Flying Spaghetti Monster

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Touched by His Noodly Appendage, a parody of The Creation of Adam by Michelangelo, is a well-known iconic image of the Flying Spaghetti Monster.

The Flying Spaghetti Monster (FSM) is the deity of the parody religion[1][2] the Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster or Pastafarianism.[3] Created in 2005 by Bobby Henderson, it was originally intended as a satirical protest against the decision by the Kansas State Board of Education to require the teaching of intelligent design as an alternative to evolution in public schools. In an open letter sent to the Kansas State Board of Education, Henderson parodied the concept of intelligent design by professing belief in a supernatural creator which closely resembles spaghetti and meatballs. Henderson explained that since the intelligent design movement uses ambiguous references to an unspecified "Intelligent Designer", any conceivable entity may fulfill that role, even a Flying Spaghetti Monster. He further called for his "Pastafarian" theory of creation to be allotted equal time in science classrooms alongside intelligent design and evolution.

After Henderson published the letter on his website, it rapidly became an internet phenomenon and a symbol for opponents against teaching intelligent design in public schools. His website features pictures of crafts "devoted" to the Flying Spaghetti Monster and Pastafarians dressed as pirates "preaching" on the sidewalk. Pastafarian beliefs—such as reverence of pirates—are presented both on Henderson's website, where he is described as a "prophet," and in the Gospel of the Flying Spaghetti Monster, published by Villiard Press in 2006. Due to its popularity and exposure, the Flying Spaghetti Monster is often used as a modern version of Russell's teapot.

Contents

Origins

The Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster was first publicly exposed in January 2005[4] when Bobby Henderson, then a 25-year-old Oregon State University physics graduate, sent an open letter regarding the Flying Spaghetti Monster to the Kansas State Board of Education.[3][5][6] The letter was sent prior to the Kansas evolution hearings as an argument against the teaching of intelligent design in biology classes.[3] Henderson, describing himself as a "concerned citizen" representing ten million others, stated that both his theory and intelligent design had equal validity.[3] In his letter, he noted,

I think we can all look forward to the time when these three theories are given equal time in our science classrooms across the country, and eventually the world; One third time for Intelligent Design, one third time for Flying Spaghetti Monsterism, and one third time for logical conjecture based on overwhelming observable evidence.[7]
—Bobby Henderson

According to Henderson, since the intelligent design movement uses ambiguous references to a designer, any conceivable entity may fulfill that role, including a Flying Spaghetti Monster.[2] Henderson explained, "I don't have a problem with religion. What I have a problem with is religion posing as science. If there is a god and he's intelligent, then I would guess he has a sense of humor."[8][9]

In May, having received no reply from the Kansas State Board of Education, Henderson posted the letter on his website, gaining significant public interest.[4][10] Within days of posting the letter, Pastafarianism became an internet phenomenon.[11] Henderson published the responses he then received from Board members.[12] Three board members, all of whom opposed the curriculum amendments, responded positively; a fourth board member responded with the comment "It is a serious offense to mock God."[13] Henderson has also published the significant amount of hate mail, including death threats, that he has received. In one year, his site garnered more than 350 million hits and used about 700 gigabytes of bandwidth per month.[11]

As word of Henderson's challenge to the Board spread, his website and cause received more attention and support. The satiric nature of Henderson's argument made the Flying Spaghetti Monster popular with bloggers as well as humor and Internet culture websites.[14] The Flying Spaghetti Monster was featured on websites such as Boing Boing, Something Awful, Uncyclopedia, and Fark.com. Moreover, the International Society for Flying Spaghetti Monster Awareness emerged to "spread the word of The Flying Spaghetti Monster and his prophet, Bobby Henderson (pesto be upon him)".[11][15] As public awareness grew, the mainstream media picked up on the phenomenon. The Flying Spaghetti Monster became a symbol for the case against intelligent design in public education.[16][17][3] The open letter was printed in many large newspapers, including the New York Times, Washington Post, and Chicago Sun Times.[11] Henderson himself was surprised by its success, stating that he "wrote the letter for [his] own amusement as much as anything".[2]

Later developments

The FSM "fish" emblem, the symbol of the Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster, is a parody of the Christian Ichthys symbol.

