Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle |
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| Function | Expendable launch vehicle |
|---|---|
| Manufacturer | ISRO |
| Country of origin |  India |
| Size | |
| Height | 49 m (160 ft) |
| Diameter | 2.8 m (9.1 ft) |
| Mass | 402,000 kg (886,000 lb) |
| Stages | 3 |
| Capacity | |
| Payload to LEO | 5,000 kg (11,000 lb) |
| Payload to GTO |
2,500 kg (5,500 lb) |
| Launch history | |
| Status | Active |
| Launch sites | Sriharikota |
| Total launches | 5 |
| Successes | 4 |
| Failures | 1 |
| Maiden flight | 18 April 2001 |
| Boosters (Stage 0) | |
| No boosters | 4 |
| Engines | 1 L40H Vikas 2 |
| Thrust | 680 kN |
| Total thrust | 2,720 kN |
| Specific impulse | 262 sec |
| Burn time | 160 seconds |
| Fuel | N2O4/UDMH |
| First stage | |
| Engines | 1 S139 |
| Thrust | 4,700 kN |
| Specific impulse | 166 sec |
| Burn time | 100 seconds |
| Fuel | HTPB (solid) |
| Second stage | |
| Engines | 1 GS2 Vikas 4 |
| Thrust | 720 kN |
| Specific impulse | 295 sec |
| Burn time | 150 seconds |
| Fuel | N2O4/UDMH |
| Third stage | |
| Engines | 1 ICE (GSLV-II) |
| Thrust | 73.5 kN |
| Specific impulse | 460 sec |
| Burn time | 720 seconds |
| Fuel | LOX/LH2 |
The Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (usually known by its abbreviation, GSLV) is an expendable launch system operated by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). It was developed to enable India to launch its INSAT-type satellites into geostationary orbit and to make India less dependent on foreign rockets.
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[edit] History
The Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) project was initiated in 1990 with the objective of acquiring launch capability for Geo-synchronous satellites. Until then, India depended on the former Soviet Union for the launch of heavy satellites.
GSLV uses major components that are already proven in the very successful PSLV launchers in the from of the S125/S139 solid booster and the Vikas L40/L35.5 liquid fuel motors. The first development flight of GSLV-Mk1 (GSLV-D1) was successfully launched on 18 April 2001.[1]
[edit] Layout
The GSLV improved on the performance of the PSLV with the addition of liquid strap-on boosters and a cryogenic upper stage. It is a three-stage launch vehicle with the first stage being solid-propelled, the second liquid-propelled and the final stage being cryogenically propelled. The solid first and liquid second stages are carried over from the PSLV. Early GSLV launches used cryogenic upper stages supplied by Russia. India originally tried to buy the technology to build a cryogenic upper stage from Russia, but under pressure from the United States, that technology was not provided. [2]. Therefore, ISRO developed the cryogenic engine used in the GSLV indigenously.
The GSLV can place approximately 5000 kg (11,000 lbm) into an easterly low Earth orbit. Using the Russian 12KRB upper stage, with KVD-1 cryogenic rocket engine, GSLV can place 2200 kg (4,850 lbm) into an 18 degree geostationary transfer orbit.
[edit] Liquid boosters
The GSLV uses four L40 liquid strap-on boosters derived from the L37.5 second stage, which are loaded with 40 tons of hypergolic propellants (UDMH & N2O4). The propellants are stored in tandem in two independent tanks 2.1 m diameter. The engine is pump-fed and generates 680 kN of thrust.
[edit] First stage
S139 stage is 2.8 m in diameter and is made of M250 grade maraging steel and it has a nominal propellant loading of 139 t.
[edit] Second stage
The second stage is powered by the Vikas engine. It has 2.8 m diameter and uses 37.5 metric tons of liquid propellants with UDMH as fuel and Nitrogen Tetroxide (N2O4) as oxidizer, in two aluminium alloy compartments separated by a common bulk head. It delivers 720 kN of thrust.
[edit] Third stage
The third stage is a Cryogenic Rocket Engine, 2.8 m in diameter and uses liquid hydrogen (LH2) and liquid oxygen (LOX) in two separate tanks of aluminium alloy interconnected by an inter-stage. Propellant loading is 12.5 t. ISRO plans to use its own cryogenic engine from the fifth planned GSLV flight. On November 15, 2007 the indigenously developed "Cryogenic Upper Stage" was tested for 720 seconds, its full flight duration. The test was conducted at the Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre, ISRO's rocket engine test facility in Tamil Nadu. The testing qualified the flight stage for use on the next GSLV launch (GSLV-D3), scheduled to take place in 2009.[3]
[edit] Variants
- GSLV Mk.I (a)
This variant had a 125 t (S-125) first stage and was capable of launching 1500kg into geostationary transfer orbit.
