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==Europe==
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===France===
===France===
The French-Jewish journalist [[Alain Gresh]] has stated that he has "always been convinced that some pro-Zionists are anti-Semitic." Gresh noted that the antisemitic right-wing politician and Nazi collaborator [[Xavier Vallat]] believed that "Jews would never integrate into France and that they had to go to Israel." Gresh also notes that the European far right "consider Israel an ally", as demonstrated by the "case of the anti-Soros anti-Semitic billboard campaign in Hungary."<ref>{{cite interview|url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/interview-alain-gresh-bds-reveals-negative-image-israel |title=INTERVIEW: Alain Gresh: BDS reveals negative image of Israel |publisher=[[Middle East Eye]] |accessdate=2022-09-04|interviewer-first=Hassina|interviewer-last=Mechaï|first=Alain|last=Gresh|date=August 22, 2017}}</ref>
The French-Jewish journalist [[Alain Gresh]] has stated that he has "always been convinced that some pro-Zionists are anti-Semitic." Gresh noted that the antisemitic right-wing politician and Nazi collaborator [[Xavier Vallat]] believed that "Jews would never integrate into France and that they had to go to Israel."<ref>{{cite interview|url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/interview-alain-gresh-bds-reveals-negative-image-israel |title=INTERVIEW: Alain Gresh: BDS reveals negative image of Israel |publisher=[[Middle East Eye]] |accessdate=2022-09-04|interviewer-first=Hassina|interviewer-last=Mechaï|first=Alain|last=Gresh|date=August 22, 2017}}</ref>


In 2018, the Jewish French Union for Peace, a pro-BDS [[List of Jewish anti-Zionist organizations|Jewish anti-Zionist organization]], was denied funding from the French government after producing video clips that stated that Zionism is antisemitic. One member said that "it's a form of anti-Semitism" for the Israeli government to claim to speak on behalf of all Jews, while another member said they were "revolted by the fact that an Israeli leader can come to France and tell French Jews: 'you have a second country.'"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ngo-monitor.org/pdf/IHRA_Policy_Paper.pdf |title=Recommendations: Implementing the IHRA Definition of Antisemitism for NGO Funding |publisher=[[NGO Monitor]] |accessdate=2022-08-22|date=January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/french-jewish-group-accuses-israel-of-causing-anti-semitism-loses-state-funding/ |title=French Jewish group accuses Israel of causing anti-Semitism, loses state funding |newspaper=[[The Times of Israel]] |accessdate=2022-08-22|date=February 18, 2018}}</ref>
In 2018, the Jewish French Union for Peace, a pro-BDS [[List of Jewish anti-Zionist organizations|Jewish anti-Zionist organization]], was denied funding from the French government after producing video clips that stated that Zionism is antisemitic. One member said that "it's a form of anti-Semitism" for the Israeli government to claim to speak on behalf of all Jews, while another member said they were "revolted by the fact that an Israeli leader can come to France and tell French Jews: 'you have a second country.'"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ngo-monitor.org/pdf/IHRA_Policy_Paper.pdf |title=Recommendations: Implementing the IHRA Definition of Antisemitism for NGO Funding |publisher=[[NGO Monitor]] |accessdate=2022-08-22|date=January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/french-jewish-group-accuses-israel-of-causing-anti-semitism-loses-state-funding/ |title=French Jewish group accuses Israel of causing anti-Semitism, loses state funding |newspaper=[[The Times of Israel]] |accessdate=2022-08-22|date=February 18, 2018}}</ref>

Revision as of 02:05, 8 November 2022

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Category

Zionist antisemitism is the phenomenon in which individuals, groups, or governments support the Zionist movement and the State of Israel while they simultaneously hold antisemitic views about Jews. In some cases, Zionism may be promoted for explicitly antisemitic reasons. The prevalence of antisemitism has been widely noted within the Christian Zionist movement, whose adherents may hold antisemitic and supersessionist beliefs about Jews while they also support Zionism for eschatological reasons. Antisemitic right-wing nationalists, particularly in Europe and the United States, sometimes support the Zionist movement because they wish that Jews be expelled or that they emigrate to Israel. The Israeli government's alleged collaboration with antisemitic politicians abroad has been criticized as an example of Zionist antisemitism. Anti-Zionists have criticized the Zionist movement for its alleged complicity with or its alleged capitulation to antisemitism since its inception, with some anti-Zionists also referring to Zionism as a form of antisemitism.