In August 2005, in response to a challenge from a reader, BoingBoing.net announced a $250,000 prize—later raised to $1,000,000—of "Intelligently Designed currency" payable to any individual who could produce empirical evidence proving that Jesus is not the son of the Flying Spaghetti Monster.[18] It was modeled after a similar challenge issued by young-Earth creationist Kent Hovind, who promised $250,000 to anyone who can prove evolution "is the only possible way" that the Universe and life arose.[18] The challenge sparked further interest and popularity in the Flying Spaghetti Monster.[11]

Newspaper articles on the Flying Spaghetti Monster attracted the attention of book publishers; at one point, there were six publishers interested in the Flying Spaghetti Monster.[11] In November 2005, Henderson received an advance from Villard to write The Gospel of The Flying Spaghetti Monster with the subheading "Jackpot for unemployed slot-machine engineer and heretic".[19]

In November 2005, the Kansas State Board of Education voted to allow criticisms of evolution, including language about intelligent design, as part of testing standards.[20] On February 13, 2007, the Board voted 6 to 4 to reject the amended science standards enacted in 2005. This was the fifth time in eight years that the Board had rewritten the standards on evolution.[21]

Beliefs

“ With millions, if not thousands, of devout worshippers, the Church of the FSM is widely considered a legitimate religion, even by its opponents—mostly fundamentalist Christians, who have accepted that our God has larger balls than theirs. ”

—Bobby Henderson, "prophet of the Flying Spaghetti Monster"[10]

Pastafarianism exists at two levels. The first is a genuine belief that intelligent design is harmful to science and society. The second is a collection of faux-religious convictions, such as the existence of a heaven with a beer factory. These two levels are the ends and the means of Pastafarianism, respectively.[11] Henderson proposed many Pastafarian tenets—the means—in reaction to common arguments by proponents of intelligent design.[22] These "canonical beliefs" are presented by Henderson in his letter to the Kansas State Board of Education,[7] the Gospel of the Flying Spaghetti Monster, and on Henderson's web site, where he is described as a prophet.[23] They tend to satirize creationism.[2]

The central belief is that an invisible and undetectable Flying Spaghetti Monster created the universe "after drinking heavily". According to these beliefs, the Monster's intoxication was the cause for a flawed Earth. Furthermore, according to Pastafarianism, all "evidence" for evolution was planted by the Flying Spaghetti Monster in an effort to test Pastafarians' faith. This belief is similar in manner to that of the Omphalos hypothesis.[2] When scientific measurements such as radiocarbon dating are taken, the Flying Spaghetti Monster "is there changing the results with His Noodly Appendage".[7] The Pastafarian belief of Heaven contains a beer volcano and a stripper factory.[23] The Pastafarian Hell is similar, except that the beer is stale and the strippers have sexually transmitted diseases.[24]

Pastafarians' beliefs extend into religious ceremony. Pastafarians celebrate every Friday as a holy day.[2] Prayers are concluded with a final declaration of affirmation, "R'amen"; the term is a parodic portmanteau of the Semitic term "Amen" and the Japanese noodle dish, ramen.[2]

Pirates and global warming

A chart, included in the open letter, illustrating the relationship between pirates and global temperature.

According to Pastafarian beliefs, pirates are "absolute divine beings" and the original Pastafarians.[7] Furthermore, Pastafarians believe that pirates' image as "thieves and outcasts" is misinformation spread by Christian theologians in the Middle Ages and by Hare Krishnas. Pastafarians, instead, believe that they were "peace-loving explorers and spreaders of good will" who distributed candy to small children, adding that modern pirates are in no way similar to "the fun-loving buccaneers from history". In addition, Pastafarians believe that ghost pirates are to be responsible for all of the mysterious lost ships and planes of the Bermuda Triangle. Pastafarians celebrate International Talk Like a Pirate Day on September 19.[25]

The inclusion of pirates in Pastafarianism was part of Henderson's original letter to the Kansas State Board of Education, in an effort to illustrate that correlation does not imply causation.[26] Henderson presented the argument that "global warming, earthquakes, hurricanes, and other natural disasters are a direct effect of the shrinking numbers of pirates since the 1800s."[7] A chart accompanying the letter (with numbers humorously disordered on the x-axis) shows that as the number of pirates decreased, global temperatures increased. This parodies the suggestion from some religious groups that the high numbers of disasters, famines and wars in the world is due to the lack of respect and worship towards their deity. In 2008, Henderson interpreted the growing pirate activities at the Gulf of Aden as additional support, pointing out that Somalia has "the highest number of Pirates AND the lowest Carbon emissions of any country".[27]

