Jump to content

LGBTQ rights in Malaysia

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Bfyhdch (talk | contribs) at 16:55, 29 November 2022 (→Decriminalization efforts). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

LGBTQ rights in Malaysia
Malaysia
StatusIllegal
PenaltyUp to 20 years imprisonment with caning, fines, and deportation. Muslim citizens may be charged in an Islamic court.[1][2]
Gender identityNo
MilitaryNo
Discrimination protectionsNo
Family rights
Recognition of relationshipsNo recognition of same-sex unions
AdoptionSingle individuals may adopt with some restrictions (e.g. males may not adopt female children), adoptions are not allowed for same sex couples

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in Malaysia face significant challenges not experienced by non-LGBT residents. Sodomy is a crime in the country, with laws strictly enforced. Social attitudes towards the LGBT community are shaped by Islam, the official state religion of Malaysia, although a significant proportion of Malaysians of other religions also harbour homophobic views.

In 2015, the Human Rights Watch (HRW) stated that "Discrimination against lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people is pervasive in Malaysia."[3] Over the years, there has also been cases of vigilante executions and beatings against individuals in Malaysia based on their sexual orientation, and are tolerated by the government.[4][5]

Legality of same-sex sexual acts

Malaysia retains its colonial era criminal ban on sodomy (including oral sex involving the penis), broadly defined to include both heterosexual and homosexual acts, with possible punishments including fines, caning, and prison sentences of up to twenty years. A subsection of the Criminal Code also provides additional punishment for men convicted of "gross indecency with another male person".[6] In addition to the secular law, Muslim citizens may also be charged in special Islamic courts.[7] Vigilante executions, beatings, and torture are also tolerated, with the additional risk of being deported.[8]

There has been some public discussion about reforming the law so as to exempt private, non-commercial sexual acts between consenting adults. Some members of the major opposition party have expressed support for such a reform, most notably Latheefa Koya, but this is not the official position of the party. No political party or elected member of the Parliament has formally proposed such a reform.[7]

In 1994, the government banned anyone who is homosexual, bisexual or transsexual from appearing in state-controlled media.[9]

In 1995, the Religious Affairs Minister of the state of Selangor praised the Islamic Badar vigilante groups, who had organised in 1994, to assist in the arrest of 7,000 individuals for engaging in "unIslamic" activities such as homosexuality.[9]

In 2005, the Royal Malaysian Navy (RMN) chief Mohd Anwar Mohd Nor stated that the Navy would never accept homosexuals.[10]

Rainbow flag with added canton of the flag of Malaysia

In 2010, the Film Censorship Board of Malaysia announced it would only allow depiction of homosexual characters as long as the characters "repent" or die.[11][12]In 2017, Malaysia tried to censor Beauty and the Beast over some gay moments but eventually relented and let the movie be shown.[13][14] The censorship board also had no objections to the screening of Power Rangers even with a lesbian scene in the movie.[15][16]

In May 2017, the LGBT pride march organised by Taylor's University planned in June was cancelled due to Islamist pressure. The event was condemned by pro-Islamist blogs because it was disrespectful to do in the Islamic holy month of Ramadan.[17]

In September 2018, two women were convicted for attempting to have lesbian sex in a car parked in public area, and were fined 3,300 Malaysian ringgit and caned six times before an audience in a courtroom in Terengganu state. Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad denounced the punishment, saying it "did not reflect the justice or compassion of Islam".[18]

In May 2019, a gay bar in the capital Kuala Lumpur was raided by police and religious enforcement officials, while a transgender woman was beaten up by a group of assailants in Seremban, near Kuala Lumpur. The minister in charge of Islamic affairs also came under fire from activists and other ruling party lawmakers, after he ordered the removal of portraits of two LGBT activists from an art exhibition.[1]

In November 2019, a court found five men guilty for "attempting" gay sex, under section 28 of Selangor's Sharia law, and sentenced them to fines, imprisonment and six strokes of the cane each. The five men were arrested during a 2018 raid on a private residence in Selangor, in which a total of 11 men were arrested.[19]

In February 2021, a court declared that any state laws within Malaysia can not be in conflict or override with clear federal laws banning gay sex.[20][21]

