Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism: Difference between revisions
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| ⚫ | In 2009, Pakistani President [[Asif Zardari]] admitted on a conference in Islamabad that Pakistan had, in the past created terrorist groups as a strategic tool for its geostrategic agenda.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/pakistan/5779916/Pakistani-president-Asif-Zardari-admits-creating-terrorist-groups.html | work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] | title=Pakistani president Asif Zardari admits creating terrorist groups | date=2009| accessdate=}}</ref> [[Pakistan]] had long been accused by neighbours [[India]], [[Afghanistan]], [[Iran]] and western nations like the [[United States]],<ref name="US">International Terrorism: Threats and Responses: Hearings Before the Committee on the Judiciary By United States Congress House Committee on the Judiciary, ISBN 0-16-052230-7, 1996, pp482</ref><ref>[http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/crt/2000/2441.htm Overview of State-Sponsored Terrorism] April 30, 2001 [[U.S. State Department]]</ref> and the [[United Kingdom]]<ref>[http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_29-5-2002_pg1_1 Daily Times Story]</ref> of its involvement in terrorist activities in India as well as Afghanistan .<ref>[http://www.dawn.com/herald/jul05.htm Back to Camp]-Dawn July 2005</ref><ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/18/world/asia/18cnd-afghan.html Pakistan's link to Afghan terrorism]</ref> Pakistan's tribal region along the border of Afghanistan is claimed to be a "haven for terrorists",<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.economist.com/node/9005270 | work=[[Economist]] | title=A safe haven for terrorists | date=Apr 12, 2007| accessdate=Jan 1, 2012}}</ref> it is considered among the most dangerous nations in the world.<ref>[http://www.cfr.org/publication/9514/ ]{{dead link|date=May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Ron Moreau |url=http://www.newsweek.com/id/57485 |title=Pakistan: The Most Dangerous? - The Daily Beast |publisher=Newsweek.com |date=2007-10-20 |accessdate=2012-05-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20011217/main1.htm |title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Main News |publisher=Tribuneindia.com |date=2001-12-17 |accessdate=2012-05-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ISI_still_helping_terror_groups_against_India_Narayanan/articleshow/2902592.cms | work=The Times Of India | title=ISI still helping terror groups against India: Narayanan | date=March 27, 2008}}</ref> The Pakistani intelligence agency, the [[Inter-Services Intelligence]](ISI), is believed to be aiding these organizations in eradicating perceived enemies or those opposed to their cause, including India, Russia, China, Israel, the US, the UK and other members of NATO.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/jandk/terrorist_outfits/lashkar_e_toiba.htm |title=Lashkar-e-Toiba |publisher=Satp.org |date= |accessdate=2012-05-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/publication/17882/ |title=Lashkar-e-Taiba (Army of the Pure) (aka Lashkar e-Tayyiba, Lashkar e-Toiba; Lashkar-i-Taiba) - Council on Foreign Relations |publisher=Cfr.org |date= |accessdate=2012-05-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3181925.stm | work=BBC News | title=Profile: Lashkar-e-Taiba | date=May 3, 2010 | accessdate=May 20, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.harkatulmujahideen.org/ |title=Harkat-ul-Mujahideen |publisher=Harkat-ul-Mujahideen |date= |accessdate=2012-05-28}}</ref> Satellite imagery from the [[FBI]] <ref>[http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?NewsID=1044850 FBI identifies terror camp in Pakistan through satellite pictures]</ref> suggest the existence of several terrorist camps in Pakistan, with at least one militant admitting to being trained in the country as part of the going Kashmir Dispute , pakistan is alleged to be supporting separatist maltias <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_14-6-2005_pg1_4 |title=Leading News Resource of Pakistan |publisher=Daily Times |date=2005-06-14 |accessdate=2012-05-28}}</ref> The [[JKLF]], a militant outfit considered a terrorist group by the Indian government, has admitted to having more than 3,000 of its militants trained in Pakistan.<ref name="rediff.com">[http://www.rediff.com/news/2005/oct/16quake1.htm 'Pak feared exposure of militant camps'] - [[Rediff]] October 16, 2005</ref> Many [[nonpartisan]] sources believe that officials within Pakistan’s military and the [[Inter-Services Intelligence]] (ISI) sympathize with and aid [[Islamic terrorists]], saying that the "ISI has provided covert but well-documented support to terrorist groups active in Kashmir, including the [[al-Qaeda]] affiliate [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]]".