Holiday

Around the time of Christmas, Hanukkah, and Kwanzaa, Pastafarians celebrate a vaguely-defined holiday named "Holiday". Holiday does not take place on "a specific date so much as it is the Holiday season, itself". Because Pastafarians "reject dogma and formalism", there are no specific requirements for Holiday. Pastafarians are instructed to celebrate Holiday however they please.[28]

Pastafarians interpret the increasing usage of "Happy Holidays", rather than more traditional greetings (such as "Merry Christmas"), as support for Pastafarianism.[28] In December 2005, George W. Bush's White House Christmas greeting cards wished people a happy "holiday season",[29] leading Henderson to write the President a note of thanks, including a "fish" emblem depicting the Flying Spaghetti Monster for his limo or plane.[30] Henderson also thanked Wal-mart for its use of the phrase.[31]

The Gospel of the Flying Spaghetti Monster

The Gospel of the Flying Spaghetti Monster

Main article: The Gospel of the Flying Spaghetti Monster

In December 2005 Bobby Henderson received a reported USD $80,000 advance from Villard to write The Gospel of the Flying Spaghetti Monster. Henderson said he planned to use proceeds from the book to build a pirate ship, with which he would spread the Pastafarian religion.[19][32] The book was released on March 28, 2006,[33] and elaborates on Pastafarian beliefs established in the open letter.[34] Henderson employs irony to present perceived flaws with evolutionary biology and discusses history and lifestyle from a Pastafarian perspective. A guide to spreading the faith, with a section on craft making—a primary means of expressing devotion—is also included.[11]

Scientific American described the Gospel as "neither too elaborate nor too spoofy to succeed in nailing the fallacies of ID" but "very funny". In 2006, it was nominated for the Quill Award in Humor but was not selected as the winner.[35] Brenner Wayne of the Austin Chronicle characterized the book as "a necessary bit of comic relief in the overly serious battle between science and superstition."[34] Simon Singh of the Daily Telegraph wrote that the Gospel "might be slightly repetitive... but overall it is a brilliant, provocative, witty and important gem of a book."[36] Meanwhile, Casey Luskin of the Discovery Institute, the hub of the Intelligent Design movement, labeled the Gospel "a mockery of the Christian New Testament".[37]

Significance

Flying Spaghetti Monster contingent preparing for the 2009 Summer Solstice Parade in Fremont, Seattle, Washington

As a cultural phenomenon

The Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster now consists of thousands of "followers,"[26] primarily concentrated on college campuses and in Europe.[38] According to the Associated Press, Henderson's website has become "a kind of cyber-watercooler for opponents of intelligent design". On it, visitors track meetings of pirate-clad Pastafarians, sell trinkets and bumper stickers, and sample photos that show "visions" of the Flying Spaghetti Monster.[39] The site also features pictures of assorted crafts, including drawings, costumes, and sculptures "devoted" to the Flying Spaghetti Monster as well as photos of "missionaries" in pirate attire preaching on sidewalks and in parades.[11] This communal activity attracted the attention of three University of Florida religious scholars, who assembled a panel at the 2007 American Academy of Religion meeting to discuss the Flying Spaghetti Monster.[38]

In November 2007, three talks involving the Flying Spaghetti Monster were delivered at the American Academy of Religion's annual meeting in San Diego.[39] The talks, with titles like "Holy Pasta and Authentic Sauce: The Flying Spaghetti Monster's Messy Implications for Theorizing Religion," examined the elements necessary for a group to constitute a religion. Speakers inquired whether "an anti-religion like Flying Spaghetti Monsterism [is] actually a religion".[38]

Since November 2009, the Flying Spaghetti Monster organization has sponsored an annual convention called Skepticon on the campus of Missouri State University. Atheists and skeptics give speeches on various topics, and a debate with Christian experts is held.

