussions to re-open the Togliatti-Odessa pipeline carrying ammonia. President Volodymyr Zelenskiy had offered such a move in exchange for the release of prisoners of war held by Russia. But TASS news agency quoted Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov, who dismissed such a idea, as saying “are people and ammonia the same thing?”.[145]

On 29 October 2022, Russia suspends participation in grain initiative.[146] However, vessel traffic will resume on November 3.[147]

International organizations

The World Bank announced a new $12 billion fund to address the food crises.[148][149]

In May, the United Nations called for Russia to facilitate the reopening of Ukrainian grain ports to mitigate the global food crises.[150]

References

  1. ^ Horowitz, Julia (12 March 2022). "War has brought the world to the brink of a food crisis". CNN. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
  2. ^ Lynch, Colum. "U.N. to Keep Beasley at WFP as Food Crises Roil the World". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
  3. ^ a b McDonough, Siobhan (27 February 2022). "What the Russian invasion of Ukraine could mean for global hunger". Vox. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
  4. ^ Nicas, Jack (20 March 2022). "Ukraine War Threatens to Cause a Global Food Crisis". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
  5. ^ a b c Good, Keith (21 March 2022). ""Global Food Crisis" Possible – "No Precedent Even Close to This Since World War II"". Farm Policy News. Retrieved 5 April 2022.
  6. ^ "Food prices jump 20.7% yr/yr to hit record high in Feb, U.N. agency says". Reuters. 5 March 2022. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
  7. ^ a b c d e f Braun, Phillip. "How The Russia-Ukraine War Has Compounded The Global Food Crisis". Forbes. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
  8. ^ "Global food security: These are the main challenges to feeding the world – and how we can solve them". World Economic Forum. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
  9. ^ "As many as 28 million people across East Africa at risk of extreme hunger if rains fail again". Oxfam. 22 March 2022. Archived from the original on 25 March 2022. Retrieved 23 March 2022.
  10. ^ Adjetey, Elvis (23 June 2021). "Madagascar: Families eating mud due to worst drought in 40 years". Africa Feeds. Archived from the original on 29 June 2021. Retrieved 1 July 2021.
  11. ^ Philpott, Tom. "As Russia's invasion roils supply chains, the world grows hungrier". Mother Jones. Retrieved 7 April 2022.
  12. ^ Suleymanova, Radmilla. "Ukraine war 'aggravating' existing global food crisis, UN warns". Al-Jazeera. Retrieved 24 June 2022.
  13. ^ "A world of hurt: 2021 climate disasters raise alarm over food security". Mongabay Environmental News. 4 August 2021. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
  14. ^ "Economic protests challenge Iran's leaders as hopes for nuclear deal fade". The Washington Post. 27 May 2022.
  15. ^ "'We are going to die': Food shortages worsen Sri Lanka crisis". Al Jazeera. 20 May 2022.
  16. ^ "Sudanese demonstrate high commodity prices as police crackdown on protesters". Africanews. 14 March 2022.
  17. ^ "Iraq food protests against spiralling prices echo early stages of the Arab Spring". The Conversation. 16 May 2022.
  18. ^ "Rising fuel and food costs spark protests in Albania, government imposes price controls". Euronews. 12 March 2022.
  19. ^ "'People are hungry': food crisis starts to bite across Africa". Financial Times. 23 June 2022.
  20. ^ "Insane scenes in Indonesia as huge numbers protest over cooking oil prices". News.com.au. 11 April 2022.
  21. ^ "Deadly protests in Peru as people take to streets over high costs, inflation". NBC News. 8 April 2022.
  22. ^ "Thousands march in Quito after night of Ecuador protest violence". Reuters. 23 June 2022.
  23. ^ "Panama to regulate prices of 72 food items to ease rising living costs". Reuters. 25 July 2022.
  24. ^ "Inflation and food prices fuel social tension in Argentina". Deutsche Welle. 14 May 2022.
  25. ^ "Factbox: Surging food prices fuel protests across developing world". Reuters. 18 May 2022.
  26. ^ a b c d e f MULVANEY, KIERAN (14 March 2022). "Historic drought looms for 20 million living in Horn of Africa". National Geographic: Environment. Retrieved 5 April 2022.
