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According to the Spanish newspaper [[El Mundo]], 24 of the 29 alleged perpetrators were informers and/or controlled by the Spanish Police, Civil Guard and C.N.I. (''"National Center of [[Intelligence (information gathering)|Intelligence]]"'') before the attacks.<ref>{{es icon}}[http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2006/05/05/espana/1146838657.html El Mundo: 34 de los 40 que el juez implica en el 11-M estaban bajo control policial]</ref>
According to the Spanish newspaper [[El Mundo]], 24 of the 29 alleged perpetrators were informers and/or controlled by the Spanish Police, Civil Guard and C.N.I. (''"National Center of [[Intelligence (information gathering)|Intelligence]]"'') before the attacks.<ref>{{es icon}}[http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2006/05/05/espana/1146838657.html El Mundo: 34 de los 40 que el juez implica en el 11-M estaban bajo control policial]</ref>


== Maussili Kalaji ==
<!-- Sorry for the fastidious prolixity of the cites: The notability of this man has been doubted, so I had to prove his notability with articles about him --~~~~ -->


Cellphones used in the bombings were unlocked in a shop owned by a Spanish policeman (retired after the attacks) of Syrian descent and former [[Fatah|al Fatah]] militant, Maussili Kalaji.<ref> [http://www.nationalreview.com/gaffney/gaffney200505181246.asp Cellphones used for March 11 were unlocked in a phone shop owned by... a Spanish police officer. And not just any police officer: It was Maussili Kalaji]</ref><ref>{{es icon}}[http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2007/03/21/espana/1174478199.html ''El hombre que liberó los móviles del 11-M dice que era policía y trabajó en la UCIE'']</ref><ref>{{es icon}}[''Una matanza diseñada para cambiar el http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2005/08/22/espana/1124680691.htmlGobierno de España''] ''En la empresa Test Ayman, propiedad de Ayman Maussili Kalaji, fueron liberados varios de los móviles utilizados por los terroristas, entre ellos el recuperado de la mochila de Vallecas...[]...Kalaji, de origen sirio, era policía ...[]...Kalaji tenía contactos con los hermanos Almallah.''</ref><ref>{{es icon}}[http://www.gees.org/articulo/3743/ ''11-M: batiburrillo y casualidades''] ''Luego compareció Ayman Maussili Kalaji, un policía nacional de origen sirio, propietario de una tienda de telefonía que fue el encargado de liberar los móviles que los indios vendieron a unos desconocidos...[]...La única cuestión que plantea su implicación en el atentado es el cúmulo de casualidades que concurren en él. Fue el experto en telecomunicaciones que liberó los móviles. Y, además, era (ahora está jubilado) policía nacional y estuvo destinado en la UCIE, la unidad especialista en terrorismo islámico. Además es de origen sirio. Perteneció al ejército de su país. Recibió formación especial, se resistió a describirla, pero nadie quiso preguntarle en qué consistía esa formación.''</ref><ref>{{es icon}}[http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2006/05/18/espana/1147954956.html ''El policía que manipuló los teléfonos móviles del 11-M se infiltraba en grupos islamistas'']</ref> <ref>{{es icon}}[http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2006/05/16/espana/1147777809.html ¿El policía que preparó las bombas?]</ref><ref>{{es icon}}[http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2006/05/08/espana/1147113053.html ''¿Quién montó las bombas?'']</ref><ref>{{es icon}}[http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2005/08/23/espana/1124780186.html ''Un 'soplo' policial advirtió a Kalaji de que se estaba investigando su papel en los atentados del 11-M'']</ref><ref>{{es icon}}[http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2005/08/23/espana/1124779442.html ''Para comparecer tuvo que tener información'']</ref><ref>{{es icon}}[http://www.libertaddigital.com/php3/noticia.php3?cpn=1276251630 ''La familia Kalaji y el 11-M'']</ref>.

