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For the southern dialect of the Māori language, see Māori language § South Island dialects.

Southern Maori was one of New Zealand's four original parliamentary Māori electorates established in 1868, along with Eastern Maori, Western Maori and Eastern Maori. In 1996, with the introduction of MMP, the Maori electorates were updated, and Southern Maori was replaced with the Te Tai Tonga and Te Puku O Te Whenua electorates.

Population centres

From its initial definition of the Maori electorates in 1867 to the 1954 Maori electoral boundary redefinition, the Southern Maori electorate covered the entire South Island plus it included Stewart Island.[1] It did not include the Chatham Islands, which did not belong to any Maori electorate until after a change to the Legislative Act and from the 1922 election, the Chatham Islands belonged to the Western Maori electorate.[2] The 1954 redefinition responded to the fact that the Southern Maori electorate had a much lower voter base than the three other Maori electorates, and this was responded to by adding the south-eastern part of the North Island to the Southern Maori electorate. Population centres that came to the electorate through this measure included Wellington, Masterton, Palmerston North, Napier, and Wairoa. These changes became effective with the 1954 election.[3]

The next redistribution of Maori electoral boundaries was carried out in 1983, just after the responsibility for doing so had been transferred to the Representation Commission. The North Island boundaries of the Southern Maori electorate were adjusted, and Palmerston North transferred to the Western Maori electorate in that process. These boundaries were used in the 1984 election.[4] Further boundary adjustments were undertaken in 1987, which became operative with the 1987 election.[5]

Tribal areas

Ngāi Tahu and Ngati Kahungunu were the dominant tribes within the area covered by the electorate.

History

The Southern Maori electorate included the whole of the South Island to 1954, but its population was less than that of the other Māori electorates. In 1954 the boundaries were extended to include much of the East Coast of the North Island up to Napier and Wairoa in Hawkes Bay.

The first member of parliament for the new Māori electorate of Southern Maori from 1868 was John Patterson; he retired in 1870.

In 1932, Eruera Tirikatene won the electorate in a by-election and became the first Rātana MP; and then a Labour MP following the Labour-Ratana pact. When he died in 1967 his daughter Whetu Tirikatene-Sullivan took over the seat in a 1967 by-election.

In 1993 the National Party did not stand a candidate in the electorate as their proposed candidate did not apply in time.

In 1996 with mixed-member proportional (MMP) representation, the Te Tai Tonga electorate covering the South Island took over the major part of the Southern Maori electorate. Whetu Tirikatene-Sullivan who had held the Southern Maori electorate for many years narrowly lost the new seat to Tu Wyllie of New Zealand First and retired from politics.

Members of Parliament

The Southern Maori electorate was represented by ten Members of Parliament:[6]

Key

  Independent   Liberal   Reform   United   Ratana   Labour

Election Winner
1868 Māori election John Patterson
1871 election Hōri Kerei Taiaroa
1876 election
1879 by-election Ihaia Tainui
1879 election
1881 by-election Hōri Kerei Taiaroa (2nd period)
1881 election
1884 election
1885 by-election Tame Parata
1887 election
1890 election
1893 election
1896 election
1899 election
1902 election
1905 election
1908 election
1911 election Taare Parata
1914 election
1918 by-election Hopere Uru
1919 election
1922 by-election Henare Uru
1922 election
1925 election
1928 election Tuiti Makitanara
1931 election
1932 by-election Eruera Tirikatene
1935 election
1938 election
1943 election
1946 election
1949 election
1951 election
1954 election
1957 election
1960 election
1963 election
1966 election
1967 by-election Whetu Tirikatene-Sullivan
1969 election
1972 election
1975 election
1978 election
1981 election
1984 election
1987 election
1990 election
1993 election
(Electorate abolished in 1996; see Te Tai Tonga)

Election results

Note that the affiliation of many early candidates is not known.