  27. ^ "East Africa's Growing Food Crisis: What to Know". Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
  28. ^ "Historic drought looms for 20 million living in Horn of Africa". Environment. 14 March 2022. Retrieved 5 April 2022.
  29. ^ One killed as price protests continue in Iran, Reuters, 14 May 2022, archived from the original on 16 May 2022
  30. ^ "Oxfam, others: West Africa facing worst food crisis in a decade". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 7 April 2022.
  31. ^ "Highlight 04 May 2022 | United Nations Secretary-General". www.un.org. Retrieved 5 May 2022.
  32. ^ "Chad declares food emergency as grain supplies fall". Deutsche Welle. 6 June 2022.
  33. ^ "Yemen hunger crisis: $4.3bn needed, says UN". Al-Jazeera. 16 March 2022.
  34. ^ "As U.S. Focuses on Ukraine, Yemen Starves". The Intercept. 16 March 2022.
  35. ^ "Yemen facing 'outright catastrophe' over rising hunger, warn UN humanitarians". UN News. 14 March 2022.
  36. ^ "Bangladesh in economic turmoil over soaring commodity prices". DW. 29 March 2022.
  37. ^ Hussain, Zahid (22 March 2022). "Inflation: more to come". The Daily Star. Retrieved 22 March 2022.
  38. ^ "China urges World Bank, IMF to help Afghanistan". News24. 28 October 2021.
  39. ^ "Afghanistan Facing Famine: UN, World Bank, US Should Adjust Sanctions, Economic Policies". Human Rights Watch. 11 November 2021.
  40. ^ "Taliban blames U.S. as 1 million Afghan kids face death by starvation". CBS News. 20 October 2021.
  41. ^ "'Countdown to catastrophe': half of Afghans face hunger this winter – UN". The Guardian. 25 October 2021.
  42. ^ O’Donnell, Lynne. "Afghanistan's Hungry Will Pay the Price for Putin's War". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 25 April 2022.
  43. ^ "UN: Afghans need $4.4bn to have enough to eat". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 25 April 2022.
  44. ^ "Afghanistan: UN experts call on US Government to unblock foreign assets of central bank to ease humanitarian impact".
  45. ^ "Explained: How heatwave might thwart India's dream to feed the world". Firstpost. 20 April 2022. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  46. ^ Vaughan, Adam. "Severe Indian heatwave will bake a billion people and damage crops". New Scientist. Retrieved 27 April 2022.
  47. ^ "Explainer: What India's U-turn on wheat exports means for world". The Times of India. 16 May 2022.
  48. ^ "Inside India's policy flip-flop on wheat exports". Al Jazeera. 24 May 2022.
  49. ^ "India Defends Wheat Export Ban". VOA News. 26 May 2022.
  50. ^ a b Nangoy, Fransiska (23 April 2022). "Indonesia bans palm oil exports as global food inflation spikes". Reuters. Retrieved 27 April 2022.
  51. ^ "Indonesia ends export ban on palm oil". DW.COM. 20 May 2022. Retrieved 27 June 2022.
  52. ^ "Sri Lankans running out of food, fuel and medicine". Deutsche Welle. 12 May 2022.
  53. ^ "Sri Lanka PM Mahinda Rajapaksa resigns as crisis worsens". www.aljazeera.com. 9 May 2022.
  54. ^ Kuruwita, Zaheena Rasheed,Rathindra. "Sri Lanka faces 'man-made' food crisis as farmers stop planting". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 8 June 2022.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  55. ^ "Sri Lanka appeals for food aid as debt crisis worsens". Financial Times. 1 June 2022. Retrieved 8 June 2022.
  56. ^ "Energy crisis today – fertiliser and food crisis tomorrow?". Euractiv. 19 October 2021.
  57. ^ "'I'm afraid we're going to have a food crisis': The energy crunch has made fertilizer too expensive to produce, says Yara CEO". Fortune. 4 November 2021.
  58. ^ "Fears global energy crisis could lead to famine in vulnerable countries". The Guardian. 20 October 2021.
  59. ^ "What Europe's Drought Means for the Price of Meat and Milk". Bloomberg. 12 August 2022.
  60. ^ "Europe's driest summer in 500 years threatens crops, energy production". Reuters. 22 August 2022.
  61. ^ "'There's no sign of any rain coming to us': Europe's extreme weather risks smaller harvests and higher prices". CNBC. 31 August 2022.
