Piccadilly line

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Piccadilly line
A westbound Piccadilly Line train, formed of 1973 stock, stands at Acton Town tube station with a service for Northfields.
Overview
Stations53
Colour on mapDark Blue
Websitetfl.gov.uk
Service
TypeDeep Tube, sub-surface
SystemLondon Underground
Depot(s)Cockfosters
Northfields
Rolling stock1973 Tube Stock
6 cars per trainset
Ridership210.169 million (2011/12) [1] passenger journeys
History
Opened1906
Technical
Line length71 km (44 mi)
Track gauge4 ft 8+12 in (1,435 mm)
London Underground
Bakerloo
Central
Circle
District
Hammersmith & City
Jubilee
Metropolitan
Northern
Piccadilly
Victoria
Waterloo & City
London Overground
Liberty
Lioness
Mildmay
Suffragette
Weaver
Windrush
Other TfL Modes
DLR
Elizabeth line
London Trams

The Piccadilly line /ˌpɪkəˈdɪli/ is a line of the London Underground, coloured dark blue on the Tube map. It is the fourth busiest line on the Underground network on the basis of the number of passengers transported per year with 210,000,000. It is mainly a deep-level line, running from the north to the west of London via Zone 1, with a number of surface sections, mostly in its westernmost parts. Of the 53 stations served, 25 are below ground. Some of its stations are shared with the District line and some are shared with the Metropolitan line. It is the second longest line on the system, after the Central line, and has the second most stations, after the District line. It serves many of London's top tourist attractions including Harrods (Knightsbridge), Hyde Park, Buckingham Palace (within walking distance from Green Park), Piccadilly Circus (after which the line is named), Leicester Square and Covent Garden, as well as London Heathrow Airport, the busiest airport in Europe (based on passenger numbers). The line shares tracks with the Metropolitan line between Uxbridge & Rayners Lane, then the line shares tracks with the District line between Hanger Lane Junction & Acton Town tube station, then the line runs parallel with the District line between Acton Town & Barons Court.

History

The beginnings

The Piccadilly line began as the Great Northern, Piccadilly & Brompton Railway (GNP&BR), one of several railways controlled by the Underground Electric Railways Company of London (UERL), whose chief director was Charles Tyson Yerkes, although he died before any of his schemes came to fruition.

The GNP&BR was formed from the merger of two earlier, but unbuilt, tube-railway companies taken over in 1901 by Yerkes' consortium: the Great Northern & Strand Railway (GN&SR) and the Brompton & Piccadilly Circus Railway (B&PCR). The GN&SR's and B&PCR's separate routes were linked with an additional section between Template:LUL stations and Template:LUL stations. A section of the District Railway's scheme for a deep-level tube line between Template:LUL stations and Template:LUL stations was also added in order to complete the route.

When the GNP&BR was formally opened on 15 December 1906, the line ran from the Great Northern Railway's station at Template:LUL stations to the District Railway's station at Template:LUL stations.

On 30 November 1907, the short branch from Holborn to the Strand (later renamed Template:LUL stations) opened, which had been planned as the last section of the GN&SR before the amalgamation with the B&PCR was made. In 1905 (and again in 1965), plans were made to extend it the short distance south under the River Thames to Waterloo, but this never happened. Although built with twin tunnels, single track shuttle operation became the norm on the branch from 1918 on, with the eastern tunnel closed to traffic.

Later changes

On 1 July 1910 the GNP&BR and the other UERL-owned tube railways (the Baker Street and Waterloo Railway, the Charing Cross, Euston and Hampstead Railway) were merged by private Act of Parliament[2][3] to become the London Electric Railway Company.

On 10 December 1928, a rebuilt Piccadilly Circus station was opened. This included a sub-surface booking hall and eleven escalators, replacing the original lifts, and was the start of a renovation of the whole railway, including a comprehensive programme of station enlargement.

Extension to Cockfosters

Piccadilly line train at Eastcote station

From the 1920s onwards there had been severe congestion at the line's northern terminus, Finsbury Park, where travellers had to change on to trams, buses and LNER main line trains for destinations in North London and North East London. There had been deputations made to Parliament asking for an early extension of the line either towards Tottenham and Edmonton or towards Wood Green and Palmers Green.