Decriminalization efforts

The Ban on Seksualiti Merdeka
In 2011, Seksualiti Merdeka (Independent Sexuality), an annual sexuality rights event, was centered around the theme of “Queer without Fear”. Publicity for the event featured videos of several Malaysian citizens proclaiming their queer identity, calling for the equality of LGBT rights. After publicizing the event, the Royal Malaysia Police released a statement banning the event, based on the premises of risking disturbance of public order and impeding on religious freedom.[22] In 2014, Section 27 A(1)(C) of the Police Act, which was used to ban the event, was superseded by the Peaceful Assembly Act 2012 (PAA). This resulted in the ban on the event being lifted.[23]

Justice For Sisters (JFS) Challenging the Cross-dressing Ban
In April 2015, Nisha Ayub, a transgender woman and activist, aided three Muslim transwomen in challenging the Sharia legislation outlawing males cross-dressing as females in the state of Negeri Sembilan through the JFS organisation. While the case was won in the Court of Appeal, the Federal Court later repealed the decision in October 2015.[24][25]

Decriminalization Test Case
In May 2020, a man filed a challenge in the Federal Court against Islamic laws banning "intercourse against the order of nature" in Selangor state.[26] On 25 February 2021, the Federal Court unanimously declared that the Selangor state law provision which made unnatural sex a Sharia offence was invalid as it contradicted the Federal Constitution and that such offences fall under Parliament's jurisdiction. The summary of the judgement was read out by Chief Justice, Tengku Maimun Tuan Mat.[27]

Adoption and family planning

Based on the Adoption Act 1952 (Adoption Act) and the Registration of Adoption Act 1952 (ROAA), there is no restrictions for a single person to adopt regardless of sexual orientation or gender identity.[28]

Gender identity and expression

See also: Legal status of transgender people

Human Rights Watch reports that state-level Sharia (Islamic) laws prohibit cross-dressing, and transgender people "face arbitrary arrest, physical and sexual assault, imprisonment, discriminatory denial of health care and employment, and other abuses."[3]

Transgender individuals have often been arrested by police officers under the civil laws governing "public indecency", and if they are Muslim, can be further charged by religious officers under Sharia Laws for "impersonating" women. A 2014 Human Rights Watch report alleged that transgender people are subjected to "assault, extortion, and violations of their privacy rights" by police, and humiliation, physical and sexual assault by Religious Department officials.[29]

In 1998, 45 Muslim transvestites were charged and convicted in court for dressing as women, and 23 more transgender persons faced similar fines and imprisonment in 1999.[9]

It has been estimated that a large number of transgender persons are forced to work on the streets as commercial sex workers to earn a living.

In November 2014, three transgender women from the state of Negeri Sembilan arrested for cross-dressing via Sharia law successfully appealed for review of the judicial law at the Court of Appeal for appropriate clothing of people with gender dysphoria. Due to the lack of a mention of gender dysphoria and the lack of medical evidence for a state legal adviser's claim that transgender people were insane, the court unanimously declared the anti-cross-dressing Sharia law as void and violating the constitutional right of "freedom of expression, movement and the right to live in dignity and equality".[30] On 8 October 2015, the Federal Court of Malaysia overturned the ruling on procedural grounds. The Court found that the three women should have obtained judicial permission of a Federal Court judge when they commenced their constitutional challenge. Although a High Court judge had granted permission in November 2011, the Federal Court ruled that it had done so erroneously.[31][32]

In August 2016, the Kuala Lumpur High Court ordered the National Registration Department (NRD) to update a trans man’s information on his identity card to better reflect his gender identity and chosen name. The judge argued that "the plaintiff has a precious constitutional right to life under Article 5(1) of the Federal Constitution, and the concept of life under Article 5 must necessarily encompass the plaintiff’s right to live with dignity as a male and be legally accorded judicial recognition as a male." The NRD subsequently appealed the ruling.[33][34]

Blood donation

Homosexuals and bisexuals are prohibited from donating blood by the National Blood Centre of Malaysia. This policy seems to be gender neutral, since it doesn't explicitly mention the gender that is prohibited from donating blood.[35]

Public opinion

A 2013 Pew Research Center opinion survey showed that 9% of the Malaysian population believe homosexuality should be accepted by society, while 86% believe it should not.[36] Malaysia was one of the countries in Asia polled with the least acceptance.