Mr. Kalaji is not one of those accused in connection with the bombings<ref>{{es icon}} [http://www.abc.es/20070321/nacional-nacional/juicio-sigue-centrado-pruebas_200703210640.html Un inspector asegura que perseguían a varios de los acusados desde enero de 2003 ]</ref>, though his detention was suggested by the Police <ref>{{es icon}}[http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2005/07/29/espana/1122611409.html La Policía sugirió al juez Del Olmo detener al agente Kalaji por el 11-M
]</ref>.


==Controversies==
==Controversies==

Revision as of 20:21, 26 April 2007

Template:Totally-disputed

March 2004 Madrid Train Bombings
File:Ac.madrid2.jpg
The scene of one of the Madrid bombings.
LocationMadrid, Spain
Date11 March 2004
07:30 – 08:00 (UTC+1)
TargetMadrid Commuter Train System
Attack type
Backpack bombs
Deaths191
Injured2050 [8]

The 2004 Madrid train bombings (also known as 3/11, 11/3, M-11[citation needed] and -in Spanish- as 11-M [1]) consisted of a series of coordinated bombings against the Cercanías (commuter train) system of Madrid, Spain on the morning of 11 March 2004, killing 191 people and wounding 2,050[citation needed].

The alleged perpetrators were Islamist extremists, mostly of North African origin. Spanish nationals who provided the explosives were also arrested[2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17]

It is the only terrorist act in history, according to the European Strategic Intelligence And Security Center, where non-Muslims collaborated with Muslims.[18]

The official investigation by the Spanish Judiciary determined the attacks were directed by an al-Qaeda inspired terrorist cell.[19][20][21] Direct al-Qaeda participation has not been established[22][23][24]

The authorship of the bombings remains controversial to some groups in Spain, although the trial appears to have resolved most of the questions surrounding responsibility. However, there remains controversy regarding the handling and representation of the bombings by the government of José María Aznar who had been swept from power in the general elections that took place three days after the bombing. Additionally, questions remain regarding police negligence prior to the bombings, not unlike the questions regarding the FBI's conduct prior to September 11. (see "controversies")

Description of the bombings

Plaque in memory of the casualties in the 11-M terror attack in Madrid

During the peak of Madrid rush hour on the morning of Thursday, 11 March 2004, ten explosions[25] occurred aboard four commuter trains (cercanías). All the affected trains were traveling on the same line and in the same direction between Alcalá de Henares and the Atocha station in Madrid. It was later reported that thirteen improvised explosive devices (IEDs) had been placed on the trains. Bomb-disposal teams had dealt with two of the remaining three IEDs but the third was not found until later in the evening, having been stored inadvertently with luggage taken from the train. The following time-line of events comes from the judicial investigation.[26]

All four trains had departed the Alcalá de Henares station between 07:01 and 07:14. The explosions took place between 07:37 and 07:40 in the morning, as described below (all timings given are in local time UTC/GMT+1):

  • Atocha Station (train number 21431) — Three bombs exploded. Based on the video recording from the station security system, the first bomb exploded at 7:37, and two others exploded within 4 seconds of each other at 7:38.
  • Calle Tellez, (train number 17305), approximately 800 meters from Atocha Station — Four bombs exploded in different carriages of the train at approximately 7:39.
  • El Pozo del Tío Raimundo Station (train number 21435) — At approximately 07:38, just as the train was starting to leave the station, two bombs exploded in different carriages.
  • Santa Eugenia Station (train number 21713) — One bomb exploded at approximately 07:38.

At 08:00, emergency relief workers began arriving at the scenes of the bombings. The police reported numerous victims and spoke of 50 wounded and several dead. By 08:30 the emergency ambulance service, SAMUR (Servicio de Asistencia Municipal de Urgencia y Rescate), had set up a field hospital at the Daoiz y Velarde sports facility. Bystanders and local residents helped relief workers, as hospitals were told to expect the arrival of many casualties. At 08:43, fire fighters reported 15 dead at El Pozo. By 09:00, the police had confirmed the death of at least 30 people —20 at El Pozo and about 10 in Santa Eugenia and Atocha.