Allegations of antisemitism within Zionism

According to the anti-imperialist Jewish-American academic Amy Kaplan, Jewish history "shows that anti-Semitism and pro-Zionism have never been mutually exclusive". Kaplan says that Zionist advocates "for a Jewish state enlisted stereotypes of Jews – wittingly or not – to further their cause." She lists Theodor Herzl as an early Zionist who appealed to antisemitic European leaders who believed that the "Jewish Question" would be solved by sending European Jews to Palestine.[1] Edwin Montagu, an ardent anti-Zionist and the sole Jewish member of the British Cabinet, was "passionately opposed to the [Balfour] declaration on the grounds that...it was a capitulation to anti-Semitic bigotry, with its suggestion that Palestine was the natural destination of the Jews..."[2] Writing for International Socialist Review, Annie Levin argues that the writings of Theodor Herzl, Max Nordau, and other European Zionists were "littered with descriptions of European Jews as parasites, social diseases, germs, aliens"...and she also argues that these antisemitic views "flowed quite logically from Zionism's basic assumptions about Jews. Zionists accepted the 19th century view that anti-Semitism–in fact all racial difference–was a permanent feature of human nature. For this reason it was pointless to struggle against it." Levin said that Jews have often been "hostile to Zionism" because the movement "called for a retreat from the struggle against anti-Semitism."[3] Writing for Jacobin, Sarah Levy says that early Zionists "partnered with a rabidly antisemitic British ruling class to secure funding for their colonial project in Palestine" while they also aided British attempts to "defeat left-wing 'International Jews' (such as Karl Marx, Leon Trotsky, Béla Kun, Rosa Luxemburg and Emma Goldman, among others)" because "Churchill understood that revolutionary socialists, organizing against racist pogroms in their own countries, posed a threat to the ruling class's need to divide and rule its population, and so understood the benefit to supporting a 'Jewish movement' that could counter this logic of antiracism and internationalism."[4]

According to the political theorist Michael Walzer, early Jewish anti-Zionists in the 19th-century were often Orthodox Jews who believed that Zionism was a heretical ideology. These Orthodox Jews believed that the return of Jews to Eretz Israel and the establishment of a state would only occur after the Messiah came. Until the arrival of the Messiah, Orthodox Jews believed that Jews must accept living in diaspora and defer to non-Jewish rulers while waiting for redemption. Zionists, who were usually secular, despised the perceived passivity of Orthodox Jews to the point that they were often referred to as antisemites by Orthodox anti-Zionists.[5]

The Austrian-Jewish anti-Zionist writer Karl Kraus attacked Zionism in general and in his book Eine Krone für Zion (A Crown for Zion), he attacked Herzl in particular, said that antisemitism is the essence of the Zionist movement. Kraus referred to Zionist aims as antisemitic and he also called Zionists "Jewish antisemites", asserting that "Aryan antisemites" and Zionist Jewish antisemites share the same goal of expelling Jews from European culture.[6]

Richard S. Levy, a scholar of antisemitism, has written that "Antisemites certainly found Zionism useful" because Zionism provided "antisemitic Zionists" with a justification as to why Jewish people who were living in the diaspora should be expelled from the societies which they had lived in for centuries. Coerced emigration to Palestine appealed to antisemites because it provided them with a "solution to the Jewish question".[7]

The Zionist writer Bari Weiss has stated that there is a history of antisemites endorsing Zionism, listing Arthur Balfour as an example of an antisemitic Zionist.[8]

In an article titled Anti-Semitic Zionists, the Israeli peace activist Uri Avnery wrote that the "avowed aim of Zionism is to ingather all the Jews in the world in the Jewish State. The avowed aim of the anti-Semites is to expel the Jews from all their countries. Both sides want the same." Avnery wrote that Zionism has been antisemitic since its foundation, citing Herzl's cooperation with the antisemitic Czarist regime in Russia. Far from a "unique chapter", Avnery asserts that "many attempts have been made to enlist anti-Semites to help in the implementation of the Zionist project" throughout history.[9][better source needed]