LGBT rights in Malaysian politics

There is no legal protection for LGBT individuals. A few MPs from the previous ruling coalition, Pakatan Harapan, have voiced support for LGBT rights, as has Marina Mahathir the daughter of former prime minister Mahathir Mohamad who called for an end to discrimination based on sexual orientations in 1998 and 1999.[37] Parti Sosialis Malaysia is the only political party to openly support and defend the rights of LGBT people alongside other minority rights. A contrasting political force is the "People's Anti-Homosexual Voluntary Movement", created in 1998 to lobby for stricter criminal laws against homosexuality. It is a member of the former ruling party United Malays National Organisation (UMNO).[38]

In March 2019, Minister of Tourism, Arts and Culture Mohammadin Ketapi denied the existence of LGBT people in Malaysia, telling German reporters in the 2019 ITB Berlin tourism trade fair: "I don't think we have anything like that in our country." However, he later posted a statement on Twitter saying that his statement referred to the non-existence of specific LGBT-focused tourist campaigns in the country.[39] When a Women's Day march was held in Kuala Lumpur on the same month, it was condemned by government officials and the political parties of United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) and Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS) as the march involved LGBT rights among its demands.[40][41]

In April 2019, Malaysian authorities were accused for intimidating gay rights activist Numan Afifi by questioning him in the police station about a speech he made in the United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) in Geneva in March 2019. The speech pointed out that Malaysia rejected the recommendations of a coalition of twelve Malaysian LGBT organizations on gender identity and sexual orientation.[42]

In May 2019, George Clooney warned Malaysia and Indonesia against legislating a law allowing them to impose death penalty for homosexuality, as Brunei has legislated. The response of the Deputy Foreign Minister, Marzuki Yahya pointed out that Malaysia does not kill gay people, and will not resort to killing sexual minorities. He also said that though such lifestyles deviate from Islam, the government would not impose such a punishment on the group.[43]

The position of former Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad

During a lecture to students in a university in Bangkok, Thailand, in October 2018, Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad stated that Malaysia would not "copy" Western nations' approach towards LGBT rights, indicating that these countries were exhibiting a disregard for the institutions of the traditional family and marriage, as the value system in Malaysia is good.[44] In June 2019, he reiterated his stance, speaking at the Cambridge Union, he said that Malaysia cannot accept same-sex marriage or LGBT rights, saying “I don’t understand gay marriage. In Malaysia there are some things we cannot accept, even though it is seen as human rights in Western countries,” adding that same-sex marriage is a “regressive way of thinking” and that marriage was about having children and he claimed that the institution of marriage has almost been discarded.[45][46]

In 2001, in his previous term as Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad stated that the country will deport any visiting foreign cabinet ministers or diplomats who are gay.[47] Mahathir also warned gay ministers in foreign countries not to bring along their partners while visiting the nation.[48] Mahathir's daughter, Marina Mahathir, however has called for an end to discrimination based on sexual orientation.[49]

Prosecution of Anwar Ibrahim

Main article: Anwar Ibrahim sodomy trials

In 1998, Anwar Ibrahim was charged with corruption and sodomy. In 2000, he was sentenced to nine years for engaging in sodomy with his 19-year-old male chauffeur and his former male speech writer. Despite national and international protests, he was not released until he had served out four years of his sentence, until 2004, when the Federal Court of Malaysia acquitted him of all charges.[50]

After his release, Anwar stated that he was innocent and the allegations were part of a government conspiracy to end his political career. He also felt that the national criminal laws against homosexuality ought to be reformed to protect consenting adults' rights to have a private life, although he also stated that same-sex marriage "is going a bit too far".[51]

In 2007, former Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad responded to a civil lawsuit filed by Anwar by stating that a homosexual should not hold public office in Malaysia and that he knew Anwar was a homosexual because Anwar's male chauffeur and a male speech writer both stated in court that they had had sexual relations with Anwar.[52]

In July 2008, Anwar was arrested again, accused of sodomy with a male former aide. The arrest came shortly after Anwar claimed to be in a position to challenge the governing coalition after the opposition's successes in the March elections.[53] However, he was released on bail and won the campaign for his former seat in Parliament.