<ref name="Terrorism Havens: Pakistan">[http://www.cfr.org/publication/9514/ Terrorism Havens: Pakistan] - [[Council on Foreign Relations]]</ref> Pakistan denied involvement in militant activities in [[Kashmir]], though President [[Asif Ali Zardari]] admitted in July 2010 <ref name="Zardari says Pak created and nurtured militants">[http://ibnlive.in.com/news/zardari-says-pak-created-and-nurtured-militants/96670-2.html Zardari says Pak created and nurtured militants - CNN IBN News]</ref> that militants had been "deliberately created and nurtured" by past governments "as a policy to achieve some short-term tactical objectives" stating they were heros till 9/11. In October 2010, former Pakistan President and former head of the [[Pakistan Army]], [[Pervez Musharraf]] revealed that Pakistani armed forces trained militant groups to fight Indian forces in Kashmir.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-11474618|title= Musharraf admits Kashmir militants trained in Pakistan|date= 5 October 2010|publisher=''[[BBC News]]''}}</ref> Many Kashmiri militant groups designated as terrorist organizations by the US still maintain their headquarters in [[Pakistan-administered Kashmir]]. This is cited by the Indian government as further proof that Pakistan supports terrorism. Many of the terrorist organisations are banned by the UN, but continue to operate under different names. Even the normally reticent [[United Nations Organization]] (UNO) has also publicly increased pressure on Pakistan on its inability to control its Afghanistan border and not restricting the activities of Taliban leaders who have been declared by the UN as terrorists.<ref name="iht.com">[http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/01/09/news/afghan.php Pakistan should crack down on Taliban, UN official says]</ref><ref name="BBC Story">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/5190244.stm BBC Story]</ref> Both the federal and state governments in India continue to accuse Pakistan of helping several banned terrorist organizations, including the Indian organizationss unhappy with their own Government, like the [[ULFA]] in [[Assam]].<ref>[http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/20000315/ifr15044.html Assam accuses Pakistan High Commission of helping ULFA]</ref> |
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In 2009, Pakistani President [[Asif Zardari]] admitted on a conference in Islamabad that Pakistan had, in the past created terrorist groups as a strategic tool for its geostrategic agenda.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/pakistan/5779916/Pakistani-president-Asif-Zardari-admits-creating-terrorist-groups.html | work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] | title=Pakistani president Asif Zardari admits creating terrorist groups | date=2009| accessdate=}}</ref> Many of the so-called "militant groups" are remnants of the Soviet war in Afghanistan and were initially created and funded by the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA) of the [[United States]]. The [[Al-Qaeda]] and several other Afghan resistance groups originating from the Soviet era are prominent examples.<ref name="globalresearch">{{cite web|title=Al Qaeda and the "War on Terrorism"|work=Global Research|date=20 January 2008|accessdate=29 May 2012|first=Michel|last=Chossudovsky}}</ref> According to Michel Chossudovsky from ''Global Research'': |
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{{Quote|Ironically, Al Qaeda --the "outside enemy of America" as well as the alleged architect of the 9/11 attacks-- is a creation of the CIA. From the outset of the Soviet-Afghan war in the early 1980s, the US intelligence apparatus has supported the formation of the "Islamic brigades".<ref name="globalresearch"/>}} |
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[[Pakistan]] has been alleged by neighbours [[India]], [[Afghanistan]], [[Iran]] and western nations like the [[United States]],<ref name="US">International Terrorism: Threats and Responses: Hearings Before the Committee on the Judiciary By United States Congress House Committee on the Judiciary, ISBN 0-16-052230-7, 1996, pp482</ref><ref>[http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/crt/2000/2441.htm Overview of State-Sponsored Terrorism] April 30, 2001 [[U.S. State Department]]</ref> and the [[United Kingdom]]<ref>[http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_29-5-2002_pg1_1 Daily Times Story]</ref> of its involvement in terrorist activities in India as well as Afghanistan .<ref>[http://www.dawn.com/herald/jul05.htm Back to Camp]-Dawn July 2005</ref><ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/18/world/asia/18cnd-afghan.html Pakistan's link to Afghan terrorism]</ref> Likewise, there have been several allegations by Pakistan that [[Afghanistan]] has supported several terrorist organisations and secessionist militant movements inside Pakistan (see [[Afghanistan and state terrorism]]). India has [[Indians_in_Afghanistan#Alleged_intelligence_activity_and_support_for_insurgents|also been accused by Pakistan]] for being involved in funding Baloch rebels in the [[Balochistan conflict]], using its presence in Afghanistan. |
