Terran 1

Terran 1
Manufacturer	Relativity Space
Country of origin	United States
Cost per launch	US$12 million
Size
Height	35.2 m (115 ft)
Diameter	2.3 m (7 ft 7 in)
Stages	2
Capacity
Payload to LEO
Altitude	300 km (190 mi)
Orbital inclination	28.5°
Mass	1,479 kg (3,261 lb)
Payload to SSO
Altitude	500 km (310 mi)
Mass	898 kg (1,980 lb)
Launch history
Status	In development
Launch sites	CCSFS LC-16; VSFB Building 330
First stage
Height	24.3 m (80 ft)
Diameter	2.3 m (7 ft 7 in)
Powered by	9× Aeon 1
Maximum thrust	207,000 lbf (920 kN)
Propellant	LCH4 / LOX
First stage – Block 2
Powered by	1× Aeon R
Maximum thrust	300,000 lbf (1,300 kN)
Propellant	LCH4 / LOX
Second stage
Height	8.1 m (27 ft)
Diameter	2.3 m (7 ft 7 in)
Powered by	1× AeonVac
Maximum thrust	28,300 lbf (126 kN)
Propellant	LCH4 / LOX
	[edit on Wikidata]

Terran 1 is a expendable two-stage small-lift launch vehicle developed by Relativity Space since 2017 and expected to make its first flight in late 2022.^[2]^[3]^[4] Unique to Relativity, most structures and components in the vehicle are manufactured with 3D printing processes.

The maximum payload was expected to be 1,250 kg (2,760 lb) to 185 km (115 mi) low Earth orbit (LEO). Relativity's advertised launch price was US$12 million per Terran 1 mission in June 2020.^[1]

Design

Terran 1 consists of two stages. The first stage is powered by nine Aeon 1 engines burning methane and oxygen propellants in a gas-generator cycle, each producing 23,000 lbf (100 kN) of thrust. The second stage is powered by a single vacuum-optimized version of Aeon 1,^[2] known as AeonVac, producing 28,300 lbf (126 kN) of thrust in vacuum.^[5] Both stages will be autogenously pressurized.^{[citation needed]}

The payload fairing measures 6.8 m (22 ft) long and has a diameter of 3 m (9.8 ft). Terran 1 is capable of up to 1,500 kg (3,300 lb) to low Earth orbit,^[6] although Relativity commonly states a payload capacity of 1,250 kg (2,760 lb).^[5]

The primary and secondary structures of Terran 1 are manufactured with Relativity's Stargate 3D printer out of a proprietary aluminum alloy.^[6] 90% of Terran 1 by mass consists of printed components;^[6] Relativity claims that they can reduce the part count in the vehicle by 100 times compared to traditionally-manufactured rockets and manufacture an entire flight article from raw materials in 60 days.^[6]^[7] Relativity's in-development Terran R launch vehicle will utilize the same tooling used to manufacture Terran 1.^[8]^[2]

Relativity advertised a price per launch for Terran 1 of US$10 million in 2019.^[9] The advertised price per launch had been increased to US$12 million in 2021.^[2]^[5]

Planned upgrades

In February 2022, Relativity CEO Tim Ellis stated in an interview with Ars Technica that the current configuration of Terran 1, with nine Aeon 1 engines on the first stage, will be replaced after the third flight with a stage featuring a single Aeon R engine with substantially higher thrust. The Aeon R engine is planned to be used on Relativity's much larger Terran R rocket.^[10]

Launches

Relativity aims to conduct the first launch of Terran 1 in November 2022.^[10]