The early 1930s was a time of recession, and in order to relieve unemployment, government capital was made available. The chief features of the scheme were an extension northwards from Finsbury Park to Template:LUL stations. It was also planned to build a station between Template:LUL stations and Template:LUL stations at the junction of Green Lanes and St Ann's Road in Harringay, but this was stopped by Frank Pick, who felt that the bus and tram service at this point was adequate. However, a 'Ventilation station', in similar architectural style to tube stations of the time was provided at the site, and is visible today. There was also some opposition from the London and North Eastern Railway to the line. The extension began from Finsbury Park to a point a little south of Template:LUL stations. The total length of the extension is 12 km (7.5 mi): it cost £4 million to build and was opened in sections as follows:

  • 19 September 1932: to Arnos Grove
  • 13 March 1933: to Enfield West (now Oakwood), in conjunction with the westward extension to Hounslow West
  • 19 July 1933: completion to Cockfosters

Westward extensions

Powers to link with existing tracks west of Hammersmith were obtained in 1913. A Parliamentary report of 1919 recommended through running to Richmond and Ealing. By the end of the 1920s the priority had shifted to serving the areas around Hounslow and north and west of Ealing. The outcome involved taking over the inner pair of tracks between Hammersmith and Acton Town as a non-stop service, while the Metropolitan District Railway would continue to provide the stopping service on the outer pair of tracks.[4] Construction of the linking sections started in 1930, and the services opened as follows.

These eastward and westward extensions are notable for the Modernist architecture of their new stations, many of them designed by Charles Holden, who was inspired by examples of Modernist architecture in mainland Europe. This influence can be seen in the bold vertical and horizontal forms, which were combined with the use of traditional materials like brick.[5] Many of these Holden-designed station are listed buildings.

Victoria line

During the planning stages of the Victoria line, a proposal was put forward to transfer Template:LUL stations to the Victoria line, and also to build new "direct" tunnels from Finsbury Park to Turnpike Lane station, thereby cutting the journey time in and out of central London. This idea was eventually rejected due to the inconvenience to passengers that would have been caused during rebuilding, as well as the costs of the new tunnels. Even so, the Piccadilly line was affected at Finsbury Park by the construction of the Victoria line. The westbound service was redirected through new tunnels, to give cross-platform interchange with the Victoria line on the platforms previously used by the Northern City Line. This work was completed in 1965, and the diversion came into use on 3 October 1965, three years before the opening of the first stage of the Victoria line.

Extension to Heathrow

Inside a Piccadilly line carriage

In 1975, a new tunnel section was opened to Template:LUL stations from Hounslow West. Hounslow West became a tunnel section station. In 1977, the branch was extended to Heathrow Central. This station was renamed Heathrow Terminals 1, 2, 3 in 1984, with the opening of a one-way loop serving Template:LUL stations, south of the central terminal area. To reflect the demolition of Terminal 1 in June 2015, it was renamed again as Heathrow Terminals 2 & 3.

From 7 January 2005 until 17 September 2006, the loop via Heathrow Terminal 4 was closed to allow the connection of a spur line to the now operational Heathrow Terminal 5 station. All underground services reverted to two-way working into Terminals 2 & 3, which again became the temporary terminus; shuttle buses served Terminal 4 from the Hatton Cross bus station. For a brief period in summer 2006, the line terminated at Hatton Cross and shuttle buses also ran to Terminals 2 & 3 while the track configuration and tunnels were altered for the Terminal 5 link from that station. The station at Terminal 5 opened on 27 March 2008 on the same day Terminal 5 opened.

2005 terrorist attack

On 7 July 2005, a Piccadilly line train was attacked by suicide bomber Germaine Lindsay. The blast occurred at 08:50 BST while the train was between Template:LUL stations and Template:LUL stations. It was part of a co-ordinated attack on London's transport network, and was synchronised with three other attacks – two on the Circle line and one on a bus at Tavistock Square. A small high-explosive device, concealed in a rucksack, was used.

The Piccadilly line bomb resulted in the largest number of fatalities, with 26 people reported killed. Access for the emergency services and evacuation of the public proved difficult as it is a deep-level line. Parts of the line re-opened on 8 July, and full service was restored on 4 August, four weeks after the bomb.