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There have been allegations that the Inter-Services Intelligence agency of Pakistan, which played a "go-between" role in training these CIA-funded groups during the Afghan war, may have continued to patronise them after the war.<ref name="globalresearch"/> However, these allegations have been refuted by Pakistan. Pakistan maintains that these alleged links are "intelligence links", in the same way that the CIA "also has links with many terrorist organisations around the world."<ref name="cialinks">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/article2487602.ece?homepage=true|title=Haqqani network “blue-eyed boy” of CIA: Khar|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=26 September 2011|accessdate=29 May 2012}}</ref> According to [[Hina Rabbani Khar]], the Foreign Minister of Pakistan: |
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{{Quote|If we talk about links, I am sure the CIA also has links with many terrorist organisations around the world, by which we mean intelligence links. And this particular network ([[Haqqani network]]), which the U.S. continues to talk about, is a network which was the blue-eyed boy of the CIA itself for many years.<ref name="cialinks"/>}} |
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The Haqqani network was trained and produced by the CIA and did not originate in Pakistan.<ref name="rehmanmalik"/> Pakistani interior minister [[Rehman Malik]] remarked that the U.S. should not now speak about "things which happened 20 years ago", while acknowledging that Pakistan helped the CIA in the 1980s to end Soviet intervention in Afghanistan.<ref name="rehmanmalik">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/article2486630.ece|title=CIA created Haqqani network during Soviet occupation: Pakistan|work=The Hindu|date=26 September 2011|accessdate=29 May 2012}}</ref> |
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==Background== |
==Background== |
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* [[Human rights violations in Balochistan]] |
* [[Human rights violations in Balochistan]] |
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* [[Inter-Services Intelligence activities in Afghanistan]] |
* [[Inter-Services Intelligence activities in Afghanistan]] |
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===Related articles=== |
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* [[India and state terrorism]] |
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* [[Afghanistan and state terrorism]] |
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* [[United States and state terrorism]] |
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* [[Iran and state terrorism]] |
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==References== |
==References== |
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Revision as of 18:17, 28 May 2012
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In 2009, Pakistani President Asif Zardari admitted on a conference in Islamabad that Pakistan had, in the past created terrorist groups as a strategic tool for its geostrategic agenda.[1] Pakistan had long been accused by neighbours India, Afghanistan, Iran and western nations like the United States,[2][3] and the United Kingdom[4] of its involvement in terrorist activities in India as well as Afghanistan .[5][6] Pakistan's tribal region along the border of Afghanistan is claimed to be a "haven for terrorists",[7] it is considered among the most dangerous nations in the world.[8][9][10][11] The Pakistani intelligence agency, the Inter-Services Intelligence(ISI), is believed to be aiding these organizations in eradicating perceived enemies or those opposed to their cause, including India, Russia, China, Israel, the US, the UK and other members of NATO.[12][13][14][15] Satellite imagery from the FBI [16] suggest the existence of several terrorist camps in Pakistan, with at least one militant admitting to being trained in the country as part of the going Kashmir Dispute , pakistan is alleged to be supporting separatist maltias [17] The JKLF, a militant outfit considered a terrorist group by the Indian government, has admitted to having more than 3,000 of its militants trained in Pakistan.[18] Many nonpartisan sources believe that officials within Pakistan’s military and the Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) sympathize with and aid Islamic terrorists, saying that the "ISI has provided covert but well-documented support to terrorist groups active in Kashmir, including the al-Qaeda affiliate Jaish-e-Mohammed".