Flight No.	Date and time (UTC)	Launch site	Payload	Payload mass	Orbit	Customer	Launch outcome
1	November 2022^[11]	LC-16	None		LEO	Test flight	Planned
1	First flight of the Terran 1 launch vehicle, with mission name "Good Luck, Have Fun". Will carry no payload.^[10]
2	March 2023	LC-16	VCLS Demo-2R		LEO	NASA	Planned
2	$3 million contract for unspecified payload(s) in NASA's Venture Class Launch Services (VCLS) 2 program.^[12] The ELaNa 42 mission, consisting of three CubeSats, will launch on this flight.^[13]
3	2023	LC-16	Undisclosed			Undisclosed	Planned
3	Third flight of Terran 1, as detailed by Tim Ellis in an interview, will carry a payload for an undisclosed customer.^[10] Last flight of Terran 1 before planned block upgrade.
	NET 2023		Rideshare		LEO	Spaceflight, Inc.	Planned
	Contract with Spaceflight includes first flight in Q3 2021, with option for additional flights in the future.^[14]
	NET 2023		Rideshare	10–350 kg	GEO	Momentus	Planned
	The 2019 contract with Momentus included a first flight originally scheduled for 2021, with option for five additional flights in the future. The five flights will include launch of a Momentus Vigoride Extended space tug.^[15]
	NET 2023				LEO	Mu Space	Planned
	Dedicated launch for mu Space, will carry a single payload.^[16]
	NET 2023	LC-16 / B330	Rideshare		LEO	TriSept	Planned
	Launch site will either be Cape Canaveral or Vandenberg. TriSept stated that the launch will feature one large primary payload accompanied with several smaller payloads.^[17]
	2023				LEO	DoD (STP)	Planned
	Single flight carrying "small U.S. military payload", price not disclosed.^[18]
	NET 2023^[19]	B330	Iridium NEXT × 1		LEO (86.4°)	Iridium	Planned
	Iridium has ordered a Terran to launch one of the 6 on-orbit spares for their satellite constellation.
			Telesat (unspecified quantity)		LEO	Telesat	Planned
	Unspecified number of launches for an unspecified number of satellites.^[9]

References

^ ^a ^b Stephen, Clark (24 June 2020). "Relativity books up to six launches for Iridium, reveals plans for Vandenberg pad". Spaceflight Now. Archived from the original on 25 June 2020. Retrieved 24 June 2020.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Sheetz, Michael (25 February 2021). "Relativity Space unveils a reusable, 3D-printed rocket to compete with SpaceX's Falcon 9". CNBC. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 4 July 2021.
^ "Terran". Relativity Space. Archived from the original on 27 March 2018. Retrieved 20 January 2019.
^ Clark, Stephen [@StephenClark1] (September 14, 2022). "Speaking at the Small Payload Ride Share Association Symposium, Paul Rishel of Relativity Space says the company is currently targeting next month for the first orbital test launch of the Terran 1 rocket from Cape Canaveral" (Tweet). Retrieved 15 September 2022 – via Twitter.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Rockets". Relativity Space. Archived from the original on 11 June 2021. Retrieved 11 June 2021.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Relativity Space (August 2020). Terran 1 : Payload User's Guide Version 2.0 (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-08-23.
^ Berger, Eric (3 March 2020). "Relativity Space has big dreams. Is the company for real?". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on 23 August 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2021.
^ Burghardt, Thomas (8 June 2021). "Relativity Space reveals fully reusable medium lift launch vehicle Terran R". NASASpaceFlight.com. Archived from the original on 24 July 2021. Retrieved 4 July 2021.
^ ^a ^b Foust, Jeff (5 April 2019). "Relativity signs contract with Telesat for launching LEO constellation". SpaceNews. Archived from the original on 23 August 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2021.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Berger, Eric (22 February 2022). "With eyes on reuse, Relativity plans rapid transition to Terran R engines". Ars Technica. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
^ Baylor, Michael. "Terran-1 - Good Luck, Have Fun". Next Spaceflight. Retrieved 20 October 2022.
^ Foust, Jeff (12 December 2020). "Three companies win NASA small launch contracts". SpaceNews. Archived from the original on 23 August 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2021.
^ Higginbotham, Scott (9 August 2021). "CubeSat Launch Initiative – Upcoming Flights" (PDF). NASA. p. 3. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
^ "Relativity Signs Launch Services Agreement for Multiple Launches with Spaceflight on Terran 1, World's First 3D Printed Rocket". Relativity Space (Press release). 6 May 2019. Archived from the original on 10 June 2021. Retrieved 21 August 2021.
^ "Relativity Space Signs Launch Services Agreement for Multiple Launches with Momentus on Terran 1, World's First 3D Printed Rocket". Relativity Space (Press release). Business Wire. 11 September 2019. Archived from the original on 21 August 2021. Retrieved 21 August 2021.
^ "Relativity's 3D Printed Terran 1 Rocket to Launch mu Space's Low Earth Orbit (LEO) Satellite". Relativity Space. 23 April 2019. Archived from the original on 23 August 2021. Retrieved 21 August 2021.
^ Foust, Jeff (10 December 2020). "TriSept purchases Relativity launch for rideshare mission". SpaceNews. Archived from the original on 23 August 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2021.
^ Erwin, Sandra (15 March 2021). "Relativity Space wins U.S. military contract for 2023 launch". SpaceNews. Archived from the original on 23 August 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2021.
^ Henry, Caleb [@CHenry_QA] (July 26, 2022). "Iridium says it will launch up to five spare satellites in 2023, but not with Relativity Space. That leaves only one spare for Relativity to (maybe) launch with Terran 1. The launch provider for the other five hasn't been disclosed, only that it will be a single rocket" (Tweet). Retrieved 5 August 2022 – via Twitter.