Infrastructure

Rolling stock

Piccadilly line trains of 1973 stock at Rayners Lane in 2005

Like most Underground lines, the Piccadilly line is operated by a single type of rolling stock, in this case the 1973 tube stock, in the standard London Underground livery of blue, white and red. Seventy-nine trains out of a fleet of 86 are needed to run the line's peak service. One unit (166-566-366) was severely damaged by the terrorist attack of 7 July 2005.

The stock was refurbished by Bombardier Transportation between 1995 and 2000.[6] Changes included the removal of transverse seating, strap hangers replaced with grab bars, new floor material and a full repaint into London Underground's corporate livery.[7]

The line was previously worked by 1959 stock, 1956 stock, 1938 stock, standard tube stock and 1906 gate stock.

The line has two depots, at Northfieldsmap 55 and Cockfosters.map 54 There are sidings at Oakwood, South Harrow, Arnos Grove, Rayners Lane, Down Street, Wood Green, Acton Town, Ruislip and Uxbridge.

Signalling

The line is controlled from a control centre at Earl's Court, which it used to share with the District line. It is in need of resignalling, and this work was planned to be carried out by 2014, but this has been postponed for financial reasons.

Service pattern

The current off-peak service pattern is:

6 trains per hour Template:LUL stationsTemplate:LUL stations (via Terminals 2 & 3)
6 trains per hour Cockfosters – Template:LUL stations (returning around the loop and serving Terminals 2 & 3)
6 trains per hour Cockfosters – Template:LUL stations, of which 3 continue to Template:LUL stations
3 trains per hour Template:LUL stationsTemplate:LUL stations

This forms a service frequency of approximately every 3 minutes through central London, with 21 trains per hour.

Often late evening services terminate at Template:LUL stations instead of Cockfosters.

Trains also make an additional stop at Template:LUL stations in the early morning and late evening but do not call there during the main part of the day.

Other services operate at times, especially at the start and towards the end of the traffic day.

From Summer 2016, there will be a 24-hour Night Tube service on Friday and Saturday nights from Heathrow Terminal 5 to Cockfosters, but not from Uxbridge to Acton Town or the Heathrow Terminal 4 loop.[8]

Map

Geographically accurate path of the Piccadilly line
Geographically accurate path of the Piccadilly line

List of stations

Piccadilly line
Cockfosters
 
Cockfosters
depot
 
Oakwood
Southgate
Arnos Grove
Arnos Grove sidings
Bounds Green
Wood Green
Turnpike Lane
Manor House
Finsbury Park Victoria Line National Rail Thameslink
link with Victoria line
Arsenal
Holloway Road
Caledonian Road
York Road
King's Cross St Pancras
Circle line (London Underground) Hammersmith & City Line Metropolitan Line Northern Line Victoria Line National Rail Thameslink Eurostar
link with Northern line
Russell Square
Holborn Central line (London Underground)
Aldwych
Covent Garden
Leicester Square Northern Line
Piccadilly Circus Bakerloo Line
Green Park Jubilee Line Victoria Line
Down Street
Hyde Park Corner
Knightsbridge
Brompton Road
South Kensington Circle line (London Underground) District Line
Gloucester Road Circle line (London Underground) District Line
Earl's Court District Line
Barons Court District Line
Hammersmith Circle line (London Underground) District Line Hammersmith & City Line
Non-stop section
Non-stop section
Ravenscourt Park (District Line)
Stamford Brook (District Line)
Turnham Green (District Line)
limited Piccadilly line services
Chiswick Park (District Line)
Acton works
Acton Town District Line enlarge…
Ealing Common District Line enlarge…
North Ealing
Park Royal
Park Royal & Twyford Abbey
Alperton
Sudbury Town
Sudbury Hill
South Harrow
Rayners Lane Metropolitan Line
Eastcote Metropolitan Line
Ruislip Manor Metropolitan Line
Ruislip Metropolitan Line
Ickenham Metropolitan Line
Hillingdon Metropolitan Line
Uxbridge depot
Uxbridge
(original site)
Uxbridge Metropolitan Line
South Ealing
Northfields
Northfields depot
Boston Manor
Osterley & Spring Grove
Osterley
Hounslow EastHounslow Town
Hounslow Central
Hounslow West
Hatton Cross
Heathrow Terminals 2 & 3 Heathrow Airport
Heathrow Terminal 4 Heathrow Airport
Heathrow Terminal 5 Heathrow Airport Elizabeth Line Heathrow Express
Notice explaining about step-free access. This can be found inside every Piccadilly line train.
Notice explaining alternative routes to Covent Garden. This can be found inside every Piccadilly line train.