[19] Pakistan denied involvement in militant activities in Kashmir, though President Asif Ali Zardari admitted in July 2010 [20] that militants had been "deliberately created and nurtured" by past governments "as a policy to achieve some short-term tactical objectives" stating they were heros till 9/11. In October 2010, former Pakistan President and former head of the Pakistan Army, Pervez Musharraf revealed that Pakistani armed forces trained militant groups to fight Indian forces in Kashmir.[21] Many Kashmiri militant groups designated as terrorist organizations by the US still maintain their headquarters in Pakistan-administered Kashmir. This is cited by the Indian government as further proof that Pakistan supports terrorism. Many of the terrorist organisations are banned by the UN, but continue to operate under different names. Even the normally reticent United Nations Organization (UNO) has also publicly increased pressure on Pakistan on its inability to control its Afghanistan border and not restricting the activities of Taliban leaders who have been declared by the UN as terrorists.[22][23] Both the federal and state governments in India continue to accuse Pakistan of helping several banned terrorist organizations, including the Indian organizationss unhappy with their own Government, like the ULFA in Assam.[24]
Background
Until Pakistan became a key ally in the War on Terrorism, the US Secretary of State included Pakistan on the 1993 list of countries which repeatedly provide support for acts of international terrorism.[2] The recent 2006 transatlantic aircraft plot is also blamed by various sections in the media as being the handiwork of elements in the Pakistani administration. Press editorials from around the world have consistently and strongly condemned Pakistan's "terror exports".[25] In fact, many consider that Pakistan has been playing both sides in the fight against terror, on the one hand, pretending to help curtail terrorist activities while on the other, stoking it.[26][27] Even the noted Pakistani journalist Ahmed Rashid has accused Pakistan's ISI of providing help to the Taliban,[28] a statement echoed by many, including author Ted Galen Carpenter, who states that Pakistan has "assisted rebel forces in Kashmir even though those groups have committed terrorist acts against civilians".[29]
Sponsoring terrorism
Author Gordon Thomas states that whilst aiding in the capture of Al Qaeda members, Pakistan "still sponsored terrorist groups in the disputed state of Kashmir, funding, training and arming them in their war of attrition against India". Journalist Stephen Schwartz notes that several terrorist and criminal groups are "backed by senior officers in the Pakistani army, the country's ISI intelligence establishment and other armed bodies of the state".[30] According to the author Daniel Byman, "Pakistan is probably today's most active sponsor of terrorism."[31] writing in an article published by The Australian stated, "following the terror massacres in Mumbai, Pakistan may now be the single biggest state sponsor of terrorism, beyond even Iran, yet it has never been listed by the US State Department as a state sponsor of terrorism".[32]
Inter-Services Intelligence and terrorism
The ISI, has often been accused of playing a role in major terrorist attacks across the world including
- terrorism in Kashmir,[33][34][35]
- the July 2006 Mumbai Train Bombings,[36]
- the July 2005 London bombings,[37]
- the 2001 Indian Parliament attack,[38]
- the 2006 Varanasi bombings,[39]
- the August 2007 Hyderabad bombings[40][41] and
- the November 2008 Mumbai attacks.[42][43]
The ISI is also accused of supporting Taliban forces[44] and recruiting and training mujahideen[44][45] to fight in Afghanistan[46][47] and Kashmir.[47] Based on communication intercepts, US intelligence agencies concluded Pakistan's ISI was behind the attack on the Indian embassy in Kabul on July 7, 2008, a charge that the governments of India and Afghanistan had laid previously.[48]
The Afghan President Hamid Karzai, who has regularly reiterated allegations that militants operating training camps in Pakistan have used it as a launch platform to attack targets in Afghanistan, urged Western military allies to target extremist hideouts in neighbouring Pakistan.[49] In response to the millants from afghanistan hiding in the mountainous tribal reigion of Pakistan . The US and Pakistan agreed to allow US Drone Strikes in Pakistan. [50]
Several detainees at the Guantanamo Bay facility told US interrogators that they were aided by the ISI for attacks in the disputed Kashmir Region.[51]
Links to Islamic terrorist groups