  62. ^ a b "Catastrophic hunger levels recorded for the first time in Haiti". World Food Programme. 14 October 2022. Retrieved 21 October 2022.
  63. ^ a b Gibbs, Anselm (19 October 2022). "'Every day you're hopeless': Haitians eye foreign help warily as gangs, cholera outbreak take toll". ABC News. Retrieved 21 October 2022.
  64. ^ a b Martínez, Rodrigo (8 April 2022). "El IPC registra en marzo la mayor alza en casi 30 años empujado por avance en precios de alimentos". Diario Financiero (in Spanish). Retrieved 15 April 2022.
  65. ^ a b Espinoza, Martín; Sepúlveda, Nicolás (14 April 2022). "La violenta alza de los alimentos en los supermercados: algunos productos subieron hasta 90% en un año". Ciper (in Spanish). Retrieved 20 April 2022.
  66. ^ Reuters (7 April 2022). "Chile announces $3.7 billion recovery plan to aid struggling economy". reuters.com. Retrieved 17 April 2022. {{cite news}}: |last1= has generic name (help)
  67. ^ Gajardo, Fernanda (30 April 2022). "¡Aceite, harina y arroz! Restringen venta de productos esenciales en supermercados de la capital". La Hora (in Spanish). Retrieved 3 May 2022.
  68. ^ Mulvaney, Dustin (2011). Green Energy: An A-to-Z Guide. SAGE. p. 301. ISBN 978-1-4129-9677-8.
  69. ^ Erisman, Jan Willem; MA Sutton, J Galloway, Z Klimont, W Winiwarter (October 2008). "How a century of ammonia synthesis changed the world". Nature Geoscience. 1 (10): 636–639. Bibcode:2008NatGe...1..636E. doi:10.1038/ngeo325. S2CID 94880859. Archived from the original on 23 July 2010. Retrieved 22 October 2010.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  70. ^ "Energy crisis today – fertiliser and food crisis tomorrow?". Euractiv. 19 October 2021.
  71. ^ "'I'm afraid we're going to have a food crisis': The energy crunch has made fertilizer too expensive to produce, says Yara CEO". Fortune. 4 November 2021.
  72. ^ "Soaring fertilizer prices put global food security at risk". Axios. 6 May 2022.
  73. ^ Delhi, Jiyoung Sohn in Seoul and Vibhuti Agarwal in New (11 November 2021). "China's Coal Shortage Threatens Farmers in India and Truckers in South Korea". Wall Street Journal – via www.wsj.com.
  74. ^ "Fears global energy crisis could lead to famine in vulnerable countries". The Guardian. 20 October 2021.
  75. ^ Alexander, Peter; Arneth, Almut; Henry, Roslyn; Maire, Juliette; Rabin, Sam; Rounsevell, Mark (22 July 2022). "Increasing food prices may cause up to a million deaths in 2023, even if Ukraine food exports are restored". doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1851998/v1. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  76. ^ Thomas, Aled; Bland, William; Bobylov, Alexandre (2 February 2022). "Russia bans ammonium nitrate exports until April to support domestic farmers". www.spglobal.com. Retrieved 2 May 2022.
  77. ^ a b Jagtap, Sandeep; Trollman, Hana; Trollman, Frank; Garcia-Garcia, Guillermo; Parra-López, Carlos; Duong, Linh; Martindale, Wayne; Munekata, Paulo E. S.; Lorenzo, Jose M.; Hdaifeh, Ammar; Hassoun, Abdo; Salonitis, Konstantinos; Afy-Shararah, Mohamed (January 2022). "The Russia-Ukraine Conflict: Its Implications for the Global Food Supply Chains". Foods. 11 (14): 2098. doi:10.3390/foods11142098. ISSN 2304-8158. PMC 9318935. PMID 35885340.
  78. ^ Swanson, Anna (24 February 2022). "Ukraine Invasion Threatens Global Wheat Supply". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
  79. ^ "Why grain can't get out of Ukraine". Vox. 20 June 2022.
  80. ^ "Ukraine War to Compound Hunger, Poverty in Africa, Experts Say". VOA News. 19 March 2022. Archived from the original on 24 March 2022. Retrieved 23 March 2022.