Critical reception

Due to its popularity and media exposure, the Flying Spaghetti Monster is used by atheists, agnostics, and others as a modern version of Russell's teapot.[40][41]

There's an infinite number of things that we can't disprove. You might say that because science can explain just about everything but not quite, it's wrong to say therefore we don't need God. It is also, I suppose, wrong to say we don't need the Flying Spaghetti Monster, unicorns, Thor, Wotan, Jupiter, or fairies at the bottom of the garden. There's an infinite number of things that some people at one time or another have believed in, and an infinite number of things that nobody has believed in. If there's not the slightest reason to believe in any of those things, why bother? The onus is on somebody who says, I want to believe in God, Flying Spaghetti Monster, fairies, or whatever it is. It is not up to us to disprove it.[40]
—Richard Dawkins, The Church of Non-Believers

Dawkins also mentions the Flying Spaghetti Monster in his book, The God Delusion, stating,

I have found it an amusing strategy, when asked whether I am an atheist, to point out that the questioner is also an atheist when considering Zeus, Apollo, Amon Ra, Mithras, Baal, Thor, Wotan, the Golden Calf and the Flying Spaghetti Monster. I just go one god further.[42]
—Richard Dawkins, The God Delusion

On the other hand, Phil Fermandes refers to the Flying Spaghetti Monster in his book, The Atheist Delusion, stating,

The new atheists have made their choice—apparently, no amount of evidence for God will change their minds. They claim that the existence of God is as ridiculous as the existence of a flying spaghetti monster.[43]
—Phil Fermandes, The Atheist Delusion

Furthermore, according to Justin Pope of the Associated Press,

between the lines, the point of the letter was this: There's no more scientific basis for intelligent design than there is for the idea an omniscient creature made of pasta created the universe. If intelligent design supporters could demand equal time in a science class, why not anyone else? The only reasonable solution is to put nothing into sciences classes but the best available science.[38][39]
—Justin Pope, The Associated Press

Casey Luskin of the Discovery Institute, which promotes Intelligent Design, contested this, saying, "the problem for their logic is that ID is not an arbitrary explanation, because we have much experience with intelligent agents producing the type of informational complexity we see in nature."[44] Columnist Jeff Jacoby wrote in the Boston Globe that "[Intelligent Design] isn't primitivism or Bible-thumping or flying spaghetti. It's science."[45] This view of science, however, was rejected by the United States National Academy of Sciences.[46]

In a blog post for the Discovery Institute, Luskin mocked the "Darwinists who actually think that by mentioning the 'Flying Spaghetti Monster,' they have made an argument", branding the Flying Spaghetti Monster a "non-argument". He said that an episode of South Park, "Go God Go", revealed that the "Flying Spaghetti Monster is just a silly cartoon character and it does not imply that 'evolution explains everything' nor does it imply there is no God. In fact, FSM really says nothing about the scientific debate over intelligent design and evolution."[44] In another post, Luskin stated that the Flying Spaghetti Monster was "funny, but clearly the FSM concept aims to mock those who seriously believe in Judeo-Christian religious views."[37]

Use in other religious disputes

In December 2007, the Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster was credited with spearheading successful efforts in Polk County, Florida to dissuade the Polk County School Board from adopting new science standards on evolution. The issue was raised after five of the seven board members declared a personal belief in intelligent design. Opponents describing themselves as Pastafarians sent e-mails to members of the Polk County School Board demanding equal instruction time for the Flying Spaghetti Monster.[47] Board member Margaret Lofton, who supported intelligent design, dismissed the e-mail as ridiculous and insulting, stating, "they've made us the laughing stock of the world." Lofton later stated that she had no interest in engaging with the Pastafarians or anyone else seeking to discredit intelligent design. As the controversy developed, scientists expressed their opposition to the claims of intelligent design. Hopes for a new campus focused on applied science at the University of South Florida in northeast Lakeland were reportedly in question, but University Vice President Marshall Goodman expressed surprise, stating, "[intelligent design is] not science. You can't even call it pseudo-science." While unhappy with the outcome, Lofton chose not to resign over the issue. She and the other board members expressed a desire to return to the day-to-day work of running the school district.[48]

In March 2007, Bryan Killian, a high school student in Buncombe County in North Carolina, was suspended for wearing "pirate regalia" which he said was part of his faith. Killian protested the suspension, saying it violated his right to religious freedom.[49] In March 2008, Pastafarians in Crossville, Tennessee were permitted to place a Flying Spaghetti Monster statue in a free speech zone on the Courthouse lawn, and proceeded to do so.[50] The statue was later removed from the premises, along with all other long-term statues, due to an effort sparked mainly by controversy over the statue.[51]