1993 election

1993 general election: Southern Maori[7]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Whetu Tirikatene-Sullivan 9,631 57.94 −16.56
NZ First Jules Parkinson 3,291 19.80
Alliance Tikirau Stevens 2,541 15.28 +3.64
Mana Māori Reitu Noble Harris 702 4.22
Christian Heritage Rawiri Whare 336 2.02
Natural Law Tim Irwin 119 0.71
Majority 6,340 38.14 −24.72
Turnout 16,620 63.96 −5.69
Registered electors 25,984

1990 election

1990 general election: Southern Maori[8]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Whetu Tirikatene-Sullivan 9,024 74.50 −2.38
Mana Motuhake Tikirau Stevens 1,410 11.64 +1.92
National Jack Mei 1,287 10.62 +2.81
Independent Dun Mihaka 391 3.22 +0.80
Majority 7,614 62.86 −4.29
Turnout 12,112 58.27 −10.69
Registered electors 20,785

1987 election

1987 general election: Southern Maori[9]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Whetu Tirikatene-Sullivan 10,130 76.88 −1.40
Mana Motuhake Tikirau Stevens 1,282 9.72
National Jack Mei 1,030 7.81 +1.30
Democrats Robert Aramakuru 344 2.61 +1.11
Independent Dun Mihaka 319 2.42 +1.25
Independent Clive Dooley 71 0.53
Majority 8,848 67.15 −2.52
Turnout 13,176 68.96 −9.08
Registered electors 19,104

1984 election

1984 general election: Southern Maori[9]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Whetu Tirikatene-Sullivan 11,792 78.28 +6.64
Mana Motuhake Amster Reedy 1,297 8.61 −3.05
National Jack Mei 982 6.51
NZ Party Willard Amaru 427 2.83
Social Credit Robert Aramakuru 226 1.50 −6.20
Independent Dun Mihaka 177 1.17 −0.70
Independent H Watene 161 1.06
Majority 10,495 69.67 +9.70
Turnout 15,062 78.04 +4.90
Registered electors 19,300

1981 election

1981 general election: Southern Maori[9]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Whetu Tirikatene-Sullivan 10,685 71.64 −10.68
Mana Motuhake Amster Reedy 1,740 11.66
Social Credit Robert Aramakuru 1,149 7.70
National Barry Kiwara 1,060 7.10
Independent Dun Mihaka 280 1.87
Majority 8,945 59.97 −13.76
Turnout 14,914 73.14 +32.94
Registered electors 20,390

1978 election

1978 general election: Southern Maori[9]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Whetu Tirikatene-Sullivan 10,250 82.32 +7.72
National Charles Piharo Maitai 1,070 8.59
Social Credit Waireti Ate Mangai Gregory 1,013 8.13
Values Martin Burdan 117 0.93
Majority 9,180 73.73 +11.29
Turnout 12,450 40.20 −16.31
Registered electors 30,966

1975 election

1975 general election: Southern Maori[9]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Whetu Tirikatene-Sullivan 7,708 74.60 −13.06
National Willard Amaru 1,256 12.15
Social Credit Lucy Kaumau 598 5.78
Independent Labour William Whareupoko Mohi 358 3.46
Values Wiki Cuirrie 246 2.38
Independent Te Puke Watson 166 1.60
Majority 6,452 62.44 −26.89
Turnout 10,332 56.51 −14.79
Registered electors 18,282

1972 election

1972 general election: Southern Maori[9]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Whetu Tirikatene-Sullivan 9,078 87.66 +4.71
National Kate Parahi 827 7.98
Social Credit Gale M. Ngakuru 450 4.34
Majority 9,251 89.33 +18.84
Turnout 10,355 71.30 +0.81
Registered electors 14,522

1969 election

1969 general election: Southern Maori[10]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Whetu Tirikatene-Sullivan 7,802 82.95 +8.64
National Norra Woodbane Pomare 1,172 12.46
Social Credit Tamati W. Makitanare 290 3.08
Independent Kenneth Rangi 141 1.49
Majority 6,630 70.49 +16.69
Turnout 9,405 70.40 +19.93
Registered electors 13,359

1967 by-election

1967 Southern Maori by-election[10]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Whetu Tirikatene 4,968 74.31
National Baden Pere 1,371 20.51 −1.17
Social Credit James Hugh MacDonald 347 5.18 −0.85
Majority 3,597 53.80
Turnout 6,686 50.47 −12.21
Registered electors 13,248

1966 election

1966 general election: Southern Maori[10]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Eruera Tirikatene 5,474 72.28 −5.09
National Baden Pere 1,642 21.68
Social Credit James Hugh MacDonald 457 6.03
Majority 3,832 50.60 −12.91
Turnout 7,573 62.68 −7.37
Registered electors 12,081