  81. ^ Durisin, Megan; Elkin, Elizabeth; Parija, Pratik (9 March 2022). "The World's Next Food Emergency Is Here as War Compounds Hunger Crisis". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on 13 March 2022. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
  82. ^ "Crisis in Ukraine Drives Food Prices Higher Around World". VOA News. 6 March 2022. Archived from the original on 14 March 2022. Retrieved 23 March 2022.
  83. ^ "UN food agency official alarmed by Afghan food, fuel prices". Associated Press. 18 March 2022. Archived from the original on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 7 April 2022.
  84. ^ "Afghanistan's Hungry Will Pay the Price for Putin's War". Foreign Policy. 1 April 2022. Archived from the original on 3 April 2022. Retrieved 7 April 2022.
  85. ^ "As many as 28 million people across East Africa at risk of extreme hunger if rains fail again". Oxfam. 22 March 2022. Archived from the original on 25 March 2022. Retrieved 23 March 2022.
  86. ^ "Russia's invasion of Ukraine will likely ratchet American food prices even higher, experts say". The Washington Post. 26 February 2022. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
  87. ^ "How tensions in Ukraine could rile Egypt". The Economist. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
  88. ^ Yusuf, Mohammed (19 March 2022). "Ukraine War to Compound Hunger, Poverty in Africa, Experts Say". VOA. Archived from the original on 24 March 2022. Retrieved 23 March 2022.
  89. ^ "海关总署公告2022年第21号（关于允许俄罗斯全境小麦进口的公告） [General Administration of Customs Notification 21/2022]". General Administration of Customs. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 6 March 2022.
  90. ^ Tang, Frank (24 February 2022). "China lifts all wheat-import restrictions on Russia amid Ukraine crisis". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
  91. ^ a b Lee, Meredith. "'We see the storm coming': U.S. struggles to contain a deepening global food crisis". POLITICO. Retrieved 7 April 2022.
  92. ^ a b c d Mathews, Bailee. "Climate Change and the Global Food Supply". American security project. Retrieved 24 July 2022.
  93. ^ a b c d e Bezner Kerr, R., T. Hasegawa, R. Lasco, I. Bhatt, D. Deryng, A. Farrell, H. Gurney-Smith, H. Ju, S. Lluch-Cota, F. Meza, G. Nelson, H. Neufeldt, and P. Thornton, 2022: Chapter 5: Food, Fibre, and Other Ecosystem Products. In: Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.007.
  94. ^ Gaupp, Franziska; Hall, Jim; Mitchell, Dann; Dadson, Simon (23 May 2019). "Increasing risks of multiple breadbasket failure under 1.5 and 2 °C global warming" (PDF). Agricultural Systems. 175: 34–45. Bibcode:2019AgSys.175...34G. doi:10.1016/j.agsy.2019.05.010. hdl:1983/d5df7241-3564-43de-b9ef-31a103c7a46d. S2CID 182687026.
  95. ^ Kornhuber, Kai; Lesk, Corey; Schleussner, Carl F.; Jägermeyr, Jonas; Pfleiderer, Peter; Horton, Radley M. (4 July 2023). "Risks of synchronized low yields are underestimated in climate and crop model projections". Nature Communications. 14 (1): 3528. Bibcode:2023NatCo..14.3528K. doi:10.1038/s41467-023-38906-7. PMC 10319847. PMID 37402712.
  96. ^ Ainsworth, Elizabeth A.; Long, Stephen P. (2 November 2020). "30 years of free-air carbon dioxide enrichment (FACE): What have we learned about future crop productivity and its potential for adaptation?". Global Change Biology. 27 (1): 27–49. doi:10.1111/gcb.15375. PMID 33135850. S2CID 226235328.
  97. ^ Biemans H, Siderius C, Lutz AF, Nepal S, Ahmad B, Hassan T, et al. (July 2019). "Importance of snow and glacier meltwater for agriculture on the Indo-Gangetic Plain". Nature Sustainability. 2 (7): 594–601. Bibcode:2019NatSu...2..594B. doi:10.1038/s41893-019-0305-3. ISSN 2398-9629. S2CID 199110415.