Steven M. Cohen, sociologist at the Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion, has written that antisemitism is found among right-wing Zionists. Cohen believes that "Many people who dislike Jews like Israel and many people who are critical toward Israel are affectionate toward Jews." Todd Gitlin, sociologist at Columbia University, believes that right-wing Zionism and antisemitism "have the same soul...they rhyme" because both are variants of ultra-nationalism.[10]

Joseph Massad, a Palestinian academic at Columbia University, stated that "It is Israel's claims that it represents and speaks for all Jews that are the most anti-Semitic claims of all." Massad said that "Jewish opponents of Zionism" understood that gentile Europeans "shared the precepts of anti-Semitism" and that Zionists and antisemites held a shared belief in "the expulsion of Jews from Europe." Massad believes that most pre-War European Jews resisted the "anti-Semitic basis of Zionism", while European countries typically supported "the anti-Semitic programme of Zionism".[11]

Europe

France

The French-Jewish journalist Alain Gresh has stated that he has "always been convinced that some pro-Zionists are anti-Semitic." Gresh noted that the antisemitic right-wing politician and Nazi collaborator Xavier Vallat believed that "Jews would never integrate into France and that they had to go to Israel."[12]

In 2018, the Jewish French Union for Peace, a pro-BDS Jewish anti-Zionist organization, was denied funding from the French government after producing video clips that stated that Zionism is antisemitic. One member said that "it's a form of anti-Semitism" for the Israeli government to claim to speak on behalf of all Jews, while another member said they were "revolted by the fact that an Israeli leader can come to France and tell French Jews: 'you have a second country.'"[13][14]

In 2019, 127 Jewish academics from around the world signed an appeal to the French National Assembly in defense of anti-Zionism. The petition stated that anti-Zionism is not antisemitism, that many Jews are anti-Zionists, and that there are "many anti-Semites who support Zionism." Signatories included Michael Berkowitz, Daniel Boyarin, Judith Butler, Alon Confino, Alice Shalvi, Jean-Christophe Attias, Jane Caplan, Tamar Garb, Amos Goldberg, Neve Gordon, David Harel, Joan Wallach Scott, David Dean Shulman, and Zeev Sternhell.[15][16][17]

Germany and Austria

The philosemitic, Zionist Antideutsche movement in Germany and Austria has been accused of targeting left-wing German Jews and Austrian Jews. According to Haaretz writer Ofri Ilany, "Incensed Germans, some of them descendants of Nazis, don't hesitate to attack Jewish and Israeli left-wingers" and "besmirch Jews" and violate their freedom of expression "under the banner of the struggle against anti-Semitism."[18] The left-wing Austrian-Jewish activist Isabel Frey believes that "Jews are fetishized in this pseudo-tolerant way and assumed to have unified interests" by the political mainstream in Austria and Germany. According to Frey, "Jewish leftists are being accused of antisemitism by non-Jewish leftists. To me, these accusations are a way of denigrating our Jewish identities, of saying that we’re the “wrong kind” of Jew. I keep asking myself, are these accusations themselves a kind of antisemitism?"[19] Michael Sappir, an Israeli-born German-Jewish anti-Zionist activist affiliated with Jewish-Israeli Dissent Leipzig, has said that the experience of being an anti-Zionist Jewish leftist in Germany can be disempowering and "very isolating" because the German left is often associated with the Antideutsch movement. According to Sapir, Jewish leftists and other pro-Palestinian voices are marginalized in part because "Antideutsch groups have managed to bully them into silence" and that Jewish leftists "felt very insulted by the idea of calling this struggle 'antisemitic'".[20]

Poland

During the 1920s and 1930s, the General Jewish Labour Bund in Poland was vocally critical of antisemitic Zionism. The Polish government during this period was a staunch supporter of the Zionist movement, while also adopting increasingly antisemitic domestic policies. The Polish government actively encouraged emigration to Mandatory Palestine because it decreased the population of Polish Jews. The Bund produced election campaign materials including the terms "antisemitic Zionists" and "Zionist antisemites", arguing that the Zionist promotion of emigration and cooperation with the Polish government strengthened antisemitic forces within Polish society. The historian Emanuel Melzer believes that the Polish government's attitudes towards Zionism and Jewish emigration "implied that Jews were superfluous, alien, and even a destructive element" and that this attitude "might have had its repercussions on a part of the Polish population's attitude towards the Jews during the war", but acknowledges that the Shoah itself was not caused by the intensification of Polish antisemitism between 1936 and 1939.[21]