In the beginning of 2015, Anwar was again arrested and sentenced to five years in prison.[54]

On 16 May 2018, Malaysia's former king, Sultan Muhammad V, officially pardoned Anwar after meeting with members of the pardons board and Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad. The full royal pardon was made on the basis of a "miscarriage of justice".[55]

The position of Najib Razak

Ex-Prime Minister of Malaysia, Najib Razak

Ex-Malaysian Prime Minister Najib Razak made clear in a speech in August 2015 at an international Islamic moderation seminar in Selangor, that he believed Malaysia should not support LGBT rights. Najib stated that his administration will do its best to uphold human rights but only within the confines of Islam and that Malaysia cannot defend the more "extreme aspect of human rights", such as gay, lesbian and transsexual rights. This prompted Human Rights Watch to suggest that Malaysia withdraw from the United Nations if the government was not serious about upholding human rights for all.[56]

LGBT-supporting organisations in Malaysia

Malaysia does not have a national organisation committed to LGBT rights. Instead, a loose coalition of non-governmental organisations, artists, and individuals organise the annual sexuality rights festival Seksualiti Merdeka. Seksualiti Merdeka, meaning "Independent Sexuality", is an annual festival consisting of talks, performances, screenings, workshops, and forums to promote sexuality rights as a human right, to empower marginalised individuals and communities, and to create platforms for advocacy. Besides organising the programmes of this annual festival, members of this coalition are also involved in letter-writing campaigns, organising regular film screenings and discussions, academic advocacy and training of trainers. However, the Government has attempted to prevent these events from happening since 2011.

The groups involved in Seksualiti Merdeka have also on their own advocated for the rights of LGBT within the framework of human rights advocacy. These include established human rights organisations such as the Human Rights Committee of the Malaysian Bar, SUARAM, PT Foundation, KRYSS, Women's Candidacy Initiative, Persatuan Kesedaran Komuniti Selangor (EMPOWER), Purple Lab, Matahari Books, and The Annexe Gallery.

Several other groups such as Sisters in Islam, Women's Aid Organisation, and Amnesty International also have dealt with sexual orientation issues within their public health advocacy. The focus on AIDS-HIV education has allowed for more public discussion of sexual orientation, gender identity and human rights.

The PT Foundation, a LGBT centre in Malaysia

PT Foundation, originally called Pink Triangle, focuses on "providing HIV/AIDS education, prevention, care and support programs, sexuality awareness and empowerment programs for vulnerable communities in Malaysia". The communities include MSM (men who have sex with men), transgender, sex workers, drug users, and people living with HIV. They are joined by other organisations, such as LPG (for gay men) and OutDo (for lesbians), which organise regular activities for their target communities.

HIV/AIDS issues

The Malaysian AIDS Council
Main article: HIV/AIDS in Malaysia

While not solely a problem for LGBT people, the public health response to AIDS-HIV has required greater public discussion of topics such as human sexuality, gender roles, and sexual orientation.

Since the first official case of AIDS appeared in the nation in 1985, the government has been under more pressure to promote education and prevention campaigns as some experts have suggested that the number of Malaysians infected with HIV could go as high as 300,000 by the year 2015.[57][58]

In 2006, the Government launched a new comprehensive public campaign that includes therapy and needle exchange programs for drug addicts and free medications provided at government clinics.[57] However, in 2007, Malaysia's Ministry of Health was banned from advocating the use of condoms to prevent the spread of the disease due to a concern that such a campaign would be equated with a governmental endorsement of sexual conduct outside of a legal marriage.[59]