Forty-one of the dead came from thirteen countries outside of Spain, including fifteen from Romania, five each from Ecuador and Peru, four from Poland, three from Colombia, two from Honduras, and one each from Bulgaria, Chile, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Guinea-Bissau, France, and Morocco.[27] The number of victims was higher than in any similar event in Spain, far surpassing the 21 killed and 40 wounded from a 1987 bombing at a Hipercor chain supermarket in Barcelona. On that occasion, responsibility was claimed by the Basque armed militant group Euskadi Ta Askatasuna ("Basque Fatherland and Liberty"), or ETA. It was also the worst incident of this kind in Europe since the Lockerbie bombing in 1988.

Further bombings spur investigation

Another bombing, this time on the track of a high-speed train (AVE), was attempted on 2 April but was unsuccessful.[28] Shortly after, police identified an apartment in Leganés, south of Madrid, as the base of operations for the individuals suspected of being the material authors of the Madrid and AVE attacks. The suspected militants, headed by Jamal Zougam, Serhane Abdelmaji "the Tunisian" and Jamal Ahmidan "the Chinese", were trapped inside the apartment by a police raid on the evening of Saturday 3 April. At 9:03 pm, when the police started to assault the premises, the militants committed suicide by setting off explosives, killing themselves and one of the police officers.[29] Investigators subsequently found that the explosives used in the Leganés explosion were of the same type as those used in the 11 March attacks (though it had not been possible to identify a brand of dynamite from samples taken from the trains) and in the thwarted bombing of the AVE line.[30]

Based on the assumption that the militants killed at Leganés were, indeed, the individuals responsible for the train bombings, the ensuing investigation focused on how they obtained their estimated 200 kg of explosives. The investigation revealed that they had been bought from a retired miner who still had access to blasting equipment.[31]

Five to eight suspects believed to be involved in the 11 March attacks managed to escape.[32] ABC reported in December, 2006 that the ETA reminded Spanish Prime Minister Zapatero about the March 11 2004 as an example of what could happen unless the Government considered their petitions.[33]

Aftermath

Main article: Aftermath of the 11 March 2004 Madrid train bombings
Makeshift shrine for the victims of the attacks

In France, the Vigipirate plan was upgraded to orange level.[34] In Italy, the Government declared a state of high alert.[35]

On December 2004 José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero claimed that the PP government wiped off all of the computer files related with the Madrid bombings, leaving only the documents on paper.[36]

On 25 March, 2005, prosecutor Olga Sánchez asserted that the bombings happened 911 days after 9/11 due to the "highly symbolic and qabbalistic charge for local al-Qaida groups"[37] of choosing that day.

On 4 January, 2007 El País reported that Algerian Daoud Ouhnane, who is considered to be the mastermind of the 11-M bombings, has been searching for ways to return to Spain to prepare further attacks.[38]

Responsibility

According to the Spanish judiciary, a loose group of Moroccan, Syrian, and Algerian Muslims inspired by al-Qaeda and two Guardia Civil and Spanish police informants[39][40][41] are suspected of having carried out the attacks. As of 11 April 2006, Judge Del Olmo charged 29 suspects for their involvement in the train bombings.[42]

Direct al-Qaeda involvement has been discarded,[43] although an al-Qaeda claim was made the day of the attacks by the Abu Hafs al Masri Brigades. U.S. officials note that this group is "notoriously unreliable"[44]

According to The Independent, "Those who invented the new kind of rucksack bomb used in the attacks are said to have been taught in training camps in Jalalabad, Afghanistan, under instruction from members of Morocco's radical Islamist Combat Group."[45]

According to the National Memorial Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism (MIPT), the attack was carried out by individuals associated with the Moroccan Islamic Combatant Group.[46]

