Luís I of Portugal
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| Luís I | |||||
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| King of Portugal and the Algarves | |||||
| Reign | 11 November 1861 – 19 October 1889 | ||||
| Acclamation | 22 December 1861 | ||||
| Predecessor | Pedro V | ||||
| Successor | Carlos I | ||||
| Prime Ministers | |||||
| Born | 31 October 1838 Necessidades Palace, Lisbon, Portugal | ||||
| Died | 19 October 1889 (aged 50) Citadel of Cascais, Cascais, Portugal | ||||
| Burial | |||||
| Spouse | Maria Pia of Savoy | ||||
| Issue | Carlos I Infante Afonso, Duke of Porto | ||||
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| House | House of Braganza[1] | ||||
| Father | Ferdinand II of Portugal | ||||
| Mother | Maria II of Portugal | ||||
| Religion | Roman Catholicism | ||||
Dom Luís I (31 October 1838 in Lisbon – 19 October 1889 in Cascais) was the King of Portugal and the Algarves between 1861 and 1889. He was the second son of Maria II and Ferdinand II, a member of the House of Braganza[1] and was created Duke of Porto.
Reign
Luís was a cultured man who wrote vernacular poetry, but had no distinguishing gifts in the political field into which he was thrust by the deaths of his brothers Pedro V and Fernando in 1861. Luís's domestic reign was a tedious and ineffective series of transitional governments called Rotativism formed at various times by the Progressistas (Liberals) and the Regeneradores (Conservatives – the party generally favoured by King Luís, who secured their long term in office after 1881). Despite a flirtation with the Spanish succession prior to the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71, Luís's reign was otherwise one of domestic stagnation as Portugal fell ever further behind the nations of western Europe in terms of public education, political stability, technological progress and economic prosperity. In colonial affairs, Delagoa Bay was confirmed as a Portuguese possession in 1875, whilst Belgian activities in the Congo (1880s) and a British Ultimatum in 1890 denied Portugal a land link between Portuguese Angola and Portuguese Mozambique at the peak of the Scramble for Africa.
Personal interests
Luís was mostly a man of the sciences, with a passion for oceanography. He invested a large portion of his fortune in funding research boats to collect specimens in the oceans of the world, and was responsible for the establishment of one of the world's first aquariums, the Aquário Vasco da Gama in Lisbon, which is still open to the public with its vast collection of maritime life forms, including a 10 meter long squid. His love for sciences and things new was passed to his two sons.
Marriages and descendants
Luís married Princess Maria Pia of Savoy, daughter of Victor Emmanuel II of Italy and Maria Adelaide of Austria. They both had a deep love at first, but Luis's countless mistresses led Maria Pia to depression. Together they had two sons who survived childhood, and a stillborn son in 1866. The King also fathered one illegitimate child, born in 1874 in Lisbon, a son named Carlos Augusto.
| Name | Birth | Death | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| By Princess Maria Pia of Savoy (16 October 1847 – 5 July 1911; married on 6 October 1862) | |||
| Dom Carlos, Prince Royal of Portugal | 28 September 1863 | 1 February 1908 | Who succeeded him as Carlos I, the King of Portugal, murdered in 1908 by the Carbonária. |
| Dom Afonso, Prince Royal of Portugal | 31 July 1865 | 21 February 1920 | Infante of Portugal, Duke of Porto, Viceroy of India, and after 1908 Prince Royal. |
Titles, Honours, and Styles
| Royal styles of King Luís I of Portugal | |
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.png) | |
| Reference style | His Most Faithful Majesty |
| Spoken style | Your Most Faithful Majesty |
| Alternative style | Sire |
Titles and Styles
- 31 October 1838 - 11 November 1861 His Highness The Duke of Porto and Viseu
- 11 November 1861 - 19 October 1889 His Most Faithful Majesty The King of Portugal and the Algarves
Luís I's official styling as King of Portugal:
By the Grace of God and by the Constitution of the Monarchy, Luís I, King of Portugal and the Algarves, of either side of the sea in Africa, Lord of Guinea and of Conquest, Navigation, and Commerce of Ethiopia, Arabia, Persia, and India, etc.
Ancestry
References
- ^ a b "While remaining patrilineal dynasts of the duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha according to pp. 88, 116 of the 1944 Almanach de Gotha, Title 1, Chapter 1, Article 5 of the 1838 Portuguese constitution declared, with respect to Ferdinand II of Portugal's issue by his first wife, that 'the Most Serene House of Braganza is the reigning house of Portugal and continues through the Person of the Lady Queen Maria II'. Thus their mutual descendants constitute the Coburg line of the House of Braganza"
External links
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| House of Burgundy (1139–1383) | _-_Lesser.png) | |
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| House of Aviz (1385–1580) | ||
| House of Habsburg (1581–1640) | ||
| House of Braganza (1640–1910) | ||
Debatable or disputed rulers are in italics. | ||
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The House of Saxe-Coburg and Braganza was not a recognized house in the former Kingdom of Portugal and monarchs following Maria II and Ferdinand II officially continued to be members of the House of Braganza | ||
- 1838 births
- 1889 deaths
- Portuguese monarchs
- Portuguese infantes
- Portuguese royalty
- House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha-Koháry
- Knights of the Garter
- Knights of the Golden Fleece
- Recipients of the Royal Order of Kamehameha I
- Dukes of Porto
- 19th-century Portuguese monarchs
- Burials at the Monastery of São Vicente de Fora
- Grand Masters of the Order of the Immaculate Conception of Vila Viçosa
- People from Lisbon
- Constables of Portugal