Summary table

Same-sex sexual activity legal No Penalty: Up to 20 years imprisonment with caning, fines and deportation.[1][2]
Equal age of consent No
Freedom of expression No
Anti-discrimination laws in employment No
Anti-discrimination laws in the provision of goods and services No
Anti-discrimination laws in all other areas (incl. indirect discrimination, hate speech) No
Same-sex marriage(s) No
Recognition of same-sex couples No
Stepchild adoption by same-sex couples No
Adoption by single people regardless of sexual orientation Yes Technical and not a sign of acceptance, as adoption procedures rarely asks for such a declaration for a single person
Joint adoption by same-sex couples No
LGBT people allowed to serve in the military No
Right to change legal gender No Gender changes are impossible. Crossdressing is also illegal.
Access to IVF for lesbians No
Commercial surrogacy for gay male couples No Illegal for all couples regardless of sexual orientation.[60]
MSMs allowed to donate blood No[61]
Conversion therapy banned No The government promotes it.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c "Malaysia cannot accept same-sex marriage, says Mahathir". Reuters. 21 September 2018.
  2. ^ a b "Malaysia cannot accept same-sex marriage, says Mahathir". swissinfo.chn. Archived from the original on 21 September 2018.
  3. ^ a b "World Report 2015 - Malaysia". Human Rights Watch. 9 January 2015.
  4. ^ "A brutal assault and rising fear in Malaysia's LGBT community". The Star. 24 August 2018. Retrieved 27 June 2022.
  5. ^ "Malaysia: Government Steps Up Attacks on LGBT People". Human Rights Watch. 25 January 2021. Retrieved 27 June 2022.
  6. ^ "Sodomylaws.Org". Sodomylaws.Org. Retrieved 8 February 2012.
  7. ^ a b "Rethinking Malaysia's sodomy laws". The Malaysian Bar. 26 July 2009. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 8 February 2012.
  8. ^ "A brutal assault and rising fear in Malaysia's LGBT community". The Star Online. 24 August 2018. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
  9. ^ a b c Busey, Kelli (28 July 2013). "Malaysian Trans People Leap Forward With The First Political Appointee and The "My Trans Ally" Project". Planet Transgender. Archived from the original on 22 June 2019. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
  10. ^ "Sodomylaws.Org". Sodomylaws.Org. Retrieved 8 February 2012.
  11. ^ Bolcer, Julie (22 March 2010). "Malaysia: Gay Characters OK, If They Go Straight | Entertainment News". The Advocate. Archived from the original on 24 March 2010. Retrieved 8 February 2012.
  12. ^ Razak, Iskhandar (5 July 2015). "Transgender Malaysians targeted as religious authorities' influence grows, LGBTI community says". Australian Broadcasting Commission. Retrieved 15 March 2017.
  13. ^ "Disney Malaysia Lodges Appeal. Censorship Board Says It Will Not". The Star Online. 16 March 2017. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
  14. ^ "Beauty And The Beast Postponed In Malaysia". BBC. 14 March 2017. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
  15. ^ "Malaysia to show Power Rangers despite lesbian storyline". PinkNews. 23 March 2017. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
  16. ^ "Malaysia Okays "Power Rangers" Movie Despite Gay Character". newnownext. Archived from the original on 6 January 2018. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
  17. ^ "LGBT pride march in Taylor's University cancelled after Islamist pressure". Malay Mail. 18 May 2017. Retrieved 8 November 2017.
  18. ^ Barnes, Tom (3 September 2018). "Women caned in Malaysia for attempting to have lesbian sex". The Independent. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
  19. ^ "Malaysia's Highest Court Strikes Down State Gay Sex Ban". Human Rights Watch. 25 February 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
  20. ^ "A Malaysian man has won a landmark challenge against Islamic laws banning gay sex".
  21. ^ "Malaysian man wins landmark challenge against Muslim gay sex ban". CNN.
  22. ^ "Seksualiti Merdeka movement festival banned". The Star. 22 November 2018. Retrieved 22 November 2018.
  23. ^ "Seksualiti Merdeka organisers hope to outlast prejudicial law". Malay Mail. 22 November 2018. Retrieved 22 November 2018.
  24. ^ "Transgender activist Nisha Ayub to receive international human rights accolade". Malay Mail. 22 November 2018. Retrieved 22 November 2018.
  25. ^ "Malaysia court upholds ban on cross dressing by transgender Muslims". Reuters. 22 November 2018. Retrieved 22 November 2018.
  26. ^ "Malaysia's Islamic laws banning gay sex challenged in court for first time". South China Morning Post. 27 May 2020. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
  27. ^ Lim, Ida (25 February 2021). "Federal Court unanimously declares Selangor Shariah law criminalising 'unnatural sex' void, unconstitutional". Malay Mail. Retrieved 26 February 2021.