The Flying Spaghetti Monster in media

  • In August 2005, the Swedish concept designer Niklas Jansson created an adaptation of Michelangelo's The Creation of Adam, superimposing the Flying Spaghetti Monster over God. This became and remains the Flying Spaghetti Monster's de facto brand image.[11]
  • The Hunger Artists Theatre Company produced a comedy called The Flying Spaghetti Monster Holiday Pageant in December 2006, detailing the history of Pastafarianism.[52] The production has spawned a sequel called Flying Spaghetti Monster Holy Mug of Grog, performed in December 2008.[53]
  • The Flying Spaghetti Monster was discussed by Richard Dawkins in his book The God Delusion. It has also been featured in several other media outlets, including The Colbert Report and Science Friday.[54] Dawkins's reference is satirized in the popular show, South Park, in the episode "Go God Go."
  • The Flying Spaghetti Monster was mentioned by Dimitris Xygalatas in his introduction to the Greek translation of Daniel Dennett's book Breaking the Spell. Xygalatas argued that the absurdity of Intelligent Design is equal to that of the Flying Spaghetti Monster.[55] The Flying Spaghetti Monster is also featured on the cover of the book.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "The dangers of creationism in education". Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly. http://assembly.coe.int/Main.asp?link=/Documents/WorkingDocs/Doc07/EDOC11375.htm. Retrieved 2007-10-22. 
  2. ^ a b c d e f g ""Spaghetti Monster" is noodling around with faith". USA Today Science & Space article. http://www.usatoday.com/tech/science/2006-03-26-spaghetti-monster_x.htm. Retrieved 2007-02-05. 
  3. ^ a b c d e "But Is There Intelligent Spaghetti Out There?". New York Times Arts article. http://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/29/arts/design/29mons.html?ex=1178251200. Retrieved 2007-02-05. 
  4. ^ a b "Discussion of the Open Letter". Henderson, Bobby. http://www.venganza.org/about/open-letter/discussion/. Retrieved 2007-04-07. 
  5. ^ "Verbatim: Noodle This, Kansas". Washington Post. August 28, 2005. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/08/27/AR2005082700019.html?nav=most_emailed. 
  6. ^ Page, Clarence (November 15, 2005). "Keeping ID out of science classes". Dallas Morning News. http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/dn/opinion/balance/stories/111505dnedicyberpage.b4d5bd9.html. 
  7. ^ a b c d e Henderson, Bobby (2005). "Open Letter To Kansas School Board". http://www.venganza.org/about/open-letter/. Retrieved 2007-01-09. 
  8. ^ "Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster". James Randi Educational Foundation article September 16, 2005. http://www.randi.org/jr/200509/091605church.html#1. Retrieved 2007-02-05. 
  9. ^ Pitts, Russ (2005-09-16). "In His Name We Pray, Ramen". Escapist magazine. http://www.escapistmagazine.com/articles/view/issues/issue_142/3048-In-His-Name-We-Pray-Ramen.5. Retrieved 26 November 2009. 
  10. ^ a b Henderson, Bobby. "About". The Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster. http://www.venganza.org/?page_id=2. Retrieved 2009-09-20. 
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Narizny, Laurel (2009-10). "HA HA, ONLY SERIOUS: A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF JOKE RELIGIONS". Department of Religious Studies And the Honors College of the University of Oregon. University of Oregon. pp. 42-49. https://scholarsbank.uoregon.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1794/9336/Thesis%20Laurel%20Narizny.pdf?sequence\u003d1. Retrieved 25 November 2009. 
  12. ^ "Kansas School Board Responses to the Open Letter". Henderson, Bobby. June 25 2005. http://www.venganza.org/about/open-letter/responses/. Retrieved 2006-01-09. 
  13. ^ "The Flying Spaghetti Monster". h2g2. BBC. 2007-02-01. http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A18740559#back3. Retrieved 26 November 2009. 