Pakistan is said to be a haven for terrorist groups like Al-Qaeda,[52] Lashkar-e-Omar, Lashkar-e-Toiba, Jaish-e-Mohammed and Sipah-e-Sahaba. Pakistan is accused of giving aid to the Taliban, "which include[s] soliciting funding for the Taliban, bankrolling Taliban operations, providing diplomatic support as the Taliban's virtual emissaries abroad, arranging training for Taliban fighters, recruiting skilled and unskilled manpower to serve in Taliban armies, planning and directing offensives, providing and facilitating shipments of ammunition and fuel, and on several occasions apparently directly providing combat support," as stated by the Human Rights Watch.[53] In 2008, the US has stated that the next attack on the US could originate in Pakistan.[54] In June 2009, India’s army chief, General Deepak Kapoor, used a meeting with US national security adviser Jim Jones to claim that Pakistan was home to 43 “terrorist camps”, while rejecting suggestions of engaging in fresh peace talks.[55][56] Another militant outfit, the JKLF, has openly admitted that more than 3,000 militants from various nationalities were still being trained.[18] Other resources also concur, stating that Pakistan’s military and ISI both include personnel who sympathize with and help Islamic militants, adding that "ISI has provided covert but well-documented support to terrorist groups active in Kashmir, including the Jaish-e-Mohammed."[19] Pakistan has denied any involvement in the terrorist activities in Kashmir, arguing that it only provides political and moral support to the so called 'secessionist' groups. Many Kashmiri groups also maintain their headquarters in Pakistan-administered Kashmir, which is cited as further proof by the Indian Government. The normally reticent United Nations Organization (UNO) has also publicly increased pressure on Pakistan on its inability to control its Afghanistan border and not restricting the activities of Taliban leaders who have been declared by the UN as terrorists.[22][23]
Alleged support of Pakistani Army to terrorists
Bin Laden was the ‘Golden Goose’ that the army had kept under its watch but which, to its chagrin, has now been stolen from under its nose. Until then, the thinking had been to trade in the Goose at the right time for the right price, either in the form of dollars or political concessions
— Prof. Pervez Hoodbhoy, Pakistani nuclear physicist, essayist and political-defence analyst, in The Tribune [57]
According to a 2001 article titled "Overview of State-Sponsored Terrorism" issued by the US Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism , "In South Asia, the United States has been increasingly concerned about reports of Pakistani support to terrorist groups and elements active in Kashmir, as well as Pakistani support, especially military support, to the Taliban, which continues to harbor terrorist groups, including al-Qaida, the Egyptian Islamic Jihad, al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya, and the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan."[58]
In 2011, American troops reportedly recovered Pakistani military supplies from Taliban insurgents in Afghanistan.[59]
Problems
US National Security Advisor James L Jones sent a tough message in the past to Pakistan saying that double standards on terrorism were not acceptable.[60] In July 2010, British Prime Minsiter David Cameron accused the Pakistani government of double standards: "We cannot tolerate in any sense the idea that this country is allowed to look both ways and is able, in any way, to promote the export of terror, whether to India or whether to Afghanistan or anywhere else in the world."[61]
Allegations of terrorism by Pakistan in Afghanistan
US intelligence officials claim that Pakistan's ISI sponsored the 2008 Indian embassy bombing in Kabul.[62] They say that the ISI officers who aided the attack were not renegades, indicating that their actions might have been authorized by superiors. The attack was carried out by Jalaluddin Haqqani, who runs a network that Western intelligence services say is responsible for a campaign of violence throughout Afghanistan, including the Indian Embassy bombing and the 2008 Kabul Serena Hotel attack.[62]
Allegations of Pakistan-backed terrorism in India
The government of Pakistan has been accused of aiding terrorist organizations operating on their soil who have attacked neighboring India. Pakistan denies all allegations, stating that these acts are committed by non-state actors.[63][64] The country has had a history of instability and military coups with General Zia-ul-Haq starting a guerilla holy war, jihad against non-muslim countries, in the early 1980s' and which is being perpetuated by General Pervez Musharraf who came to power after overthrowing Nawaz Sharif in 1999 and Asif Zardari who came to power with the assassination of his wife Benazir Bhutto, allegedly by the Taliban and Al Qaeda, in 2008.[65][66] The country also blames the US and India for inciting terrorism on their soil,[67] when actually the Al Qaeda and other terrorists have been active on Pakistani soil.[68][69]