[SFN20200624-1] Stephen, Clark (24 June 2020). "Relativity books up to six launches for Iridium, reveals plans for Vandenberg pad". Spaceflight Now. Archived from the original on 25 June 2020. Retrieved 24 June 2020.

[cnbc20210225-2] Sheetz, Michael (25 February 2021). "Relativity Space unveils a reusable, 3D-printed rocket to compete with SpaceX's Falcon 9". CNBC. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 4 July 2021.

[relativityT1-201901202-3] "Terran". Relativity Space. Archived from the original on 27 March 2018. Retrieved 20 January 2019.

[clark-20220914-4] Clark, Stephen [@StephenClark1] (September 14, 2022). "Speaking at the Small Payload Ride Share Association Symposium, Paul Rishel of Relativity Space says the company is currently targeting next month for the first orbital test launch of the Terran 1 rocket from Cape Canaveral" (Tweet). Retrieved 15 September 2022 – via Twitter.

[relspace20210611-5] "Rockets". Relativity Space. Archived from the original on 11 June 2021. Retrieved 11 June 2021.

[relspacePUG2020-6] Relativity Space (August 2020). Terran 1 : Payload User's Guide Version 2.0 (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-08-23.

[ars20200303-7] Berger, Eric (3 March 2020). "Relativity Space has big dreams. Is the company for real?". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on 23 August 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2021.

[nsf20210609-8] Burghardt, Thomas (8 June 2021). "Relativity Space reveals fully reusable medium lift launch vehicle Terran R". NASASpaceFlight.com. Archived from the original on 24 July 2021. Retrieved 4 July 2021.

[relspace20190405-9] Foust, Jeff (5 April 2019). "Relativity signs contract with Telesat for launching LEO constellation". SpaceNews. Archived from the original on 23 August 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2021.

[ars-20220222-10] Berger, Eric (22 February 2022). "With eyes on reuse, Relativity plans rapid transition to Terran R engines". Ars Technica. Retrieved 23 February 2022.

[11] Baylor, Michael. "Terran-1 - Good Luck, Have Fun". Next Spaceflight. Retrieved 20 October 2022.

[12] Foust, Jeff (12 December 2020). "Three companies win NASA small launch contracts". SpaceNews. Archived from the original on 23 August 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2021.

[13] Higginbotham, Scott (9 August 2021). "CubeSat Launch Initiative – Upcoming Flights" (PDF). NASA. p. 3. Retrieved 22 September 2021.

[relspace20190506-14] "Relativity Signs Launch Services Agreement for Multiple Launches with Spaceflight on Terran 1, World's First 3D Printed Rocket". Relativity Space (Press release). 6 May 2019. Archived from the original on 10 June 2021. Retrieved 21 August 2021.

[15] "Relativity Space Signs Launch Services Agreement for Multiple Launches with Momentus on Terran 1, World's First 3D Printed Rocket". Relativity Space (Press release). Business Wire. 11 September 2019. Archived from the original on 21 August 2021. Retrieved 21 August 2021.

[relspace20190423-16] "Relativity's 3D Printed Terran 1 Rocket to Launch mu Space's Low Earth Orbit (LEO) Satellite". Relativity Space. 23 April 2019. Archived from the original on 23 August 2021. Retrieved 21 August 2021.

[17] Foust, Jeff (10 December 2020). "TriSept purchases Relativity launch for rideshare mission". SpaceNews. Archived from the original on 23 August 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2021.

[18] Erwin, Sandra (15 March 2021). "Relativity Space wins U.S. military contract for 2023 launch". SpaceNews. Archived from the original on 23 August 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2021.

[19] Henry, Caleb [@CHenry_QA] (July 26, 2022). "Iridium says it will launch up to five spare satellites in 2023, but not with Relativity Space. That leaves only one spare for Relativity to (maybe) launch with Terran 1. The launch provider for the other five hasn't been disclosed, only that it will be a single rocket" (Tweet). Retrieved 5 August 2022 – via Twitter.