According to Mohamed Darif, a professor of political science at Hassan II University in Mohammedia, the history of the Moroccan Combat Group is directly tied to the rise of al-Qaeda in Afghanistan. According to Darif, "Since its inception at the end of the 1990s and until 2001, the role of the organisation was restricted to giving logistic support to al-Qaeda in Morocco, finding its members places to live, providing them with false papers, with the opportunity of marrying Moroccans and with false identities to allow them to travel to Europe. Since 11 September, however, which brought the Kingdom of Morocco in on the side of the fight against terrorism, the organisation switched strategies and opted for terrorist attacks within Morocco itself."[47]

Immediate reactions to the attacks in Spanish media assumed ETA involvement, and government officials were ready to confirm such suspicions. Because the bombs were 3 days before the general elections in Spain, the situation had many political interpretations. The massacre took place exactly two and a half years after the September 11 terrorist attack on America in 2001. (Others suggest, however, that terrorists wishing to emphasize a connection with 9/11 would not rely on such an oblique connection as its "2 1/2 year anniversary.")[citation needed]

Official statements issued shortly after the Madrid attacks identified ETA as the prime suspect, but the group, which usually claims responsibility for its actions, denied any wrongdoing.[48]Later evidence strongly pointed to the involvement of extremist Islamist groups, with the Moroccan Islamic Combatant Group named as a focus of investigations.[49]

Although ETA has a history of mounting bomb attacks in Madrid, [50] the 11 March attacks were on a scale far exceeding anything previously attempted by any European terrorist organisation. This led some experts to point out that the tactics used were more typical of Islamic militant extremist groups, perhaps with a certain link to al-Qaeda, or maybe to a new generation of ETA activists using al-Qaeda as a role model. Observers also noted that ETA customarily issues warnings before its mass bombings and that there had been no warning for this attack. Europol director Jürgen Storbeck commented that the bombings ""could have been Eta ... But we're dealing with an attack that doesn't correspond to the modus operandi they have adopted up to now,"".[51]. Yusuf Galan, a former ETA member, was charged for involvement in al-Qaida[52]

All of the devices are thought to have been hidden inside backpacks. The police investigated reports of three people in ski masks getting on and off the trains several times at Alcalá de Henares between 7:00 and 7:10. A Renault Kangoo van was found parked outside the station at Alcalá de Henares containing detonators, audio tapes with Qur'anic verses, and cell phones.[53]

The provincial chief of TEDAX (the bomb disposal experts of the Spanish police) declared on 12 July 2004 that damage in the trains could not be caused by dynamite, but by some type of military explosive, like C3 or C4.[54] The use of Titadine (used by ETA, and intercepted on its way to Madrid 11 days before) was alleged by a source in the Aznar Government.[55]

A radio report mentioned a plastic explosive called "Special C". However, the government said that the explosive found in an unexploded device, discovered among bags thought to be victims' lost luggage, was the Spanish made Goma-2 ECO. The unexploded device contained 22lb of explosive with 2lb of nails and screws packed around it as shrapnel.[56]. Goma-2 ECO was never before used by al-Qaida, but the explosive and the modus operandi were described by The Independent as ETA trademarks, although the Daily Telegraph came to the opposite conclusion.[57]

Two bombs—one in Atocha and another one in El Pozo stations, numbers 11 and 12—were detonated accidentally by the TEDAX. According to the provincial chief of the TEDAX, deactivated rucksacks contained some other type of explosive. The 13th bomb, which was transferred to a police station, contained dynamite, but did not explode because there were not two wires connecting the explosives to the detonator. That bomb used a mobile phone (Mitsubishi Trium) as a timer, requiring a SIM card to activate the alarm and thereby detonate.[58] The analysis of the SIM card allowed the police to arrest an allegued perpetrator. On Saturday, 13 March, when three Moroccans and two Hindu Indians[59][60] were arrested for the attacks, it was confirmed that the attacks came from an Islamic group.[61] Only one of the five persons (the Moroccan Jamal Zougam) detained that day was finally prosecuted [62].