India alleged that the recent 2008 Mumbai attacks originated in Pakistan, and that the attackers were in touch with a Pakistani colonel and other handlers in Pakistan.[70] This led to a UN ban on one such organisation, the Jama'at-ud-Da'wah, which the Pakistani government is yet to enforce.[71][72]
On 5 April 2006, the Indian police arrested six Islamic militants, including a cleric who helped plan bomb blasts in Varanasi. The cleric is believed to be a commander of a banned Bangladeshi Islamic militant group, Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami, and is linked to the ISI.[73]
Al Qaeda leaders killed or captured in Pakistan
Critics have accused Pakistan's military and security establishment of protecting bin Laden, until he was found and killed by US forces.[69] This issue is expected to worsen US ties with Pakistan.[74][75] Bin Laden was killed in what most feel was his residence for at least three years, in Abbottabad, in Pakistan.[76] It was an expensive compound,[77] less than 100 kilometres' drive from the capital, Islamabad, probably built specifically for Bin Laden.[78] The compound is 0.8 miles (1.3 km) southwest of the Pakistan Military Academy (PMA), a prominent military academy that has been compared to Sandhurst in Britain and West Point in the United States.[79] Pakistan's President Zardari has denied that his country's security forces may have sheltered Osama bin Laden.[80][81]
In response to America's exposure of bin Laden's hiding place, Pakistan moved to shut down the informant network that lead the Americans there.[82]
In addition Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, Ramzi bin al-Shibh, Abu Zubaydah, Abu Laith al Libi and Sheikh Said Masri have all been captured or killed inside Pakistan.[83]
See also
- State terrorism
- State sponsored terrorism
- Persecution of Hazara people
- Human rights violations in Balochistan
- Inter-Services Intelligence activities in Afghanistan
References
- ^ "Pakistani president Asif Zardari admits creating terrorist groups". The Daily Telegraph. 2009.
- ^ a b International Terrorism: Threats and Responses: Hearings Before the Committee on the Judiciary By United States Congress House Committee on the Judiciary, ISBN 0-16-052230-7, 1996, pp482
- ^ Overview of State-Sponsored Terrorism April 30, 2001 U.S. State Department
- ^ Daily Times Story
- ^ Back to Camp-Dawn July 2005
- ^ Pakistan's link to Afghan terrorism
- ^ "A safe haven for terrorists". Economist. Apr 12, 2007. Retrieved Jan 1, 2012.
- ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ Ron Moreau (2007-10-20). "Pakistan: The Most Dangerous? - The Daily Beast". Newsweek.com. Retrieved 2012-05-28.
- ^ "The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Main News". Tribuneindia.com. 2001-12-17. Retrieved 2012-05-28.
- ^ "ISI still helping terror groups against India: Narayanan". The Times Of India. March 27, 2008.
- ^ "Lashkar-e-Toiba". Satp.org. Retrieved 2012-05-28.
- ^ "Lashkar-e-Taiba (Army of the Pure) (aka Lashkar e-Tayyiba, Lashkar e-Toiba; Lashkar-i-Taiba) - Council on Foreign Relations". Cfr.org. Retrieved 2012-05-28.
- ^ "Profile: Lashkar-e-Taiba". BBC News. May 3, 2010. Retrieved May 20, 2010.
- ^ "Harkat-ul-Mujahideen". Harkat-ul-Mujahideen. Retrieved 2012-05-28.
- ^ FBI identifies terror camp in Pakistan through satellite pictures
- ^ "Leading News Resource of Pakistan". Daily Times. 2005-06-14. Retrieved 2012-05-28.
- ^ a b 'Pak feared exposure of militant camps' - Rediff October 16, 2005
- ^ a b Terrorism Havens: Pakistan - Council on Foreign Relations
- ^ Zardari says Pak created and nurtured militants - CNN IBN News
- ^ "Musharraf admits Kashmir militants trained in Pakistan". BBC News. 5 October 2010.
{{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help) - ^ a b Pakistan should crack down on Taliban, UN official says
- ^ a b BBC Story
- ^ Assam accuses Pakistan High Commission of helping ULFA
- ^ Editorial: Terror exports made in Pakistan- The Australian
- ^ Pakistan said to play both sides on terror war October 02, 2006, Christian Science Monitor
- ^ Dangerous game of state-sponsored terror that threatens nuclear conflict May 25, 2002, Guardian Unlimited
- ^ Die Zeit - Kosmoblog » Mustread: Rashid über Afghanistan
- ^ Terrorist Sponsors: Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, China by Ted Galen Carpenter November 16, 2001 Cato Institute
- ^ Stephen Schwartz (19 August 2006). "A threat to the world". The Spectator. Retrieved 2007-09-20.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - ^ Deadly Connections: States That Sponsor Terrorism By Daniel Byman, ISBN 0-521-83973-4, 2005, Cambridge University Press, pp 155
- ^ Asia's Islamism engine, The Australian, 2008-12-04
- ^ Terrorism Havens: Pakistan - Council on Foreign Relations
- ^ Indian minister ties ISI to Kashmir
- ^ Kashmir Militant Extremists - Council on Foreign Relations
- ^ "Pakistan 'role in Mumbai attacks'". BBC News. September 30, 2006. Retrieved May 20, 2010.