Israel

Orthodox Jewish anti-Zionists in Mandatory Palestine sometimes criticized secular Jewish Zionists as "antisemitic Zionists" for interfering with Orthodox practice. Rabbi Baruch Meir Klein, President of the New York Board of Rabbis, claimed that the "Goyyim in America let us be Jews. They do not ruin our Talmud Torah. They do not reform our schools...They do not ridicule Jews who go to Mikveh or Kloppen Hoyshaness...It is enough for me to be in Galuth with Goyyim. I have no need to be [in Eretz Israel], in Galuth under Jews who are antisemitic Zionists."[22]

Atalia Omer wrote that in Israel "young activists increasingly recognize that their safety depends on linking the fight against antisemitism to other social justice struggles", mentioning the Israeli activists who have "taken to the streets to protest Netanyahu’s regime and many others such as B'Tselem for years have decried the weaponization of antisemitism." Omer believes that these "critical voices are silenced within the entrenched ideological regime that the IHRA represents as it coalesces with white nationalist and Christian Zionist antisemitism."[23]

United States

After World War II, during the second Red Scare, some members of Congress called for the British government to open Mandatory Palestine to Jewish emigration, hoping that Jewish refugees (suspected to be Communists) would migrate to Palestine rather than to the United States.[1]

Right-wing evangelical Christians in the United States are often vocally Zionist while also holding antisemitic attitudes towards Jews. Conservative Christians are amongst the strongest supporters of the State of Israel in the United States. With 7.1 million members, Christians United for Israel (CUFI) is the largest Zionist organization in the United States. Many Christian Zionists believe that the Gathering of Israel is a prerequisite for the final coming of the Christian messiah, after which a portion of Jews will convert and the majority of Jews will be killed and condemned to Hell.[1] Ben Lorber and Aidan Orly, writing in Religion Dispatches, have described Christian Zionism as "one of the largest antisemitic movements in the world today".[24] Ha'aretz writer Joshua Shanes condemned CUFI founder John Hagee for promoting an "apocalyptic and deeply antisemitic worldview" and promoting some of the "most dangerous myths of the modern era." Hagee has promoted financial conspiracy theories about the Rothschild family controlling the federal reserve, said that Hitler was sent by God to murder Jews who refused to emigrate to Israel, and described the Antichrist as a "half-Jew homosexual."[25] Slavoj Žižek has also described John Hagee, as well as Glenn Beck, as examples of Christian fundamentalist "anti-Semitic Zionists." Žižek believes that Zionism itself has "paradoxically become anti-Semitic" because the movement promotes hatred of anti-Zionist Jews by constructing a figure of Jewish anti-Zionism "along anti-Semitic lines."[26] Žižek describes the way that Jewish anti-Zionists are maligned as "Self-hating Jews" by Zionists as an example of Zionist antisemitism.[27]

Zionist leaders and organizations in the United States have been widely criticized, particularly by the Jewish left, for allegedly downplaying the severity of antisemitism in the United States and for alleged complicity with the Trump administration in order to pursue pro-Israel, Zionist causes. Atalia Omer, a professor of religion at the University of Notre Dame, has written that "Israel's silence on white nationalism and its implicit or explicit condoning of antisemitic Zionists" has decisively convinced many American Jews that the Israeli government is not keeping Jews safe and is actively endangering Jews living in the diaspora. Omer cites the "moral shock" of Israeli silence on white nationalist antisemitism for discrediting the "Zionist monopoly over the narrative of Jewish survival."[28] Morton Klein, president of the Zionist Organization of America (ZOA), has been criticized for being "notably silent" about antisemitism during the Trump era. ZOA was deluged by messages from outraged supporters following ZOA's support for Steve Bannon and Klein's statement that he could not be an antisemite because "He's the opposite of an antisemite. He's a philo-semite."[4][29][30] +972 Magazine's Natasha Roth-Rowland believes that a "rise of Zionist antisemitism as a standard behavior among large swaths of the GOP and its ecosystem has become a defining feature of the American far right’s worldview and modus operandi."[31]