On 3 April 2004, in Leganés, south Madrid, four Arab terrorists died in an apparent suicide explosion, killing one G.E.O. (Spanish special police assault unit) police officer and wounding eleven policemen. According to witnesses and media, between five and eight suspects escaped on that day.[32]

Security forces carried out a controlled explosion of a suspicious package found near the Atocha station and subsequently deactivated the two undetonated devices on the Téllez train. A third unexploded device was later brought from the station at El Pozo to a police station in Vallecas, and became a central piece of evidence for the investigation. It appears that the El Pozo bomb failed to detonate because a cell-phone alarm used to trigger the bomb was set 12 hours late.[63]

The People's Party (PP), now in opposition, as well as certain media outlets such as El Mundo newspaper,[64] continue to support alternative theories relating the attack to a vast conspiracy to remove them from power. These theories consider that the Socialist Party (PSOE), together with ETA and members of the security forces and national and foreign (Morocco) secret services, were implicated in the bombings.[65]

Judge Del Olmo assigns the responsibility to "local cells of Islamic extremists inspired through the Internet",[66] not GIA or Moroccan Islamic Combatant Group. These local cells would consist of hash traffickers of Moroccan origin, remotely linked to an al-Qaeda cell already captured. These groups would have bought the explosives (dynamite Goma-2 ECO) from low-level thiefs and police and Guardia Civil confidents in Asturias using money from the small-scale drug trafficking.[67]

According to El Mundo, "the notes on the Moroccan confident 'Cartagena' prove that the Police had the 3/11 leadership under surveillance."[68]

There is also claimed to be circumstancial evidence linking the Islamists with two ETA members detained while driving in the outskirts of Madrid a van containing 500kg of explosives 11 days before the Train bombings[69]

Police surveillance and informants

Some of the alleged perpetrators of the bombing were reportedly under surveillance by the Spanish police since 2001.[70][71][72][73][74][75][76]

Two alleged perpetrators were Guardia Civil and Spanish police informants.[77][78][79][80][81][82][83][84]

Two of those accused of supplying explosives for the bombings have a conviction for a previous 2001 offense of trafficking with Goma-2 ECO,[85] an offence that did not prevent Trashorras, described as "necessary cooperator"[86] from again getting a job in a mine, thus gaining access to explosives and blast equipment again.[87]

According to the Spanish newspaper El Mundo, 24 of the 29 alleged perpetrators were informers and/or controlled by the Spanish Police, Civil Guard and C.N.I. ("National Center of Intelligence") before the attacks.[88]


Controversies

Main article: Controversies about the 2004 Madrid train bombings

The authorship of the bombings remains deeply controversial in Spain. Part of the Partido Popular (PP), now in opposition, as well as some media outlets point to alleged inconsistencies and contradictions in the Spanish judicial investigation. Additionally, there is controversy over the events immediately following the bombings and preceding the general elections that took place three days later.[89][90]

Reactions

Main article: Reactions to the 2004 Madrid train bombings

In the aftermath of the bombings there were massive street demonstrations across Spain as a shocked country tried to come to terms with what had happened.[91] The international reaction was also notable, as the scale of the attack became clearer.

February 2007 Trial

The trial began in February 2007. According to El Pais, "the Court dismantled one by one all conspiracy theories." During the trial the defendants withdrew their previous declarations and denied any involvement.[92][93][94]