Open stations

Cockfosters branch

Cockfosters branch
Station Image Opened Additional information
Template:LUL stations 31 July 1933 One of the two depots is located heremap 1
Template:LUL stations Disabled access 13 March 1933 Opened as Enfield West; renamed Enfield West Oakwood 3 May 1934; renamed 1 September 1946map 2
Template:LUL stations 13 March 1933 in deep-level tunnelmap 3
Template:LUL stations 19 September 1932 Trains may terminate here: there are several sidings for stabling trainsmap 4
Tunnel section commences
Template:LUL stations 19 September 1932 map 5
Template:LUL stations 19 September 1932 map 6
Template:LUL stations 19 September 1932 map 7
Template:LUL stations 19 September 1932 map 8
Original Section
Template:LUL stations National Rail 15 December 1906 map 9
Template:LUL stations 15 December 1906 Opened as Gillespie Road; renamed Arsenal (Highbury Hill) 31 October 1932; the suffix was later dropped in 1960map 10
Template:LUL stations 15 December 1906 map 11
Template:LUL stations Disabled access 15 December 1906 map 12
Template:LUL stations Disabled access National Rail 15 December 1906 Opened as King's Cross; renamed King's Cross for St. Pancras 1927; renamed 1933map 13
Template:LUL stations 15 December 1906 map 14
Template:LUL stations 15 December 1906 Renamed Holborn (Kingsway) 22 May 1933; the suffix was later dropped.map 15
Template:LUL stations 11 April 1907 map 16
Template:LUL stations 15 December 1906 map 17
Template:LUL stations 15 December 1906 map 18
Template:LUL stations Disabled access 15 December 1906 Opened as Dover Street; renamed 18 September 1933map 19
Template:LUL stations 15 December 1906 In the event of disruption, trains may terminate here via a crossovermap 20
Template:LUL stations 15 December 1906 map 21
Template:LUL stations 8 January 1907 map 22
Template:LUL stations 15 December 1906 map 23
Template:LUL stations Disabled access 15 December 1906 map 24
Tunnel section ends
Template:LUL stations 15 December 1906 map 25
Template:LUL stations Disabled access 15 December 1906 map 26

Extension to Hounslow and Uxbridge

Extension to Hounslow and Uxbridge
Station Image Opened Additional information
Template:LUL stations 1 January 1869 Originally the London and South Western Railway; first served by the Piccadilly line 23 June 1963map 27
Template:LUL stations Disabled access 1 July 1879 Originally the District Railway, later District line; first served by the Piccadilly line 4 July 1932map 28
The line splits here into two branches – the Heathrow branch and the Uxbridge branch.

Heathrow branch

Continuing from Acton Town
Station Image Opened Additional information
Template:LUL stations 1 May 1883 Originally the District Railway, later District line; first served by the Piccadilly line 29 April 1935map 29
Template:LUL stations 16 April 1908 Originally the District line (one of the two depots is here and some trains terminate here); first served by the Piccadilly line 9 January 1933map 30
Template:LUL stations 1 May 1883 Originally the District line; first served by the Piccadilly line 13 March 1933map 31
Template:LUL stations 23 March 1934 map 32
Template:LUL stations Disabled access 2 May 1909 Opened as Hounslow Town by the District line renamed 1 December 1925; first served by the Piccadilly line 13 March 1933map 33
Template:LUL stations 1 April 1886 Opened as Heston-Hounslow by the District line, renamed 1 December 1925; first served by the Piccadilly line 13 March 1933map 34
Tunnel section recommences
Template:LUL stations Disabled access 21 July 1884 Opened as Hounslow Barracks) by the District line, renamed 1 December 1925; first served by the Piccadilly line 13 March 1933, resited 19 July 1975map 35
Template:LUL stations 19 July 1975 map 36
Template:LUL stations Disabled access 12 April 1986 map 37
Template:LUL stations Disabled access 16 December 1977 Opened as Heathrow Central; renamed Heathrow Central Terminals 1,2,3 on 3 September 1983; renamed 12 April 1986map 38
Template:LUL stations Disabled access 27 March 2008 map 39