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v t e Orbital launch systems developed in the United States
Active	Atlas V**^†† Electron Falcon 9 Block 5 Falcon Heavy Firefly Alpha Minotaur I IV V C Pegasus XL RS1^† SLS Block 1 Starship Vulcan Centaur
In development	Antares 330 Daytona I Firefly Beta New Glenn Neutron Red Dwarf SLS Block 1B Block 2 Terran R
Retired	Antares 110/120/130/230/230+^††† Athena I II Atlas B D E/F G H I II III LV-3B SLV-3 Able Agena Centaur Conestoga Delta A B C D E G J L M N 0100 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 II III IV IV Heavy Falcon 1 Falcon 9 v1.0 v1.1 v1.2 "Full Thrust" H-I* Juno I Juno II LauncherOne N-I* N-II* Pilot Rocket 3 Saturn I IB V Scout Space Shuttle SPARK Sparta Terran 1 Thor Able Ablestar Agena Burner Delta DSV-2U Thorad-Agena Titan II GLV IIIA IIIB IIIC IIID IIIE 34D 23G CT-3 IV Vanguard
* - Japanese projects using US rockets or stages ** - uses Russian engines ^† - never succeeded ^†† - no new orders accepted ^††† - used Ukrainian first stage

v t e Orbital launch systems
List of orbital launch systems Comparison of orbital launch systems
Current	Angara 1.2 A5 Atlas V Ceres 1 1S Chollima-1 Electron Falcon 9 Block 5 Falcon Heavy Firefly Alpha Gravity-1 GSLV H-IIA H3 Hyperbola-1 Jielong 1 3 KAIROS^† Kaituozhe 2 Kinetica-1 Kuaizhou 1 1A 11 Long March 2C 2D 2F 3A 3B/E 3C 4B 4C 5 5B 6 6A 7 7A 8 11 11H LVM3 Minotaur I IV V C Nuri OS-M1^† Pegasus XL Proton-M PSLV Qaem 100 Qased RS1^† Shavit 2 Simorgh SLS Block 1 Soyuz-2 2.1a / STA 2.1b / STB 2-1v SSLV Starship Tianlong-2 Unha Vega original C Vulcan Centaur Zenit 3SL 3SLB 3F Zhuque 2
In development	Antares 330 Ariane 6 Bloostar Cyclone-4M Epsilon S Eris Gravity-2 Hyperbola-2 Irtysh Kuaizhou 21 31 Long March 9 10 12 Miura 5 MLV Neutron New Glenn New Line 1 NGLV OS-M 2 4 Orbex Prime Pallas-1 Red Dwarf SLS Block 1B Block 2 Soyuz-7 Terran R Tianlong-3 VLM Vega E Zero Zhuque 3 Zuljanah
Retired	Antares 110 120 130^† 230 230+ Ariane 1 2 3 4 5 ASLV Athena I II Atlas B D E/F G H I II III LV-3B SLV-3 Able^† Agena Centaur Black Arrow Conestoga^† Delta A B C D E G J L M N 0100 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 II III IV IV Heavy Diamant Dnepr Energia Epsilon Europa I^† II^† Falcon 1 Falcon 9 v1.0 v1.1 v1.2 "Full Thrust" Feng Bao 1 GSLV Mk I H-I H-II H-IIB Juno I Juno II Kaituozhe-1 Kosmos original 1 2/2I 3 3M Lambda 4S LauncherOne Long March 1 1D^† 2A 2E 3 3B 4A Mu 4S 3C 3H 3S 3SII V N1^† N-I N-II Naro-1 Paektusan^† Pilot-2^† R-7 Luna Molniya M L Polyot Soyuz original FG L M U U2 Soyuz/Vostok Sputnik Voskhod Vostok L K 2 2M R-29 Shtil' Volna^† Rocket 3 Safir 1 1A 1B Saturn I IB V Scout X-1 Blue Scout II^† X-2^† X-2M X-3 X-3M X-4 X-2B^† B A B-1 D-1 A-1 E-1 F-1 G-1 Shavit original 1 SLV Space Shuttle SPARK^† Sparta SS-520 Start-1 Terran 1^† Thor Able Ablestar 1 2 Agena A B D Burner 1 2 Delta DSV-2U Thorad-Agena SLV-2G SLV-2H Titan II GLV IIIA IIIB IIIC IIID IIIE 34D 23G CT-3 IV Tsyklon R-36-O original 2 3 Universal Rocket UR-500 Proton Proton-K Rokot Strela Vanguard VLS-1^† Zenit 2 2M 2FG Zhuque 1^†
Classes	Sounding rocket Small-lift launch vehicle Medium-lift launch vehicle Heavy-lift launch vehicle Super heavy-lift launch vehicle
This Template lists historical, current, and future space rockets that at least once attempted (but not necessarily succeeded in) an orbital launch or that are planned to attempt such a launch in the future Symbol ^† indicates past or current rockets that attempted orbital launches but never succeeded (never did or has yet to perform a successful orbital launch)