See also

Specifically about the 2004 Madrid bombings

Other

Notes

  1. ^ Googling for "11-M"
  2. ^ iiss.org
  3. ^ jamestown.org
  4. ^ [1]
  5. ^ [2]
  6. ^ opendemocracy.net
  7. ^ borrull.org
  8. ^ guardian.co.uk
  9. ^ newyorker.com
  10. ^ aljazeera.net
  11. ^ fas.org
  12. ^ jinsa.org
  13. ^ aijac.org.au
  14. ^ opendemocracy.net
  15. ^ intelligence.org
  16. ^ atimes.com
  17. ^ rand.org
  18. ^ Template:Fr icon,PDF Until now, there has never been any example of a terrorist action by international islamist made in collaboration with non muslims. French original: Il n'y a d'ailleurs à ce jour aucun example d’une action terroriste menée par des islamistes internationalistes en collaboration avec des non musulmans
  19. ^ Template:Es icon, [3] Spanish Indictment on the investigation of March 11
  20. ^ MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Database[4] "the length of time between the Madrid bombings and Abu Nayaf al-Afghani’s claim has cast doubt on its authenticity..[]...Other sources attribute the March 11 attacks to the group Abu Dujana Al-Afghani Ansar Al-Qaeda Europe, which appears be an alias for Abu Nayaf al-Afghani. A separate al-Qaeda linked organization, the Abu Hafs al-Masri Brigade, also declared responsibility for the Madrid attacks, and although it faces similar questions about the validity of its claims, it is generally regarded by authorities as having carried out the attacks"] (see MIPT)
  21. ^ The Times, February 15, 2007. Spain furious as US blocks access to Madrid bombing 'chief' The al-Qaeda leader who created, trained and directed the terrorist cell that carried out the Madrid train bombings has been held in a CIA “ghost prison” for more than a year
  22. ^ The Independent article:"While the bombers may have been inspired by Bin Laden, a two-year investigation into the attacks has found no evidence that al-Qa'ida helped plan, finance or carry out the bombings, or even knew about them in advance."
  23. ^ Madrid Bombing Suspect Denies Guilt, The New York Times, February 15, 2007: The cell was inspired by al-Qaida but had no direct links to it, nor did it receive financing from Osama bin Laden's terrorist organization, Spanish investigators say
  24. ^ Al Qaeda, Madrid bombs not linked: Spanish probe, listed at borrull.org
  25. ^ Template:Es icon,Sound of the second wave of bombs recorded in a Cellular Phone conversation
  26. ^ Template:Es icon,Judicial Indictment - Downloadable in Spanish
  27. ^ Template:Es icon,Broken lives (Cadena Ser, Spanish)
  28. ^ The Terror Web (The NewYorker)
  29. ^ Suspected Madrid bombing ringleader killed (CNN)
  30. ^ The Terror Web (The NewYorker)
  31. ^ Madrid bomb cell neutralised (BBC Europe)
  32. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference suspects was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  33. ^ Template:Es icon,[5]
  34. ^ France raises alert to orange (BBC News)
  35. ^ The Terrorist Threat to the Italian Elections (Jamestown)
  36. '^ Aznar 'wiped files on Madrid bombings, The Guardian, Tuesday December 14, 2004 via an article in El País
  37. ^ Template:Es icon,Un factor "cabalístico" en la elección de la fecha de la matanza en los trenes, "El País", 2005 March 10th
  38. ^ Template:Es icon[6] El argelino huido tras perpetrar el 11-M preparaba nuevos atentados en España El País, 4 January, 2007
  39. ^ The Times Bomb squad link in Spanish blast
  40. ^ Template:Es iconRafá Zouhier was a confident of the Guardia Civil before, during and after the bombings...José Emilio Suárez Trashorras was also a police confident -Rafá Zohuier era confidente de la Guardia Civil antes, durante y después de los atentados....José Emilio Suárez Trashorras...También era confidente de la policía-
  41. ^ Template:Es iconThe two key collaborators of the Madrid train bombings were police confidents
  42. ^ Suspects indicted in Madrid train attacks (OnlineNewsHous)