In 2017, Judith Butler denounced antisemitic manifestations of Zionism within the Trump administration. Butler named Breitbart and Steve Bannon as purveyors of "antisemitic Zionism", writing that Bannon is both a "strong Zionist" and that "his antisemitism apparently does not get in the way of his support for the Israeli state, and that his supporters in the Israeli government do not seem to mind." Butler argued that right-wing antisemitic Zionism is a manifestation of white supremacy, whereby the white Ashkenazi ruling class in Israel makes alliances with right-wing politicians in other countries on the basis of shared anti-Arab racism, anti-Palestinianism, and Islamophobia.[32]

In 2019, the Russian-born Jewish-American journalist Masha Gessen described Donald Trump as a "pro-Zionist anti-Semite". Gessen noted that Trump's administration had pursued pro-Israel policies while also spreading Jewish stereotypes, such as the speech Trump delivered at the Israeli American Council National Summit where he declared that "A lot of you are in the real estate business because I know you very well...You’re brutal killers, not nice people at all." Calling Trump's comments "plain, easily recognizable anti-Semitism", Gessen believes Trump views American Jews as "alien beings whom he associates with the state of Israel."[33][34]

The liberal journalist Peter Beinart believes that Zionist antisemitism is likely on the rise in the United States and that it is unclear that Zionists are less likely to harbor antisemitic sentiments compared to anti-Zionists. According to Beinart, "It is easy to find antisemitism among people who, far from opposing Zionism, enthusiastically embrace it."[35]

During the Summer of 2020, the Palestine Solidarity Collective (PSC) at York University published comments on social media describing Zionism as an antisemitic political movement.[36]

During the January 6 United States Capitol attack in 2021, several insurrectionists waved Israeli flags. In this context, organizations including the Adalah Justice Project, Jewish Voice for Peace, and Students for Justice in Palestine made social media posts suggesting a link between Zionist ideology and antisemitic right-wing extremism. The Anti-Defamation League describes these comments as part of an emerging effort among anti-Israel activists to associate "the Israeli flag with white supremacy, racism, settler-colonialism, violence and more". The ADL disputes this association and notes that the organizations promoting the link did not mention the wide variety of other flags present at the Capitol attack, including those of Canada, Cuba, Georgia, India, South Korea, and the former state of South Vietnam.[37][38]

Austin Ahlman of The Intercept said that Zionist organization Democratic Majority for Israel (DMFI) employed antisemitic tropes during the 2020 election after DMFI released attack ads criticizing the progressive Jewish California politician Sara Jacobs. The ads emphasized Jacobs' wealthy background, portraying her "fortune and privileged life" as making her out of touch with ordinary Americans. The Intercept said that the "imagery and language employed by many of the ads are reminiscent of common antisemitic tropes", noting that DMFI had previously endorsed wealthy non-Jewish candidates. Rachel Rosen, a DMFI spokesperson, denied accusations that the ads were antisemitic.[39]

In August 2022, the left-wing Jewish organization IfNotNow tweeted that AIPAC was antisemitism after AIPAC said that "George Soros has a long history of backing anti-Israel groups" and that "J Street & Soros work to undermine" pro-Israel Democrats. IfNotNow tweeted that AIPAC was not a Jewish organization, did not represent Jews, and in allegedly promoting antisemitic conspiracy theories about Soros, AIPAC had become part of the "antisemitic far right."[40]

Among white nationalists

The historian David N. Myers has wrote that "Leading white nationalists such as Richard Spencer and Jared Taylor liken their movement to Zionism, seeing it as a model for the kind of monoethnic purity they favor in [the United States]." Myers states that the "combination of pro-Israel and antisemitic sensibilities" is common within American politics due to the combined influences of the "Christian evangelical Right with its end-game theology", "archly conservative" Catholics, and the political ideology of Donald Trump.[41] Atalia Omer noted "convergences between white supremacist violence and exclusionary politics which often comes in the form of Zionist antisemitism", citing Richard Spencer's "white Zionism" as an example.[42]