- GSLV Mk.I (b)
This variant had 139 t (S-139) first stage and improved fuel in the strap-on boosters & second stage. This variant can launch 1900kg into geostationary transfer orbit.
- GSLV Mk.II
This variant uses an Indian cryogenic engine and is capable of launching 2500kg into geostationary transfer orbit.
[edit] Launches
The first two flights of the GSLV were developmental. The first, partially successful, flight was on 18 April 2001 which launched GSAT-1. The second, which was fully successful, was on 8 May 2003 launching the experimental communication satellite GSAT-2. The first operational flight (GSLV-F01) was the launch of the EDUSAT communications satellite on 20 September 2004.
The fourth flight (GSLV-F02) on 10 July 2006 was unsuccessful in launching the 2168 kg (4,780 lb) communications satellite INSAT-4C as both rocket and satellite were destroyed over the Bay of Bengal after the rocket's trajectory veered outside of permitted limits.[4] A defective propellant regulator of the fourth strap-on motor caused asymmetric thrust on the vehicle, steering it off course and consequently the self destruct feature was deployed as a safety measure. The fifth flight of GSLV (GSLV-F04), carrying a replacement for INSAT-4C was successfully completed on 2 September 2007, carrying the INSAT-4CR satellite ( a payload of roughly 2160 kg carrying 12 KU band transponders capable of reaching across India) into Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit.[5]
The five flights of GSLV so far have used Russian cryogenic engine for the last stage. The next flight will use an indigenous cryogenic engine developed by ISRO.
[edit] Launch history
| Vehicle | Variant | Date of Launch | Launch Location | Payload | Mission Status | ||
| D1 | GSLV Mk.I(a) | 18 April 2001 | Sriharikota | GSAT-1 |
Success, Developmental Flight[6] | ||
| D2 | GSLV Mk.I(a) | 8 May 2003 | Sriharikota | GSAT-2 |
Success, Developmental Flight[7] | ||
| F01 | GSLV Mk.I(b) | 20 September 2004 | Sriharikota | EDUSAT |
Success, First operational flight[8] | ||
| F02 | GSLV Mk.I(b) | 10 July 2006 | Sriharikota | INSAT-4C |
Failure. Both rocket and satellite had to be destroyed over the Bay of Bengal after the rocket's trajectory veered outside of permitted limits. | ||
| F04 | GSLV Mk.I(b) | 2 September 2007 | Sriharikota | INSAT-4CR |
Success, put 2160 kg of payload in Geo-stationary Transfer Orbit and it reached designated geostationary transfer orbit.[9][10] | ||
| Planned launches | |||||||
| F?? | GSLV MK.?? | 2009 | Sriharikota | Healthsat TAUVEX-2 |
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| F?? | GSLV MK.?? | 2009 | Sriharikota | Insat-3D |
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| F?? | GSLV MK.?? | 2012 | Sriharikota | Aditya (space craft) |
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[edit] Comparable rockets
[edit] See also
- GSLV-Mk III the planned successor to this rocket, scheduled for 2009 with an indigenous cyrogenic stage
- ISRO Orbital Vehicle
[edit] External links
[edit] References
- ^ http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/SPACE/space-launchers-gslv.html
- ^ http://www.janes.com/aerospace/civil/news/misc/jsd010420_1_n.shtml
- ^ "Indigenous Cryogenic Stage Successfully Qualified". ISRO. November 15, 2007. http://www.isro.org/pressrelease/Nov15_2007.htm.
- ^ ISRO press release about the failure
- ^ "INSAT-4CR successfully placed in orbit after a textbook launch". Zee News. http://www.zeenews.com/articles.asp?aid=392410&sid=ENV&ssid=27&news=INSAT-4CR%20successfully%20placed%20in%20orbit%20after%20a%20textbook%20launch.
- ^ "GSLV-D1 Mission". ISRO. http://www.isro.org/gslvd1/gslvd1.htm.
- ^ "GSLV-D2 Mission". ISRO. http://www.isro.org/gslvd2/gslvd2.htm.
- ^ "EDUSAT mission". ISRO. http://www.isro.org/Edusat/Page4.htm.
- ^ "INSAT-4CR successfully placed in orbit". Times of India. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/INSAT-4CR_successfully_placed_in_orbit/articleshow/2331752.cms.
- ^ "GSLV-F04 Launc Successful - Places INSAT-4CR in orbit". ISRO. http://www.isro.org/pressrelease/Sep02_2007.htm.
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