  43. ^ The Independent article:While the bombers may have been inspired by Bin Laden, a two-year investigation into the attacks has found no evidence that al-Qa'ida helped plan, finance or carry out the bombings, or even knew about them in advance.
  44. ^ CBS News. Madrid Massacre Probe Widens
  45. ^ Elizabeth Nash (07 November 2006). "Madrid bombers 'were inspired by Bin Laden address'". The Independent. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  46. ^ MIPT 2004 Spain overview
  47. ^ Mohamed Darif (3/30/2004). "The Moroccan Combat Group (PDF)" (PDF). Real Instituto Elcano. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  48. ^ Voters Oust Spanish Government, CBS News On Sunday, a Basque-language daily published a statement by ETA in which the group for a second time denied involvement in the attacks.
  49. ^ BBC on preparations for the trial
  50. ^ Madrid Massacre Probe Widens (CBS News)
  51. ^ From Bali to Madrid, attackers seek to inflict ever-greater casualties (The Guardian)
  52. ^ MADRID: THE AFTERMATH: Spain admits bombs were the work of Islamists Experts have played down a possible link between elements of Eta and the Islamic terrorists. But a Spaniard, Yusuf Galan, was charged in Madrid in November 2001 with involvement in al-Qa'ida. Mr Galan, a convert to Islam, had previously been a member of Eta.
  53. ^ Spain Campaigned to Pin Blame on ETA (Washington Post)
  54. ^ Template:Es iconLos TEDAX revisaron "dos veces" todos los vagones del 11-M sin encontrar Goma 2 ni la mochila de Vallecas (Libertad Digital)
  55. ^ CBS News: Madrid Massacre Probe Widens. MADRID, March 11, 2004 The bombers used titadine, a kind of compressed dynamite also found in a bomb-laden van intercepted last month as it headed for Madrid, a source at Aznar's office said, speaking on condition of anonymity. Officials blamed ETA then, too.
  56. ^ Millions rally in anger at Madrid bombers (Daily Telegraph)
  57. ^ MADRID: THE AFTERMATH: Spain admits bombs were the work of Islamists For the first time in its history al-Qa'ida has used not the cheap and primitive fertiliser-based bombs familiar in attacks from Yemen to Istanbul, but Goma 2 ECO gelignite, detonated by mobile phones. This sophisticated twin technique has previously been the trademark of Eta, the Basque separatist group.
  58. ^ Template:Es iconLa Policía encuentra una decimotercera mochila bomba en la comisaría de Puente de Vallecas (El Mundo)
  59. ^ Template:Es icon[http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2004/03/18/enespecial/1079606797.html
  60. ^ Template:Es iconLibertad digital, los enigmas del 11-M 6. Las primeras detenciones Las detenciones de los hindúes
  61. ^ Template:Es iconAl Qaeda reivindica los atentados en un vídeo hallado en Madrid (El Mundo)
  62. ^ Template:Es icon[7]
  63. ^ A Strike At Europe's Heart (Time)
  64. ^ Spain’s 11-M and the right’s revenge (Open Democracy)
  65. ^ Template:Es iconLos agujeros negros del 11-M (El Mundo)
  66. ^ Template:Es iconEl auto de procesamiento por el 11-M (El Mundo)
  67. ^ Across the Divide (Time)
  68. ^ Template:Es iconLas notas del confidente marroquí 'Cartagena' prueban que la Policía controlaba a la cúpula del 11-M (El Mundo)
  69. ^ MADRID: THE AFTERMATH: Spain admits bombs were the work of Islamists Connections have also been drawn between the drivers of a van found on the outskirts of Madrid on 29 February containing 500kg of explosive and the Islamists: the two men in the van are alleged to be members of Eta, and also to have been among a group of Basques who expressed strong support for Iraq against the Anglo-American invasion. But so far the evidence does not go beyond the circumstantial.
  70. ^ Spain: State Funeral For Madrid Bombing Victims Gathers World Leaders Radio Free Europe: The main suspect remains Moroccan Jamal Zougam, who allegedly had close ties to Islamist militants and who has been under watch by Spanish, French, and Moroccan agents since 2001
