Valmiki: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox Hindu leader |
{{Infobox Hindu leader |
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|name = |
|name = Valmiki |
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|image = Valmiki Ramayana.jpg |
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|caption = Valmiki composing the Ramayana. |
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|honors = Revered as the ''Adi Kavi,'' which means ''First Poet,'' for he discovered the first ''[[shloka|śloka]].'' |
|honors = Revered as the ''Adi Kavi,'' which means ''First Poet,'' for he discovered the first ''[[shloka|śloka]].'' |
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|quote = |
|quote = |
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|footnotes = Composed [[Ramayana]] |
|footnotes = Composed [[Ramayana]] and [[Yoga Vasistha]] |
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'''Valmiki''' ([[Sanskrit]]: वाल्मीकि, ''vālmīki'') (during Lord Rama's time)<ref>Julia Leslie, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=466QEN_Av4MC Authority and Meaning in Indian Religions: Hinduism and the Case of Valmiki]'', Ashgate (2003), p. 154. ISBN 0754634310</ref> is celebrated as the poet harbinger in Sanskrit literature. He is the author of the epic ''[[Ramayana]]'', based on the attribution in the text of the epic itself.<ref name="Golgman1">{{cite book | author = Vālmīki, Robert P. Goldman | title = {{IAST|The Rāmāyaṇa of Vālmīki}}: An Epic of Ancient India | volume = 1 | publisher = Princeton University Press | year = 1990 | pages = 14–15 | isbn = 069101485X}}</ref> He is revered as the ''Adi Kavi,'' which means ''First Poet,'' for he discovered the first ''[[shloka|śloka]]'' i.e. first ''verse'', which set the base and defined the form to Sanskrit poetry. |
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At least by the 1st century AD, Valmiki's reputation as the father of Sanskrit classical poetry seems to have been legendary. [[Ashvagosha]] writes in the [[Buddhacarita]]: |
At least by the 1st century AD, Valmiki's reputation as the father of Sanskrit classical poetry seems to have been legendary. [[Ashvagosha]] writes in the [[Buddhacarita]]: |
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:''"The voice of Valmiki uttered poetry which the great seer [[Chyavana]] could not compose."'' |
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This particular verse has been speculated to indicate a familial relationship between Valmiki and Chyavana, as implied by the previous and subsequent verses.<ref>E. B. Cowell, tr., ''The Buddhacharita of Asvagosha,'' Book I, Verse 48. Clarendon Press (1894)</ref><ref>Ilapvuluri Panduranga Rao, Valmiki, Sahitya Akademi, India (1994) - Makers of Indian Literature - ISBN 8172016808</ref> |
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==Early life== |
==Early life== |
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Maharishi Valmiki was born in a shudra family. His birth name was Ratnakara. But the trust factor of the sources is questionable.When everyone left to travel south Sumali took his son and wife and moved near the bank of Vipasa River (Northern India). |
Valmiki was the son of Sumali. Maharishi Valmiki was born in a shudra family. His birth name was Ratnakara. But the trust factor of the sources is questionable.When everyone left to travel south Sumali took his son and wife and moved near the bank of [[Beas River|Vipasa River]] (Northern India).<ref name="Mittal">Mittal, J. P. "Maharishi Valmiki." History of Ancient India: a New Version. New Delhi: Atlantic, 2006. 270-73. Print.</ref> The ''Uttara Khanda'' tells the story of Valmiki's early life, as an unnamed highway robber who used to rob people before killing them. Other versions name him Valya Meet.<ref>[http://www.shehjar.com/content/1506/1.html] Valmiki Ramayana (A play adaptation)</ref><ref>[http://balsanskar.com/english/lekh/3.html] Valya became Valmiki - Stories of Sages !</ref><ref>[http://buddhasangha.com/stories/osho/osho-on-sage-narada-valmiki.html] |
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Osho Story on Sage Narada and Valmiki</ref> Robbing people who passed by was the only source of money for him.<ref name="Mittal"/> |
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==How he became Valmiki== |
==How he became Valmiki== |