  98. ^ Zhao, Chuang; Liu, Bing; Piao, Shilong; Wang, Xuhui; Lobell, David B.; Huang, Yao; Huang, Mengtian; Yao, Yitong; Bassu, Simona; Ciais, Philippe; Durand, Jean-Louis; Elliott, Joshua; Ewert, Frank; Janssens, Ivan A.; Li, Tao; Lin, Erda; Liu, Qiang; Martre, Pierre; Müller, Christoph; Peng, Shushi; Peñuelas, Josep; Ruane, Alex C.; Wallach, Daniel; Wang, Tao; Wu, Donghai; Liu, Zhuo; Zhu, Yan; Zhu, Zaichun; Asseng, Senthold (15 August 2017). "Temperature increase reduces global yields of major crops in four independent estimates". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 114 (35): 9326–9331. Bibcode:2017PNAS..114.9326Z. doi:10.1073/pnas.1701762114. PMC 5584412. PMID 28811375.
  99. ^ van Dijk, Michiel; Morley, Tom; Rau, Marie Luise; Saghai, Yashar (21 July 2021). "A meta-analysis of projected global food demand and population at risk of hunger for the period 2010–2050". Nature Food. 4 (7): 416–426. doi:10.1038/s43016-021-00322-9. PMID 37117684.
  100. ^ "'All the trees have died': Iraqis face intensifying water crisis". Al Jazeera. 5 November 2021.
  101. ^ "Severe water shortages strain wheat harvest in Iraq". Associated Press. 29 May 2022.
  102. ^ "Severe drought threatens 13 million with hunger in Horn of Africa". UN News. 8 February 2022. Retrieved 5 April 2022.
  103. ^ Schifrin, Nick (6 October 2021). "Ethiopia's 'sophisticated campaign' to withhold food, fuel and other aid from Tigray". PBS. Archived from the original on 16 October 2021. Retrieved 16 October 2021.
  104. ^ "UN says 400,000 are approaching starvation in Madagascar amid back-to-back droughts". France24. 26 June 2021. Archived from the original on 2 July 2021.
  105. ^ "Hope and hunger: Life at a crossroads in Madagascar's arid south". Al Jazeera. 26 April 2022.
  106. ^ Floch, Fabrice (3 October 2022). "Madagascar : 23 millions de dollars pour lutter contre la famine des enfants" [Madagascar: $23 million to fight child starvation]. réunion.1 (in French).
  107. ^ Pilling, David; Bibby, Charlie (2 August 2022). "Why famine in Madagascar is an alarm bell for the planet". Financial Times.
  108. ^ "Extreme winter drought devastates crops in Spain and Portugal". euronews. 13 February 2022. Retrieved 5 April 2022.
  109. ^ Torres Benayas, Victoria (8 April 2022). "El marzo menos soleado en 40 años". El País.
  110. ^ "Late frost ices over French vineyards, threatens fruit crops". AP NEWS. 4 April 2022. Retrieved 5 April 2022.
  111. ^ France-Presse, Agence (5 July 2022). "Italy declares state of emergency in drought-hit northern regions". the Guardian. Retrieved 3 August 2022.
  112. ^ Bhardwaj, Mayank (16 March 2022). "EXCLUSIVE India acts to seize gap in wheat export market left by Ukraine war". Reuters. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
  113. ^ "Explained: How heatwave might thwart India's dream to feed the world". Firstpost. 2022-04-20. Archived from the original on 2022-04-24. Retrieved 2022-04-24.
  114. ^ Vaughan, Adam (April 26, 2022). "Severe Indian heatwave will bake a billion people and damage crops". New Scientist. Archived from the original on April 26, 2022. Retrieved April 26, 2022.
  115. ^ Kumar, Hari; Ives, Mike (28 April 2022). "The Extreme Heat Pummeling India and Pakistan Is About to Get Worse". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 28 April 2022. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
  116. ^ Mathews, Bailee (18 July 2022). "Climate Change and the Global Food Supply". American Security Project. Retrieved 24 July 2022.
  117. ^ Diksha Madhok (18 May 2022). "India offered to help fix the global food crisis. Here's why it backtracked". CNN. Retrieved 26 July 2022.
  118. ^ Ellis-Petersen, Hannah; Meer Baloch, Shah (2 May 2022). "'We are living in hell': Pakistan and India suffer extreme spring heatwaves". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 May 2022.
  119. ^ "GRAINS-Soybeans steady as South America rain chances assessed". Successful Farming. 14 January 2022. Retrieved 5 April 2022.
  120. ^ by (10 January 2022). "La Niña puts record harvests at risk". California18. Retrieved 5 April 2022.