  14. ^ "A Tangled Tale of a Pasta-based Prophet". Der Spiegel. 2005-08-24. http://www.spiegel.de/international/0,1518,371205,00.html. Retrieved 2007-09-08. "[FSM] has certainly caught the imagination of the online community [...] Henderson receives over 150 emails from supporters every day." 
  15. ^ "Home". The International Society for Flying Spaghetti Monster Awareness. http://www.fsmawareness.com/. Retrieved 2009-09-20. 
  16. ^ "The Flying Spaghetti Monster". New Scientist. August 6, 2005. http://www.newscientist.com/backpage.ns?id=mg18725112.800. 
  17. ^ Rothschild, Scott (August 24, 2005). "Evolution debate creates monster". Lawrence Journal-World. http://www2.ljworld.com/news/2005/aug/24/evolution_debate_creates_monster/?education. 
  18. ^ a b "Boing Boing's $250,000 Intelligent Design challenge". BoingBoing.net. August 19 2005. http://www.boingboing.net/2005/08/19/boing_boings_250000_.html. Retrieved 2006-06-11. 
  19. ^ a b Wolff, Eric (November 16, 2005). "The Case For Intelligent Design: Spaghetti as the Creator". New York Magazine. http://nymag.com/nymetro/news/people/columns/intelligencer/15011/. 
  20. ^ "Kansas Education Board First to Back "Intelligent Design"". Washington Post. November 9, 2005. 
  21. ^ "Kansas board boosts evolution education". MSNBC. February 14, 2007. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/17132925/. 
  22. ^ Thierman, Jessica (September 18, 2005). "Touched by his Noodly Appendage". Gelf Magazine. http://www.gelfmagazine.com/mt/archives/touched_by_his_noodly_appendage.html. 
  23. ^ a b DuBay, Tim (2005). "Guide to Pastafarianism" (Shockwave Flash). http://www.venganza.org/flash/guidetopastafarianismpreloaded.swf. Retrieved 2006-08-26. 
  24. ^ The Gospel of the Flying Spaghetti Monster, p.83
  25. ^ The Gospel of the Flying Spaghetti Monster, p.124
  26. ^ a b Savino, John; Marie D. Jones (2007). "Wrath of the Gods". Supervolcano: The Catastrophic Event That Changed the Course of Human History: Could Yellowstone Be Next. Career Press. pp. 56. ISBN 9781564149534. http://books.google.com/books?id=tSIa0VQn1NQC&pg=PT55&dq=Flying+Spaghetti+Monster#v=onepage&q=&f=false. Retrieved 2009-11-25. 
  27. ^ "Somalia - Lots of pirates, low carbon emissions". www.venganza.org. April 14 2008. http://www.venganza.org/2008/04/14/somalia/. Retrieved 10 December 2008. 
  28. ^ a b Henderson, Bobby (2006-12-01). "Happy Holiday Season Everyone". Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster. http://www.venganza.org/2006/12/01/happy-holiday-season-everyone/. Retrieved 25 November 2009. 
  29. ^ Cooperman, Alan (2005-12-07). "'Holiday' Cards Ring Hollow for Some on Bushes' List". Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/12/06/AR2005120601900.html. Retrieved 25 November 2009. 
  30. ^ Henderson, Bobby (2006-12). "FSM Card for Bush". Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster. http://www.venganza.org/wp-content/uploads/2006/12/fsm_card_for_bush.jpg. Retrieved 25 November 2009. 
  31. ^ The Gospel of the Flying Spaghetti Monster, p.125
  32. ^ Craig, Katleen (December 22, 2005). "Passion of the Spaghetti Monster". Wired News. http://wired.com/news/politics/0,69905-0.html?tw=wn_tophead_5. 
  33. ^ "The Gospel of the Flying Spaghetti Monster". Random House. 2009. http://www.randomhouse.ca/catalog/display.pperl?isbn=9780812976564. Retrieved 2009-10-18. 
  34. ^ a b Brenner, Wayne (2006-04-14). "The Gospel of the Flying Spaghetti Monster". The Austin Chronicle. Austin Chronicle Corp. http://www.austinchronicle.com/gyrobase/Issue/review?oid=oid%3A356663. Retrieved 2009-10-18. 
  35. ^ Henderson, Bobby (2006). "The FSM Book". Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster. Venganza.org. http://www.venganza.org/worship/fsm-book/. Retrieved 2009-10-18. 
  36. ^ Singh, Simon (2006-09-03). "Was the world created by god, evolution or pasta?". The Daily Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/3655035/Was-the-world-created-by-god-evolution-or-pasta.html. Retrieved 28 November 2009. 
  37. ^ a b Luskin, Casey (2006-12-25). "“Celebrating” Christmas at the “Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster”". Evolution News & Views (Discovery Institute). http://www.evolutionnews.org/2006/12/celebrating_christmas_at_the_c.html. Retrieved 26 November 2009. 