  71. ^ Spanish investigators confident The lead suspect is Jamal Zougam, who allegedly has close ties with Islamist militants and has been under watch by Spanish, French and Moroccan agents since 2001 at least.
  72. ^ Template:Es icon Un inspector asegura que perseguían a varios de los acusados desde enero de 2003, ABC:An inspector assures that several accused were being pursued since January 2003
  73. ^ Template:Es icon"The notes of the Moroccan confident 'Cartagena' prove that the Police had the 3/11 leadership under surveillance."
  74. ^ Madrid bombing accused ‘under watch since 2002’
  75. ^ Template:Es icon34 over 40 alleged perpetrators were controlled by the Police
  76. ^ Template:Es icon11-M: ¿Culpa in vigilando? Police made a follow-up on the prosecuted, due to his condition of being suspects of Islamic terrorists. De los acusados...la policía venía haciendo un seguimiento por su calidad de sospechosos de ser terroristas islámicos
  77. ^ Template:Es iconABC Rafa Zouhier. Confident of the Civil Guard...Rafa Zouhier. Confidente de la Guardia Civil...
  78. ^ Template:Es iconRafá Zouhier was a confident of the Guardia Civil before, during and after the bombings...he do not inform about the preparations. José Emilio Suárez Trashorras was a National Police confident about guns, explosive and drug smugling-Rafá Zohuier era confidente de la Guardia Civil antes, durante y después de los atentados... no informó sobre los preparativos...José Emilio Suárez Trashorras... era confidente de la Policía Nacional-
  79. ^ Template:Es icon The two key collaborators of the Madrid train bombings were police confidents
  80. ^ Template:Es iconEl juez dice que el confidente Trashorras pudo conocer el destino del explosivo
  81. ^ Template:Es iconTrashorras era confidente del otro mando policial que ha intervenido esta mañana... ("El País", 03/27/2007)
  82. ^ Template:Es iconEl policía Manolón dice que Trashorras, su confidente, le controlaba con llamadas al móvil
  83. ^ Template:Es iconel jefe de la Brigada de Estupefacientes de esta comisaría...[...un confidente suyo, el ahora procesado José Emilio Suárez Trashorras]
  84. ^ Template:Es iconEl Jefe del Grupo de Estupefacientes de la Comisaría de Avilés, conocido como "Manolón"...José Emilio Suárez Trashorras...su confidente
  85. ^ ABC Template:Es iconTrashorras y Toro, condenados a más de 10 años de cárcel por tráfico de drogas y tenencia de explosivos
  86. ^ Madrid bombings trial: Key defendant refuses to testify:The seventh prime defendant is Jose Emilio Suarez Trashorras, 30, of Spain, considered a "necessary cooperator" in the attacks by allegedly facilitating the explosives that were manufactured in Spain and stolen from a mine in the north.
  87. ^ Template:Es iconTrashorras volvió a trabajar a la mina tras la "operación Pipol": Trashorras worked again in a mine after the "operation Pípol"
  88. ^ Template:Es iconEl Mundo: 34 de los 40 que el juez implica en el 11-M estaban bajo control policial
  89. ^ Newspaper Spat Over Madrid Bombs Conspiracy The Guardian
  90. ^ Spanish Terrogate, National Review
  91. ^ Millions pack Madrid's streets CNN
  92. ^ Template:Es iconComienza en Madrid el juicio por el mayor atentado islamista registrado en Europa, El Pais, February 15, 2007 Template:Es icon
  93. ^ Template:Es iconEl Morabit niega ahora haber sido avisado de los atentados del 11-M, El Mundo, February 20, 2007 Template:Es icon
  94. ^ "Madrid bombing 'mastermind' protests innocence", Feb 15, 2007, 1:59 PM ET AFP, Yahoo News (here Template:En icon
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Madrid bombing, March 2004.

In English

Disputing statements made by Spanish government and judiciary

Rebuttals

In Spanish

Disputing statements made by Spanish government and judiciary

Rebuttals

Documentary about the bombings

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