  28. ^ "Adoption Process in Malaysia: In Brief". Halim Hong & Quek Advocates & Solicitors. Retrieved 30 June 2022.
  29. ^ "Malaysia: Transgender People Under Threat". Human Rights Watch. 25 September 2014.
  30. ^ "Negri lost transgender case over failure to argue medical issue, says court". Malaysia Today. 11 November 2014.
  31. ^ "Malaysia: Court Ruling Sets Back Transgender Rights". Human Rights Watch. 8 October 2015. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
  32. ^ Georgantopoulos, Mary Ann (8 October 2015). "Malaysian Court Reverses Transgender Legal Victory". BuzzFeed News. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
  33. ^ "SAMAN PEMULA NO: 24NCVC-1306-08 /2015" (PDF). justiceforsisters.
  34. ^ "Good news from Malaysia, Namibia, Ukraine". Erasing 76 Crimes. 30 August 2016. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
  35. ^ "Kriteria Penderma Darah" (in Malay). Archived from the original on 3 August 2016. Retrieved 12 July 2022.
  36. ^ "The Global Divide on Homosexuality". Pew Research Center. 4 June 2013. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
  37. ^ "PM's daughter slams Malaysian anti-gay group". BBC News. 23 October 1998. Retrieved 7 January 2014.
  38. ^ "Sodomylaws.Org". Sodomylaws.Org. Retrieved 8 February 2012.
  39. ^ McKirdy, Euan (7 March 2019). "There are no gay people in Malaysia says tourism minister". CNN. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
  40. ^ Lim, Ida (9 March 2019). "Mujahid shocked Women's Day march was used to promote LGBT". Malay Mail. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
  41. ^ "Uproar in Malaysia over LGBT groups at Women's Day march". New Straits Times. 10 March 2019. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
  42. ^ Chu, Mei Mei (16 April 2019). "Activist Numan Afifi investigated over LGBT speech at United Nations - Nation | The Star Online". The Star Online. Retrieved 15 May 2019.
  43. ^ Palansamy, Yiswaree (14 May 2019). "LGBT culture against Islamic principles but Malaysia doesn't kill gays, deputy minister tells George Clooney | Malay Mail". Malay Mail. Retrieved 15 May 2019.
  44. ^ "Mahathir claims LGBT rights are 'Western values' not fit for Malaysia". South China Morning Post. 26 October 2018. Retrieved 15 May 2019.
  45. ^ Ang, Matthias (18 June 2019). "Mahathir says no to gay marriage, admits he sometimes agrees with lazy Malay stereotype". Mothership. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
  46. ^ Choi, Tze Chun (17 June 2019). "Same-Sex Marriage Is "Regressive", Says Dr Mahathir At Cambridge Talk". Must Share News. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
  47. ^ "Malaysia Won't Welcome Gay Officials". GLAPN. 2 November 2001. Retrieved 8 February 2012.
  48. ^ "Gay ministers barred, Malaysia tells UK". BBC News. 1 November 2001. Retrieved 7 May 2010.
  49. ^ "PM's daughter slams Malaysian anti-gay group". BBC News. 23 October 1998. Retrieved 7 May 2010.
  50. ^ "Malaysia's Anwar Ibrahim Set Free". GLAPN. 2 September 2004. Retrieved 8 February 2012.
  51. ^ "Anwar Seeks Privacy Provision in Malaysia Gay Laws". GLAPN. 11 November 2004. Retrieved 8 February 2012.
  52. ^ "Former PM says gays should not rule mostly Muslim Malaysia". Advocate.com. 9 January 2007. Archived from the original on 11 January 2007. Retrieved 8 April 2017. we cannot have a prime minister who is homosexual
  53. ^ "Malaysia's Anwar Ibrahim arrested". BBC News. 16 July 2008. Retrieved 7 May 2010.
  54. ^ "Malaysia jails Anwar Ibrahim for five years for sodomy". BBC News. 7 March 2014. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
  55. ^ "Malaysia's jailed leader-in-waiting has been released from custody and given a full royal pardon". Business Insider Malaysia. 16 May 2018. Archived from the original on 11 June 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2018.
  56. ^ Ging, Yap Tzu (18 August 2016). "Quit UN if not keen to defend human rights for all, watchdog tells Putrajaya". Malaymail Online. Retrieved 24 August 2015.
  57. ^ a b "HIV infections in Malaysia could surge to 300,000 by 2015, official warns". International Herald Tribune. 29 March 2009. Archived from the original on 18 May 2011. Retrieved 8 February 2012.
  58. ^ "Malaysian says government cannot openly advocate condom use to fight AIDS". The New York Times. 21 May 2007. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
  59. ^ "HIV/AIDS | Malaysia Health Ministry Cannot Promote Condom Use To Prevent Spread of HIV, Official Says –". Globalhealthreporting.org. Archived from the original on 23 December 2007. Retrieved 8 February 2012.
  60. ^ "Surrogacy law: regulated, unregulated". WhereIVF.com. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
  61. ^ "Kriteria Penderma Darah" (in Malay). Archived from the original on 3 August 2016. Retrieved 12 July 2022.

Further reading

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LGBTQ_rights_in_Malaysia&oldid=1124617885"