1963 election

1963 general election: Southern Maori[10]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Eruera Tirikatene 6,065 77.37 +1.80
National Ben Couch 1,087 13.86
Young Maori Rua Bristowe 387 4.93
Social Credit Matua Ereatara Niania 299 3.81
Majority 4,978 63.51 +5.39
Turnout 7,838 70.05 −1.21
Registered electors 11,189

1960 election

1960 general election: Southern Maori[10]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Eruera Tirikatene 5,132 75.57 −2.95
National Ngarangi Whakaupoko Tutaki 1,185 17.44
Social Credit Matua Ereatara Niania 474 6.97
Majority 3,947 58.12 −6.39
Turnout 6,791 71.26 −11.19
Registered electors 9,529

1957 election

1957 general election: Southern Maori[10]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Eruera Tirikatene 5,335 78.52 +14.43
National Thomas Stratton 952 14.01
Social Credit Hinerapa Ihipera Ropiha 394 5.79
Kauhananui Tamati Wi Makitanare 113 1.66
Majority 4,383 64.51 +23.28
Turnout 6,794 82.45 −10.33
Registered electors 8,240

1954 election

1954 general election: Southern Maori[10]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Eruera Tirikatene 4,452 64.09 −11.27
National Turi Carroll 1,588 22.86
Independent Labour Rangi Logan 477 6.86
Social Credit Matenga Baker 261 3.75
Maori Labour A T Huata 168 2.41
Majority 2,864 41.23 −9.50
Turnout 6,946 92.78 +1.95
Registered electors 7,486

1951 election

1951 general election: Southern Maori[10]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Eruera Tirikatene 979 75.36 −0.89
National William Beaton 320 24.63
Majority 659 50.73 −3.27
Turnout 1,299 90.83 −3.04
Registered electors 1,430

1949 election

1949 general election: Southern Maori[11]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Eruera Tirikatene 970 76.25 +1.71
National Huro Nathanial Bates 283 22.24
Informal votes 19 1.49 +0.28
Majority 687 54.00 +3.70
Turnout 1,272 93.87
Registered electors 1,355

1946 election

1946 general election: Southern Maori[12]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Eruera Tirikatene 861 74.54
National Vernon Ohaia Mason Thomas 280 24.24
Informal votes 14 1.21
Majority 581 50.30
Turnout 1,155

1932 by-election

1932 Southern Maori by-election[13]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Ratana Eruera Tirikatene 425 44.69 +10.34
United/Reform William Teihoka Parata 184 19.35
Independent Peter McDonald 132 13.88
Independent Joseph Beaton (United–Reform Coalition) 113 11.88
Independent Tame Bragg (Reform) 94 9.88
Independent Wiremu Mihaka 3 0.32
Majority 241 25.34 +23.27
Turnout 951

1931 election

1931 general election: Southern Maori[14]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
United Tuiti Makitanara 334 36.42
Ratana Eruera Tirikatene 315 34.35
Independent Hari Wi Katene 268 29.23
Majority 19 2.07
Turnout 917

1922 by-election

1922 Southern Maori by-election
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Reform Henare Uru 364 44.83
Independent Teone Matapura Erihana 250 30.79 +16.69
Independent Wereta Tainui Pitama 108 13.30
Independent Bill Barrett 90 11.08
Turnout 812
Majority 114 14.04 −16.05

1918 by-election

1918 Southern Maori by-election[15]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Independent Hopere Uru 242 38.78
Independent Henare Parata 223 35.74
Independent Teone Matapura Erihana (Ellison) 159 25.48
Turnout 624
Majority 19 3.04

1899 election

1899 general election: Southern Maori[16]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal Tame Parata 387 63.86 +24.64
Taituha Hape 219 36.14
Majority 168 27.72 +10.81
Turnout 606

1896 election

1896 general election: Southern Maori[17][18]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal Tame Parata 262 39.22 −27.63
Thomas Ellison 149 22.31
Riki Te Mairaki Taiaroa 144 21.56
Teoti Pita Mutu 113 16.92 −16.24
Majority 391 11.93 −16.78
Turnout 668

1893 election

1893 general election: Southern Maori[19]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal Tame Parata 367 66.85
Teoti Pita Mutu 182 33.15
Majority 185 33.70
Turnout 549