Just beyond Heathrow Terminals 2 & 3 tube station, the line goes into a new section to serve Heathrow Terminal 5 tube station, which opened in March 2008. Half of all Heathrow trains use the loop and serve Terminal 4 and the other half omit Terminal 4 and serve Terminal 5.[9]

Uxbridge branch

Continuing from Acton Town
Station Image Opened Additional information
Template:LUL stations 1 July 1879 Originally the District line; first served by the Piccadilly line 4 July 1932map 40
Template:LUL stations 23 June 1903 Originally the District line; first served by the Piccadilly line 4 July 1932map 41
Template:LUL stations 6 July 1931 Originally the District line; first served by the Piccadilly line 4 July 1932; renamed Park Royal (Hanger Hill) 1 March 1936; renamed 1947map 42
Template:LUL stations 28 June 1903 Opened as Perivale-Alperton by the District line; renamed 7 October 1910; first served by the Piccadilly line 4 July 1932map 43
Template:LUL stations Disabled access 28 June 1903 Originally the District line; first served by the Piccadilly line 4 July 1932map 44
Template:LUL stations (National Rail Sudbury Hill Harrow) 28 June 1903 Originally the District line; first served by the Piccadilly line 4 July 1932map 45
Template:LUL stations 28 June 1903 Originally the District line; first served by the Piccadilly line 4 July 1932; closed when re-located 4 July 1935; re-opened 5 July 1935map 46
Template:LUL stations 1 March 1910 Originally the District line; first served by the Piccadilly line 23 October 1933 (from here to Uxbridge trains share track with Metropolitan line, and some trains terminate here)map 47
Template:LUL stations 1 March 1910 Originally the District line; first served by the Piccadilly line 23 October 1933map 48
Template:LUL stations 5 August 1912 Originally the District line; first served by the Piccadilly line 23 October 1933map 49
Template:LUL stations 1 March 1910 Originally the District line; first served by the Piccadilly line 23 October 1933 (some trains terminate here in Monday-Friday peak hours)map 50
Template:LUL stations 1 March 1910 Originally the District line; first served by the Piccadilly line 23 October 1933map 51
Template:LUL stations Disabled access 10 December 1923 Originally the District line; first served by the Piccadilly line 23 October 1933; renamed Hillingdon (Swakeleys) April 1934; the suffix was later dropped; closed when re-located 5 December 1992; re-opened 6 December 1992map 52
Template:LUL stations Disabled access 1 March 1910 Terminus. Originally the District line; first served by the Piccadilly line 23 October 1933; closed when re-located 3 December 1938; re-opened 4 December 1938map 53

Closed stations

The Aldwych branch
  • Template:LUL stations opened on 30 November 1907 as the Strand tube station. It was at the end of a branch line from the main line at Template:LUL stations. An evening through-northbound 'Theatre' train ran until 1910. From 1917 onwards, it was served only by a shuttle from Holborn. In the same year it was renamed Aldwych when Charing Cross on the Northern line was renamed Strand. It was temporarily closed in 1940 during World War II to be used as an air-raid shelter. It re-opened in 1946. The possibility of extending the branch to Waterloo was discussed, but the scheme never proceeded.[10] Aldwych was finally closed on 30 September 1994; the level of use was said to be too low to justify the £1 million in estimated costs of a complete replacement of the lifts. The station is regularly used by film makers.
  • Template:LUL stations opened 15 December 1906; closed 30 July 1934, between Template:LUL stations and Template:LUL stations.
  • Template:LUL stations opened 15 December 1906; closed 21 May 1932, between Template:LUL stations and Template:LUL stations.
  • Osterley & Spring Grove first served 13 March 1933; closed 24 March 1934 between Template:LUL stations and Template:LUL stations. It was replaced by Osterley.
  • Template:LUL stations opened 23 June 1903; closed 5 July 1931. Although on the route of the current Piccadilly line, a short distance north of the present Template:LUL stations, it was never served by Piccadilly line trains. It was opened by the District line, the original operator of the line between Template:LUL stations and Template:LUL stations, and was closed and replaced by the present Park Royal station before the Piccadilly line started running trains to South Harrow in 1932.
  • Template:LUL stations opened 15 December 1906; closed 19 September 1932, between Template:LUL stations and Template:LUL stations. It has been suggested[11] that this station may be reopened to serve new developments on the nearby Kings Cross railway lands, but this idea is not being progressed at present. The road the station served, 'York Road', has since been renamed 'York Way'.