  38. ^ a b c d Pope, Justin (2007-11-16). "Pasta monster gets academic attention". Associated Press (MSNBC). http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/21837499//. Retrieved 2009-10-25. 
  39. ^ a b c "Religious Scholars to Discuss 'Flying Spaghetti Monster'". Associated Press (Fox News). 2007-11-16. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,311925,00.html. Retrieved 26 November 2009. 
  40. ^ a b Wolf, Gary (November 14, 2006). "The Church of the Non-Believers". Wired News. http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/14.11/atheism.html. 
  41. ^ MacKenzie, Richard (2007). "Is Faith the Enemy of Science?". Université de Montréal. Cornell University Library. pp. 4. http://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/0807/0807.3670.pdf. Retrieved 26 November 2009. 
  42. ^ Dawkins, Richard (2006). "The God Hypothesis". The God delusion. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 53. ISBN 9780618680009. http://books.google.com/books?id=yq1xDpicghkC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_navlinks_s#v=onepage&q=&f=false. Retrieved 2009-11-24. 
  43. ^ Fernandes, Phil (2009). "The New, Militant Atheism". The Atheist Delusion. Xulon Press. pp. 18. ISBN 9781607915829. http://books.google.com/books?id=Jz8NgPuMBLIC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_navlinks_s#v=onepage&q=&f=false. Retrieved 2009-11-24. 
  44. ^ a b Luskin, Casey (2008-08-13). "The Proper Rebuttal to the Flying Spaghetti Monster: Cartoon Satire on South Park". Evolution News & Views. Discovery Institute. http://www.evolutionnews.org/2008/08/the_proper_rebuttal_to_the_fly.html. Retrieved 26 November 2009. 
  45. ^ Jacoby, Jeff (2005-10-02). "The timeless truth of creation". The Boston Globe (Globe Newspaper Company). http://www.boston.com/news/globe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2005/10/02/the_timeless_truth_of_creation/. Retrieved 26 November 2009. 
  46. ^ "Science and Creationism: A View from the National Academy of Sciences". National Academy of Sciences. 1999. http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?isbn=0309064066&page=25. 
  47. ^ John Chambliss (2007-12-11). "Satirical Monsters More Competition for Darwin". The Ledger. http://www.theledger.com/article/20071211/NEWS/712110392/0/FRONTPAGE. Retrieved 2007-12-13. 
  48. ^ Billy Townsend (2007-12-22). "Polk Needled, Noodled In Evolution Flap". The Tampa Tribune. http://www2.tbo.com/content/2007/dec/22/na-polk-needled-noodled-in-evolution-flap/. Retrieved 2007-12-23. 
  49. ^ Schrader, Jordan (2007-03-29). "School: Pirates are not welcome". Citizen-Times. http://www.citizen-times.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=200770328123. Retrieved 26 November 2009. 
  50. ^ "Flying Spaghetti Monster statue at Tennessee courthouse". CNET Networks,. April 2008. http://www.news.com/8301-13772_3-9906870-52.html?tag=nefd.only. Retrieved 2008-04-02. 
  51. ^ Nelson, Gary (2008-04-15). "Courthouse No Longer Hosting Free Speech Displays". The Crossville Chronicle. http://www.crossville-chronicle.com/cnhi/crossvillechronicle/homepage/local_story_106193650.html?keyword=leadpicturestory. Retrieved 10 July 2008. 
  52. ^ "The Flying Spaghetti Monster Holiday Pageant". Hunger Artists Theatre Company. December 2006. http://www.hungerartists.com/fsm.htm. Retrieved 2006-11-29. 
  53. ^ "Hunger Artists Theatre Company's 2008 Season". Hunger Artists Theatre Company. November 2007. http://www.hungerartists.com/season08.htm. Retrieved 2007-11-16. 
  54. ^ "Richard Dawkins / Salmon Farming". Science Friday (NPR). October 6, 2006. http://www.sciencefriday.com/pages/2006/Oct/hour2_100606.html. 
  55. ^ Xygalatas, Dimitris (2007). The Flying Spaghetti Monster and Religious Fundamentalism. pp. 7-13. ISBN ISBN 978-960-288-198-9. 

References

  • Henderson, Bobby (2006). The Gospel of the Flying Spaghetti Monster. Villard Books. ISBN 0-8129-7656-8. 
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