1887 election

1887 general election: Southern Maori[20][21]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Independent Tame Parata 140 33.49 −9.12
Independent Thomas Ellison 103 24.64
Independent Kahu 103 24.64
Independent Hone Taare Tikao 72 17.22 −10.03
Majority 37 8.85 −3.61
Turnout 418

1885 by-election

1885 Southern Maori by-election[22]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Independent Tame Parata 147 42.61
Independent Henare Paratini[23] 104 30.14
Independent Hone Taare Tikao[24] 94 27.25
Majority 43 12.46
Turnout 345

1879 by-election

1879 Southern Maori by-election[25][26][27]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Independent Ihaia Tainui 191 49.23
Independent Tari Wi or Toihaka 78 20.10
Independent Hori Paratene 60 15.46
Majority 113 29.12
Turnout 388

Notes

  1. ^ McRobie 1989, pp. 132–139.
  2. ^ McRobie 1989, p. 135.
  3. ^ McRobie 1989, pp. 138f.
  4. ^ McRobie 1989, pp. 140f.
  5. ^ McRobie 1989, pp. 142f.
  6. ^ Wilson 1985, p. 272.
  7. ^ Part 1: Votes recorded at each polling place (Technical report). New Zealand Chief Electoral Office. 1993. p. 156.
  8. ^ Part 1: Votes recorded at each polling place (Technical report). New Zealand Chief Electoral Office. 1990. p. 161.
  9. ^ a b c d e f Norton 1988, pp. 401.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h Norton 1988, pp. 400.
  11. ^ "The General Election, 1949". National Library. 1950. pp. 1–5, 8. Retrieved 3 January 2014.
  12. ^ "The General Election, 1946". National Library. 1947. pp. 1–11, 14. Retrieved 1 January 2014.
  13. ^ The General Election, 1931. Government Printer. 1932. p. 6. Retrieved 25 December 2014.
  14. ^ The General Election, 1931. Government Printer. 1932. p. 6. Retrieved 2 November 2014.
  15. ^ "Southern Maori Election". The Lake District Press. 28 February 1918.
  16. ^ "The General Election, 1899". Wellington: Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives. 19 June 1900. p. 3. Retrieved 15 March 2014.
  17. ^ "Untitled". The Evening Post. Vol. LIII, no. 1. 2 January 1897. p. 4. Retrieved 15 January 2014.
  18. ^ "The Maori Elections". The Press. Vol. LIII, no. 9591. 4 December 1896. p. 6. Retrieved 15 January 2014.
  19. ^ "The General Election, 1893". Government Printer. 1894. p. 3. Retrieved 19 November 2013.
  20. ^ "The Maori Members". The Press. Vol. XLIV, no. 6861. 20 September 1887. p. 6. Retrieved 16 January 2014.
  21. ^ "The Southern Native Member". The Press. Vol. XLIV, no. 6856. 14 September 1887. p. 6. Retrieved 16 January 2014.
  22. ^ "Election of Maori Representative". Otago Daily Times. No. 7287. 25 June 1885. p. 4. Retrieved 16 January 2014.
  23. ^ "The Southern Maori Election". The New Zealand Herald. Vol. XXII, no. 7363. 25 June 1885. p. 5. Retrieved 16 January 2014.
  24. ^ "Southern Maori Election". The Timaru Herald. Vol. XLI, no. 3340. 11 June 1885. p. 3. Retrieved 16 January 2014.
  25. ^ "Southern Maori Election". The New Zealand Herald. 17 July 1879.
  26. ^ "Southern Maori Election". Star. 16 July 1879.
  27. ^ "Southern Maori Election". Evening Post. 17 July 1879.

References

  • McRobie, Alan (1989). Electoral Atlas of New Zealand. Wellington: GP Books. ISBN 0-477-01384-8.
  • Norton, Clifford (1988). New Zealand Parliamentary Election Results 1946–1987: Occasional Publications No 1, Department of Political Science. Wellington: Victoria University of Wellington. ISBN 0-475-11200-8.
  • Wilson, James Oakley (1985) [First published in 1913]. New Zealand Parliamentary Record, 1840–1984 (4th ed.). Wellington: V.R. Ward, Govt. Printer. OCLC 154283103.

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