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One day [[Narada]] Muni<ref name="Joshi">Joshi, Dinkar, and Yogesh Patel. "Maharishi Valmiki." Glimpses of Indian Culture. New Delhi: Star Publications. 38-40. Print.</ref> was passing by that way when he ran into Ratnakara, who insisted them to give everything he owns, from his clothing to the shoes he was wearing. Narada asked Ratnakara why he was committing this sin. Ratnakara answered that this was the only way to provide food for his family. Narada, then, asked him if his family was part of this sin that he was committing and he told him to go ask his family that same question. Ratnakara tied Narada to a tree to make him stay in that same spot until he was back. When Ratnakara asked his parents if they were with him on the sin that he was doing, they replied that it was his job to take care of them, and that he was only responsible for his own sins. His wife also said the same thing. Ratnakara then returned to Narad Muni and fell to his feet. He told him that he alone was responsible for the sins and asked him to help him get rid of the sins he had committed.<ref name="Mittal"/> Narada told him to repeat Lord Rama's name and that would assist him. Then, after Narada left, Ratnakara went into a deep penance while reciting the Lord's name. Soon, an anthill grew around him. After a long penance, a divine light came upon him and said that he was free from all sins, and that he was to be called "Valmiki" from then (Valmiki meaning 'one who sits in an anthill' in [[Sanskrit]]).<ref name="Joshi"/> |
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==Writer of the Ramayana== |
==Writer of the Ramayana== |
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Revision as of 18:55, 18 February 2012
Valmiki | |
|---|---|
 Valmiki composing the Ramayana. | |
| Organization | |
| Philosophy | Religious movement called Valmikism is based on Valmiki's teachings. |
| Honors | Revered as the Adi Kavi, which means First Poet, for he discovered the first śloka. |
| Composed Ramayana and Yoga Vasistha | |
Valmiki (Sanskrit: वाल्मीकि, vālmīki) (during Lord Rama's time)[1] is celebrated as the poet harbinger in Sanskrit literature. He is the author of the epic Ramayana, based on the attribution in the text of the epic itself.[2] He is revered as the Adi Kavi, which means First Poet, for he discovered the first śloka i.e. first verse, which set the base and defined the form to Sanskrit poetry.
At least by the 1st century AD, Valmiki's reputation as the father of Sanskrit classical poetry seems to have been legendary. Ashvagosha writes in the Buddhacarita:
- "The voice of Valmiki uttered poetry which the great seer Chyavana could not compose."
This particular verse has been speculated to indicate a familial relationship between Valmiki and Chyavana, as implied by the previous and subsequent verses.[3][4]
Early life
Valmiki was the son of Sumali. Maharishi Valmiki was born in a shudra family. His birth name was Ratnakara. But the trust factor of the sources is questionable.When everyone left to travel south Sumali took his son and wife and moved near the bank of Vipasa River (Northern India).[5] The Uttara Khanda tells the story of Valmiki's early life, as an unnamed highway robber who used to rob people before killing them. Other versions name him Valya Meet.[6][7][8] Robbing people who passed by was the only source of money for him.[5]
How he became Valmiki
One day Narada Muni[9] was passing by that way when he ran into Ratnakara, who insisted them to give everything he owns, from his clothing to the shoes he was wearing. Narada asked Ratnakara why he was committing this sin. Ratnakara answered that this was the only way to provide food for his family. Narada, then, asked him if his family was part of this sin that he was committing and he told him to go ask his family that same question. Ratnakara tied Narada to a tree to make him stay in that same spot until he was back. When Ratnakara asked his parents if they were with him on the sin that he was doing, they replied that it was his job to take care of them, and that he was only responsible for his own sins. His wife also said the same thing. Ratnakara then returned to Narad Muni and fell to his feet. He told him that he alone was responsible for the sins and asked him to help him get rid of the sins he had committed.[5] Narada told him to repeat Lord Rama's name and that would assist him. Then, after Narada left, Ratnakara went into a deep penance while reciting the Lord's name. Soon, an anthill grew around him. After a long penance, a divine light came upon him and said that he was free from all sins, and that he was to be called "Valmiki" from then (Valmiki meaning 'one who sits in an anthill' in Sanskrit).[9]
Writer of the Ramayana
_LACMA_AC1999.127.45.jpg)
The Rāmāyaṇa, originally written by Valmiki, consists of 24,000 verses[10] in seven cantos (some say six i.e. excluding the Uttara Ramayana) (kāṇḍas). The Ramayana tells the story of a prince, Rama of Ayodhya, whose wife Sita is abducted by the demon (Rākshasa) king of Lanka, Rāvana. The Valmiki Ramayana is dated variously from 500 BC to 100 BC, or about co-eval with early versions of the Mahabhārata.[11] As with many traditional epics, it has gone through a long process of interpolations and redactions, making it impossible to date accurately.
