Pagaruyung Kingdom

Malayapura Pagaruyung
1274–1833
Marawa Minangkabau Royal seal
Capital	Pagaruyung
Common languages	Sanskrit, Minang, and Melayu
Religion	Buddhism (First Era), Animism, Sunni Islam (Last Era)
Government	Monarchy
Maharaja Diraja
• 1274–1375 (First King)	Adityawarman
• 1789–1833 Last King)	Sultan Tangkal Alam
History
• Established	1274
• Padri War	1833
Preceded by Succeeded by Dharmasraya Dutch East Indies
Today part of	Indonesia

Pagaruyung (also Pagarruyung, Pagar Ruyung and, Malayapura or Malayupura) was the seat of the Minangkabau kings of Western Sumatra, though little is known about it. Modern Pagaruyung is a village in Tanjung Emas subdistrict, Tanah Datar regency, located near the town of Batusangkar, Indonesia.

History

Adityawarman statue in the National Museum of Indonesia.

Dans le tambo Alam Minangkabau Il était une fois un roi nommé Sultan Iskandar Zulkarnain qui venait de Makadunia, sur le continent Ruhum. Le roi avait conquis de nombreuses régions jusqu'à son arrivée dans le pays de Basa (Inde). Là, il épousa une princesse indienne et eut plusieurs fils. "Manuruik Warih nan bajawek, pusako nan a aidé, ado usuanyo si étudié, iyo in tambo lamo, sapiah balahan tigo jurai." Iskandar Zulkarnain est mort, dans son testament, il a ordonné à ses fils de naviguer. Mais à mi-chemin du voyage de la couronne de Sanggahana, la couronne d'or du symbole unificateur du royaume tomba au fond de la mer où la couronne fut immédiatement enveloppée par le Serpent Splinter. Le premier fils est devenu roi à Ruhum, le deuxième fils est devenu roi de Chine, le troisième fils a continué son voyage de navigation vers le sud-est. Malheureusement, son navire a été frappé par une tempête et ballotté pendant des semaines dans le vaste océan. Les passagers du navire étaient désespérés et les réserves de nourriture s'épuisaient. Heureusement, il y avait au loin une terre de la taille d'un œuf de cane. Grâce à la puissance du dieu, l'eau de mer s'est progressivement retirée, une vaste nouvelle zone s'est ouverte. Une expédition a été faite pour créer de nouvelles colonies en explorant (abattre et brûler des forêts). Dans la nouvelle colonie, les coutumes ont commencé à être écrites et le roi a gouverné avec justice pour que les gens soient heureux et que la culture et les jeux des enfants du pays se développent. Un village où les gens sont heureux. Progressivement, le village connaît une augmentation de la population et devient de plus en plus étroit. Un avant-poste est parti à la recherche d'un nouveau quartier où vivre. Il a tailladé la forêt avec une longue épée. Kato pusako Minangkabau a dit: "De mano titiak palito, dibaliak telong nan batali, de mano descendu de nos ancêtres, de la nuque des pentes de la montagne" Lorsque Nagari a effectué une expédition pour étendre à nouveau le territoire. a fondé Luhak Tanah Datar, Luhak Agam, Luhak Limo Puluah Koto dans la terminologie Luhak Nan Tigo. Après quelques années de mukim, les mujahit ont développé la da'wah, se dirigeant vers les colonies tribales de Tumi et convertissant la tribu Katahun à l'islam en l'an 686 Hujriyah. Une communauté de tribus dans un pays qui ne fait pas partie de la tribu Tumi a été musulmane, on estime qu'à partir du 18 Rajab 688 Hijriyah.

Beginnings

An inscribed stone from Adityawarman's kingdom

Adityawarman is believed to have founded the kingdom and presided over the central Sumatra region between 1274 and 1375, most likely to control the local gold trade. The few artefacts recovered from Adityawarman's reign include a number of stones containing inscriptions, and statues. Some of these items were found at Bukit Gombak, a hill near modern Pagarruyung, and it is believed a royal palace was located there.

There is a major gap in the historical picture in the Minangkabau highlands between the last date of Adityawarman's inscription in 1375 and Tomé Pires Suma Oriental, written some time between 1113 and 1115.

Replica of the Pagaruyung palace in West Sumatra.

By the 16th century, the time of the next report after the reign of Adityawarman, royal power had been split into three recognised reigning kings. They were the King of the World (Raja Alam), the King of Adat (Raja Adat), and the King of Religion (Raja Ibadat). Collectively they were called the Kings of the Three Seats (Rajo Tigo Selo).

The first European to enter the region was Thomas Dias, a Portuguese employed by the Dutch governor of Malacca. He travelled from the east coast to reach the region in 1684 and reported, probably from hearsay, that there was a palace at Pagaruyung and that visitors had to go through three gates to enter it. The primary local occupations at the time were gold panning and agriculture, he reported.

Padri War

Main article: Padri War

A civil war started in 1803 with the Padri fundamentalist Islamic group in conflict with the traditional syncretic groups, elite families and Pagarruyung royals. The original Pagaruyung Palace on Batu Patah Hill was burned down during a riot in Padri War back in 1804. During the conflict most of the Minangkabau royal family were killed in 1815, on the orders of Tuanku Lintau.

The British controlled the west coast of Sumatra between 1795 and 1819. Stamford Raffles visited Pagarruyung in 1818, reaching it from the west coast, and by then it had been burned to the ground three times. It was rebuilt after the first two fires, but abandoned after the third, and Raffles found little more than waringin trees.

The Dutch returned to Padang in May 1819. As a result of a treaty with a number of penghulu and representatives of the murdered Minangkabau royal family, Dutch forces made their first attack on a Padri village in April 1821.

The prestige of Pagaruyung remained high among the Minangkabau communities in the rantau, and when the members of the court were scattered following a failed rebellion against the Dutch in 1833, one of the princes was invited to become ruler in Kuantan.

Influence

The influence of the kingdom of Pagaruyung covered almost the entire island of Sumatra as written by William Marsden in his book The history of Sumatra (1784). Several other kingdoms outside Sumatra also recognized Pagaruyung's sovereignty, although not in a tribute-giving relationship. There are as many as 62 to 75 small kingdoms in the archipelago which are the main ones in Pagaruyung, which are spread in the Philippines, Brunei, Thailand and Malaysia, as well as in Sumatra, East Nusa Tenggara and West Nusa Tenggara in Indonesia. The relationship is distinguished based on gradasi (gradations) of the relationship, namely sapiah balahan (female bloodline), kaduang karatan (male bloodline), Kapak radai, and timbang pacahan who are royal descendants.

See also

• History of Indonesia
• Srivijaya
• Minangkabau people

Sources

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