  121. ^ Heath, Maximilian (6 January 2022). "Heatwave to hit Argentina, further stressing corn, soybean crops". Reuters. Retrieved 5 April 2022.
  122. ^ a b GRANT, DANIEL. "Argentine crops in 'grave danger;' Brazilian estimates fall". FarmWeek Now.
  123. ^ "'All of our crops are completely submerged': Total crop losses expected in northern NSW flood zone". ABC News. 3 March 2022. Retrieved 5 April 2022.
  124. ^ "Floods and livestock losses leave NSW and Queensland farmers reeling from third disaster in three years". the Guardian. 1 March 2022. Retrieved 5 April 2022.
  125. ^ a b "The banks collapsed in 2008 – and our food system is about to do the same | George Monbiot". the Guardian. 19 May 2022. Retrieved 19 May 2022.
  126. ^ Yu, Sun (6 April 2022). "China's zero-Covid policy risks causing agricultural crisis and food shortages". Financial Times. Retrieved 7 April 2022.
  127. ^ SHIN WATANABE, AIKO MUNAKATA. "China hoards over half the world's grain, pushing up global prices". Nikkei Asia. Retrieved 7 April 2022.
  128. ^ "Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)".
  129. ^ "Alternative Fuels Data Center: Maps and Data - U.S. Corn Production and Portion Used for Fuel Ethanol".
  130. ^ "Biofuels are accelerating the food crisis — and the climate crisis,…".
  131. ^ "Prices: China grabs more than half of the world's wheat". EFA News. European Food Agency. 1 March 2022.
  132. ^ a b "One Reason for Rising Food Prices? Chinese Hoarding". Bloomberg. 5 January 2022.
  133. ^ "China is in Hoarding Mode Right Now, And It's Pushing Grain Prices to Historic Highs". Farm Journal Magazine. 15 April 2022.
  134. ^ "As Global Food Crisis Looms, Groups Blast Proposed $1.65 Billion USDA Cut". Common Dreams. Retrieved 7 April 2022.
  135. ^ a b "Stepping Up to Prevent a Global Famine - World | ReliefWeb". reliefweb.int. Retrieved 19 May 2022.
  136. ^ "Britain, Germany push G7 for halt to biofuel mandates to tame food prices". Reuters. 23 June 2022.
  137. ^ "Food vs fuel: Ukraine war sharpens debate on use of crops for energy". Financial Times. 12 June 2022.
  138. ^ "Guest view: Global hunger fight means no biofuel". Reuters. 6 June 2022.
  139. ^ "Cutting biofuels can help avoid global food shock from Ukraine war". New Scientist. 14 March 2022.
  140. ^ „Russia abandons Black Sea outpost of Snake Island in victory for Ukraine“, Reuters. Retrieved 18 July 2022.
  141. ^ "'Russian missile strikes' in Ukrainian port hours after grain deal, claims Odesa MP". Euronews. 23 July 2022.
  142. ^ "Ukraine says Russian missiles hit Odesa port; landmark grain deal at risk". Reuters. 23 July 2022.
  143. ^ "First Ukraine grain ship set to sail; grain tycoon killed in Russia strike". Reuters. Retrieved 31 July 2022.
  144. ^ "Two more grain ships leave Ukraine, Turkey's defence ministry says". Reuters. 20 August 2022.
  145. ^ Balmforth, Tom (2022-09-16). "Exclusive: Zelenskiy suggests resuming Russia ammonia exports in exchange for POWs, Kremlin says no". Reuters.
  146. ^ Ljunggren, David (2022-10-30). "Russia halts Ukraine Black Sea grain exports, prompting food crisis concerns". Reuters.
  147. ^ "Russia Agrees to Resume Ukraine Grain Export Deal; Wheat Tumbles". www.bloomberg.com. 2022-11-02.
  148. ^ "Ukraine war has stoked global food crisis that could last years, says UN". The Guardian. 19 May 2022. Retrieved 19 May 2022.
  149. ^ "World Bank Announces Planned Actions for Global Food Crisis Response". World Bank. Retrieved 19 May 2022.
  150. ^ "'Brink of starvation': Russia pressed to release Ukraine grain". Al-Jazeera. Retrieved 19 May 2022.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_food_crises_(2022–present)&oldid=1124052056"