From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Hindi and Urdu pronunciations in Wikipedia articles.
See Hindi-Urdu phonology for a more thorough discussion of the sounds of Hindustani.
| Consonants |
| IPA |
Hindi |
Urdu |
English equivalent |
| b |
ब |
ب |
abash |
| bʱ |
भ |
بھ |
abhor |
| d̪ [1] |
द |
د |
ado |
| d̪ʱ [1] |
ध |
دھ |
adhere |
| ɖ [1] |
ड |
ڈ |
guard |
| ɖʱ [1] |
ढ |
ڈھ |
guardhouse |
| dʒ |
ज |
ج |
hedge |
| dʒʱ |
झ |
جھ |
hedgehog |
| f |
फ़ |
ف |
food |
| ɡ |
ग |
گ |
agate |
| ɡʱ |
घ |
گھ |
pigheaded |
| h |
ः |
ح |
head |
| ɦ |
ह |
ahead |
| j |
य |
ي |
yak |
| k |
क |
ک |
scan |
| kʰ |
ख |
کھ |
can |
| l |
ल |
ل |
leaf |
| m |
म |
م |
much |
| n |
न |
ن |
not |
| ɳ |
ण |
- |
burner
|
| ŋ |
ं |
- |
bank |
| p |
प |
پ |
span |
| pʰ |
फ |
پھ |
pan
(often pronounced [f] in Hindi) |
| q |
क़ |
ق |
a k in the throat
(Urdu; often [k] in Hindi) |
| r |
र |
ر |
trilled r |
| ɽ |
ड़ |
ڑ |
US: larder |
| ɽʱ |
ढ़ |
ڑھ |
as [ɽ] plus h |
| s |
स |
س |
sue |
| ʂ |
ष |
– |
worship
|
| ʃ |
श |
ش |
shoe |
| t̪ [1] |
त |
ت |
stable |
| t̪ʰ [1] |
थ |
تھ |
table |
| ʈ [1] |
ट |
ٹ |
art |
| ʈʰ [1] |
ठ |
ٹھ |
art-historian |
| tʃ |
च |
چ |
catch |
| tʃʰ |
छ |
چھ |
choose |
| ʋ[2] |
व |
و |
varies between w and v |
| x |
ख़ |
خ |
Bach
(Urdu; often [kʰ] in Hindi) |
| ɣ |
ग़ |
غ |
like a French r
(Urdu; often [ɡ] in Hindi). Close to uvular flap. |
| z |
ज़ |
ز |
zen |
| ʒ |
झ़ |
ژ |
pleasure |
|
| Vowels |
| IPA |
Hindi |
Urdu |
English equivalent |
| aː |
आ, पा |
آ, ـا |
bra |
| eː |
ए, पे |
ے |
between yell and Yale |
| ɛː |
ऐ, पै |
yell |
| ə |
अ, प |
ـَ |
nut |
| iː [3] |
ई, पी |
ی |
feet |
| ɪ [3] |
इ, पि |
ـِ |
dill |
| oː |
ओ, पो |
و |
old |
| ɔː |
औ, पौ |
law |
| uː [3] |
ऊ, पू |
loot |
| ʊ [3] |
उ, पु |
ـُ |
look |
| ̃ |
ँ |
ں |
nasal vowel
([ãː], [õː], etc.) |
| Suprasegmentals |
| IPA |
|
| ˈ |
stress
(placed before stressed syllable) |
| ː |
doubled consonant |
|
- ^ a b c d e f g h To an English ear, [t̪ t̪ʰ ʈ ʈʰ] all sound like /t/, and [d̪ d̪ʱ ɖ ɖʱ] all sound like /d/. However, to a Hindi-Urdu speaker's ear these are very different sounds. [t̪ d̪] are like Spanish or French [t d], with the tongue touching the teeth, and [t̪ʰ d̪] are how a Hindi-Urdu speaker hears English /θ ð/ (the th sounds). Hindi-Urdu [ʈ ɖ] are pronounced with the tongue further back, touching behind the teeth, and [ʈʰ ɖ] are how a Hindi-Urdu speaker hears English t d; [ʈ] is how they hear English t after s.
- ^ [v], [w] and intermediate [ʋ] are allophonic in Hindi-Urdu. Some words, such as vrat ('व्रत', fast), are pronounced with [v] and others, such as pakwan ('पकवान', food dish), are pronounced with [w].
- ^ a b c d /iː, ɪ/ and /uː, ʊ/ are neutralized to [i, u] at the end of a word.