Future upgrades

The Piccadilly line is to be upgraded under the New Tube for London scheme, involving new trains as well as new signalling, increasing the line's capacity by some 24% and reducing journey times by one fifth.[12] Bids for new rolling stock were originally submitted in 2008. However, after the acquisition of Tube Lines by Transport for London in June 2010, this order was cancelled and the upgrade postponed.[13]

Meanwhile, LUL has invited Alstom, Bombardier and Siemens to develop a new concept of lightweight, low-energy, semi-articulated train for the deep-level lines, provisionally called "Evo" (for 'evolution'). So far only Siemens has publicised an outline design, which would feature air-conditioning and would also have battery power enabling the train to run on to the next station if third and fourth rail power were lost. It would have a lower floor and 11% higher passenger capacity than the present tube stock.[14] There would be a weight saving of 30 tonnes, and the trains would be 17% more energy-efficient with air-conditioning included, or 30% more energy-efficient without it.[15]

The intention is for the new trains to eventually operate on the Bakerloo, Central, Piccadilly and Waterloo & City lines.[16] On current plans, resignalling work on the Piccadilly line will begin in 2019 and new trains should be in service by 2022.[17]

There are also some proposals, predominantly by Slough Borough Council, to extend the line towards Slough railway station from Heathrow Terminal 5 station.[18] A number of routes have been proposed, and the main ones pass very close to but do not call at Windsor.[18]

See also

  • Leslie Green – architect of the Great Northern, Piccadilly & Brompton Railway's early stations

Maps

References

Notes
  1. ^ "LU Performance Data Almanac". Transport for London. 2011/12. Retrieved 1 August 2012. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |year= (help)
  2. ^ "No. 28311". The London Gazette. 23 November 1909.
  3. ^ The merger was carried out by transferring the assets of the CCE&HR and the BS&WR to the GNP&BR and renaming the GNP&BR as the London Electric Railway.
  4. ^ Barker & Robbins 1974, p. 252.
  5. ^ "Underground Journeys: Changing the face of London Underground". Royal Institute of British Architects. Retrieved 19 February 2011.
  6. ^ "1973". Transport for London. n.d. Retrieved 20 April 2013.
  7. ^ "1973 tube stock". Squarewheels.org.uk. 8 November 2010. Retrieved 20 April 2013.
  8. ^ TfL Night Tube Map. 2013.
  9. ^ "Piccadilly line's new timetable". Transport for London. 8 January 2008. Archived from the original on 27 February 2008.
  10. ^ "More tube lines discussed: Easing travel load". The Times. London. 27 April 1965. p. 7.
  11. ^ "York Way Station". Alwaystouchout.com. 11 January 2006. Retrieved 11 July 2008.
  12. ^ "Tube improvement plan: Piccadilly line". Transport for London. Retrieved 29 December 2013.
  13. ^ Ford, Roger (October 2010). "Rolling stock famine deepens as Bombardier feasts on past orders". Modern Railways. Vol. 67, no. 745. London. p. 22.
  14. ^ Waboso, David (December 2010). "Transforming the tube". Modern Railways. London. p. 44.
  15. ^ "Siemens unveils London Underground concept train". Railway Gazette International. London. 20 June 2011.
  16. ^ "Siemens reveals innovative air-con for deep Tube trains". Rail. No. 673. Peterborough. 29 June 2011. p. 12.
  17. ^ "Business Plan 2013" (PDF). Transport for London. December 2013. p. 35.
  18. ^ a b "Slough Borough Council presentation" (PDF). Thames Valley Chamber of Commerce Group. Retrieved 29 December 2013.
Bibliography
  • Barker, T.C.; Robbins, Michael (1974). A History of London Transport: Volume two – the Twentieth Century to 1970. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd. ISBN 0-04-385067-7.
  • Croome, Desmond F. (1998). The Piccadilly Line – An Illustrated History. London: Capital Transport Publishing. ISBN 1-85414-192-9.
  • Horne, Mike (2007). The Piccadilly Tube – A History of the First Hundred Years. London: Capital Transport. ISBN 978-1-85414-305-1.
  • Lee, Charles E. (1966). Sixty Years of the Piccadilly. London: London Transport.
  • Lee, Charles E. (1973). The Piccadilly Line: a brief history. London: London Transport. ISBN 0-85329-042-3.

External links