Notwithstanding the aforesaid, it is pertinent to note that Valmiki is also quoted to be the contemporary of Rama. Rama met Valmiki during his period of exile and had interacted with him. Valmiki had Sita in his hermitage where Kusa and Lava were born to Sita. Valmiki taught Ramayana to Kusa and Lava, who later sang the divine story in Ayodhya during the Aswamedha yaga congregation, to the pleasure of the audience, whereupon, King Rama summoned them to his royal palace. Kusa and Lava sang the story of Rama there, and Rama confirmed that whatever had been sung by these two children was entirely true.
The first śloka
Valmiki was going to the river Ganges for his daily ablutions. A disciple by the name Bharadwaja was carrying his clothes. On the way, they came across the Tamasa Stream. Looking at the stream, Valmiki said to his disciple, "Look, how clear is this water, like the mind of a good man! I will bathe here today." When he was looking for a suitable place to step into the stream, he heard the sweet chirping of birds. Looking up, he saw two birds flying together. Valmiki felt very pleased on seeing the happy birds. Suddenly, one of the birds fell down, hit by an arrow; it was the male bird. Seeing the wounded one, its mate screamed in agony. Valmiki's heart melted at this pitiful sight. He looked around to find out who had shot the bird. He saw a hunter with a bow and arrows, nearby. Valmiki became very angry. His lips opened and he uttered the following words:
मां निषाद प्रतिष्ठां त्वमगमः शाश्वतीः समाः। यत्क्रौंचमिथुनादेकम् अवधीः काममोहितम्॥'
- mā niṣāda pratiṣṭhāṁ tvamagamaḥ śāśvatīḥ samāḥ
- yat krauñcamithunādekam avadhīḥ kāmamohitam[12]
- You will find no rest for the long years of Eternity
- For you killed a bird in love and unsuspecting[13]
Emerging spontaneously from his rage and grief, this was the first śloka in Sanskrit literature. Later Valmiki composed the entire Ramayana with the blessings of Lord Brahma in the same meter that issued forth from him as the śloka. Thus this śloka is revered as the "first śloka" in Hindu literature. Valmiki is revered as the first poet, or Adi Kavi, and the Ramayana, the first kavya.
His first disciples to whom he taught the Ramayana were Kusa and Lava, the sons of Rama.
See also
References
- ^ Julia Leslie, Authority and Meaning in Indian Religions: Hinduism and the Case of Valmiki, Ashgate (2003), p. 154. ISBN 0754634310
- ^ Vālmīki, Robert P. Goldman (1990). The Rāmāyaṇa of Vālmīki: An Epic of Ancient India. Vol. 1. Princeton University Press. pp. 14–15. ISBN 069101485X.
- ^ E. B. Cowell, tr., The Buddhacharita of Asvagosha, Book I, Verse 48. Clarendon Press (1894)
- ^ Ilapvuluri Panduranga Rao, Valmiki, Sahitya Akademi, India (1994) - Makers of Indian Literature - ISBN 8172016808
- ^ a b c Mittal, J. P. "Maharishi Valmiki." History of Ancient India: a New Version. New Delhi: Atlantic, 2006. 270-73. Print.
- ^ [1] Valmiki Ramayana (A play adaptation)
- ^ [2] Valya became Valmiki - Stories of Sages !
- ^ [3] Osho Story on Sage Narada and Valmiki
- ^ a b Joshi, Dinkar, and Yogesh Patel. "Maharishi Valmiki." Glimpses of Indian Culture. New Delhi: Star Publications. 38-40. Print.
- ^ and 7 cantos{Kandas}including the Uttara canto{Kanda}Rāmāyaṇa is composed of about 480,002 words, a quarter of the length of the full text of the Mahabharata or about four times the length of the Iliad.
- ^ Goldman, Robert P., The Ramayana of Valmiki: An Epic of Ancient India pp. 23
- ^ Sacred-Texts.com IAST encoded transliteration (modified from original source to accurately reflect sandhi rules)
- ^ Buck, William and van Nooten, B. A. Ramayana. 2000, page 7
External links
- Valmiki biography webpage
- Satya Sarada Kandula, "Valmiki - Adikavi", The Ancient Indians
- Shastra Nethralaya, Rishikesh
- Ramayana by Valmiki illustrated with Indian miniatures from the 16th to the 19th century
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