The Norwegian far-right domestic terrorist Anders Behring Breivik is both an antisemitic neo-Nazi and a strong supporter of the State of Israel. The Slovenian philosopher Slavoj Žižek described Breivik's ideology as an "extreme version" of "Zionist anti-Semitism", writing that Breivik is "antisemitic, but pro-Israel" because in Breivik's view the Israeli state is a "first line of defense against Muslim expansion". Žižek notes that Breivik believes that France and the United Kingdom have a "Jewish problem" due to their large Jewish populations, whereas the rest of Western Europe doesn't, describing this as Breivik's belief that "Jews are OK as long as there aren't too many of them" living in diaspora.[43] Journalist Michelle Goldberg referred to Breivik as an "ardent Zionist" who "has nothing but contempt for the majority of Jewish people", arguing that his "embrace of Israel...far from being unique, is just the latest sign" that "in European politics, fascism and an aggressive sort of Zionism increasingly go together." Goldberg cites Islamophobia as a commonality between the State of Israel and "European white nationalists".[44]

Ben Lorber, writing for +972 Magazine, argued that American white nationalist support for the "Jewish state's supremacist values fits comfortably with its deep antisemitism" and that "philosemitic Christian Zionism carries deep undercurrents of anti-Judaism." Lorber refers to the phenomenon of right-Zionism fitting "comfortably alongside simmering currents of antisemitism" as "Antisemitic Zionism".[45]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Benton, Sarah (February 25, 2017). "Antisemitic Zionism". Jews for Justice for Palestinians. Retrieved 2022-08-22.
  2. ^ Hitchens, Christopher (2004). Love, Poverty, and War: Journeys and Essays. New York City: Nation Books. p. 327. ISBN 1-56025-580-3.
  3. ^ "The hidden history of Zionism". International Socialist Review. Retrieved 2022-08-22.
  4. ^ a b "Ignoring Antisemitism's Threat". Jacobin. Retrieved 2022-08-22.
  5. ^ "Anti-Zionism and Anti-Semitism". Dissent Magazine. Retrieved 2022-08-30.
  6. ^ Reitter, Paul (2008). The Anti-Journalist: Karl Kraus and Jewish Self-Fashioning in Fin-de-Siècle Europe. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. p. 79. ISBN 9780226709727.
  7. ^ Antisemitism in the Modern World: An Anthology of Texts. D.C. Heath. 1991. ISBN 9780669243406. Retrieved 2022-08-22.
  8. ^ Weiss, Bari (2019). How to Fight Anti-Semitism. New York: Crown. p. 102. ISBN 9780593136263.
  9. ^ Avnery, Uri (January 6, 2017). "Anti-Semitic Zionists". Portside.org. Retrieved 2022-08-22.
  10. ^ "How Steve Bannon and Breitbart News Can Be Pro-Israel — and Anti-Semitic at the Same Time". The Forward. 15 November 2016. Retrieved 2022-08-22.
  11. ^ Massad, Joseph. "Opinion: The last of the Semites". Al Jazeera English. Retrieved 2022-09-17.
  12. ^ Gresh, Alain (August 22, 2017). "INTERVIEW: Alain Gresh: BDS reveals negative image of Israel" (Interview). Interviewed by Mechaï, Hassina. Middle East Eye. Retrieved 2022-09-04.
  13. ^ "Recommendations: Implementing the IHRA Definition of Antisemitism for NGO Funding" (PDF). NGO Monitor. January 2021. Retrieved 2022-08-22.
  14. ^ "French Jewish group accuses Israel of causing anti-Semitism, loses state funding". The Times of Israel. February 18, 2018. Retrieved 2022-08-22.
  15. ^ "Appel de 127 intellectuels juifs aux députés français". Le Monde. Retrieved 2022-10-26.
  16. ^ "Italy's Salvini and discussions of Islamophobia". Daily Sabah. Retrieved 2022-10-26.
  17. ^ "A call from Jewish academics to French MPs". Verso Books. Retrieved 2022-10-26.
  18. ^ "Germany's pro-Israel Left Has a New Target in the Crosshairs: Jews". Haaretz. Ha'aretz. Retrieved 2022-09-12.
  19. ^ Frey, Isabel (June 3, 2021). "When 'Antifa' Is the Enemy". Jewish Currents. Retrieved 2022-09-12.
  20. ^ "The Israelis challenging the German left's anti-Palestinian politics". +972 Magazine. 21 July 2021. Retrieved 2022-09-12.
  21. ^ Zimmerman, Joshua D. (2003). Contested Memories: Poles and Jews During the Holocaust and Its Aftermath. New Brunswick, New Jersey, and London: Rutgers University Press. p. 27. ISBN 9780813531588.
  22. ^ Proceedings of the ... World Congress of Jewish Studies, Volume 9, Issue 3. World Union of Jewish Studies. p. 525.
  23. ^ Omer, Atalia (21 January 2021). "Weaponizing Antisemitism is Bad for Jews, Israel, and Peace". Contending Modernities, University of Notre Dame. Retrieved 2022-09-10.
  24. ^ "WHY DID AN ANTISEMITIC CHRISTIAN ZIONIST HAVE THE CHUTZPAH TO DECLARE THAT HE'D BE LEADING A HOLOCAUST MARCH?". Religion Dispatches. 27 April 2022. Retrieved 2022-08-30.
  25. ^ "John Hagee Is A Muslim-Hating, Antisemitic, Annexationist Extremist. He's No Friend of Israel". Haaretz. Ha'aretz. Retrieved 2022-08-22.
  26. ^ Žižek, Slavoj (2012). The Year of Dreaming Dangerously. London and New York: Verso. p. 39. ISBN 9781781680438.
  27. ^ "Deconstructing Zionism: A Critique of Political Metaphysic". University of Notre Dame. Retrieved 2022-09-10.
  28. ^ Omer, Atalia (2019). Days of Awe: Reimagining Jewishness in Solidarity with Palestinians. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. p. 242. ISBN 9780226616070.
  29. ^ "Opinion: Steve Bannon Is Bad for the Jews". The New York Times. Retrieved 2022-10-26.
  30. ^ "Opinion: An unlikely union: Israel and the European far right". Al Jazeera English. Retrieved 2022-10-26.
  31. ^ "An unholy alliance". +972 Magazine. 5 November 2020. Retrieved 2022-09-10.
  32. ^ "Why Is Bannon's Antisemitism Considered Alright?". Johns Hopkins University. Retrieved 2022-08-26.
  33. ^ "The Real Purpose of Trump's Executive Order on Anti-Semitism". The New Yorker. Retrieved 2022-09-01.
  34. ^ "'Unabashedly Progressive, Unapologetically Zionist': How 'Progressive' Jewish Groups Enabled Trump's Executive Order". Palestine Chronicle. 17 December 2019. Retrieved 2022-09-01.
  35. ^ "Debunking the myth that anti-Zionism is antisemitic". The Guardian. 7 March 2019. Retrieved 2022-09-01.
  36. ^ "PSC's Israel Libels Reflect a Systemic Issue at York". Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America. Retrieved 2022-08-22.
  37. ^ "Anti-Israel Groups and Activists Link Capitol Hill Rioters with Israel and her Supporters". Anti-Defamation League. January 13, 2021. Retrieved 2022-08-22.
  38. ^ "The Anti-Israel Movement on U.S. Campuses, 2020-2021". ADL. May 3, 2022. Retrieved 2022-08-22.
  39. ^ Ahlman, Austin (May 15, 2022). "Jewish Progressives Sound the Alarm as Pro-Israel Groups Target Marginalized Communities". The Intercept. Retrieved 2022-09-01.
  40. ^ "In ridiculous claim, left-wing Jewish group calls AIPAC 'antisemitic'". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 2022-08-22.
  41. ^ Myers, David N. (2021). "The Perils of Naming: On Donald Trump, Jews, and Antisemites". Journal of Holocaust Research. 35 (2): 154–162. doi:10.1080/25785648.2021.1899511. S2CID 233731615. Retrieved 2022-09-01 – via davidnmyers.com.
  42. ^ "Video: The Politics of Defining: A Roundtable Discussion about the Jerusalem Declaration on Antisemitism". Harvard Divinity School. May 17, 2021. Retrieved 2022-09-10.
  43. ^ Žižek, Slavoj (8 August 2011). "Opinion: A vile logic to Anders Breivik's choice of target". The Guardian. Retrieved 2022-08-22.
  44. ^ Goldberg, Michelle (July 26, 2011). "Norway Shooter Anders Breivik's Zionism in Line With Pro-Israel European Right". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 2022-09-18.
  45. ^ Lorber, Ben (January 22, 2021). "How the Israeli flag became a symbol for white nationalists". +972 Magazine. Retrieved 2022-08-22.

External links

Further reading

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