- ^ The Pakistani Connection: The London Bombers and "Al Qaeda's Webmaster"
- ^ Terrorist Attack on the Parliament of India - December 13, 2001
- ^ ISI now outsources terror to Bangladesh
- ^ Hyderabad blasts: The ISI hand
- ^ ISI may be behind Hyderabad blasts: Jana Reddy
- ^ U.S. official: Indian attack has Pakistani ties
- ^ Rice tells Pakistan to act ‘or US will’
- ^ a b Ali, Mahmud (October 9, 2006). "Pakistan's shadowy secret service". BBC News. Retrieved May 20, 2010.
- ^ Rashid, Ahmed (October 6, 2006). "Nato's top brass accuse Pakistan over Taliban aid". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved May 20, 2010.
- ^ Gall, Carlotta (January 21, 2007). "At Border, Signs of Pakistani Role in Taliban Surge". The New York Times. Retrieved May 20, 2010.
- ^ a b "A NATION CHALLENGED: THE SUSPECTS; Death of Reporter Puts Focus On Pakistan Intelligence Unit". The New York Times. February 25, 2002. Retrieved May 20, 2010.
- ^ Pakistanis Aided Attack in Kabul, U.S. Officials say
- ^ Karzai wants action by allied forces in Pakistan August 11, 2008 Dawn, Pakistan
- ^ Bergen, Peter; Tiedemann, Katherine (April 26, 2010). "No Secrets in the Sky". The New York Times.
- ^ "ISI allowed terrorists to attack India, says WikiLeaks." Press Trust Of India, 9 May 2011.
- ^ Zee News - Pakistan has al-Qaeda training camp: US officials
- ^ Crisis of Impunity - Pakistan's Support Of The Taliban
- ^ "Leading News Resource of Pakistan". Daily Times. 2008-09-12. Retrieved 2012-05-28.
- ^ "WikiLeaks: Pakistan Home to 43 'Terrorist Camps' | Middle East, Israel, Arab World, Southwest Asia, Maghreb". Crethiplethi.com. Retrieved 2012-05-28.
- ^ "US embassy cables: Pakistan home to 43 'terrorist camps' – Indian army chief". The Guardian. London. December 10, 2010.
- ^ The curious case of Osama bin Laden, May 3, 2011, retrieved 2011-05-10
- ^ Overview of State-Sponsored Terrorism, April 30, 2001, retrieved April 13, 2011
- ^ Swami, Praveen. "Taliban receiving Pakistan military equipment, U.S. investigation reveals." The Hindu, 9 January 2012.
- ^ "'Pak's double standards on terror not acceptable' - Rediff.com India News". News.rediff.com. 2010-07-16. Retrieved 2012-05-28.
- ^ Nicholass Watt (2 May 2011). "Now we know why David Cameron felt free to criticise Pakistan over terrorism". The Guardian.
- ^ a b Pakistanis Aided Attack in Kabul, U.S. Officials Say, Mark Mazzetti and Eric Schmidt, New York Times, 2008-08-01
- ^ John Pike. "Zardari blames 'non-state actors' for Mumbai attack". Globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 2012-05-28.
- ^ "Non-state actors Pak's responsibility: Zardari". NDTV.com. 2008-12-16. Retrieved 2012-05-28.
- ^ Updated 2 minutes ago 5/28/2012 8:30:06 AM +00:00 (2007-12-28). "Pakistan: al-Qaida behind Bhutto assassination - World news - South and Central Asia - Pakistan - msnbc.com". MSNBC. Retrieved 2012-05-28.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ "Profile: Pervez Musharraf". BBC News. June 16, 2009. Retrieved May 20, 2010.
- ^ "Pakistan accuses US of backing terrorism". The Times Of India.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) [dead link] - ^ "Government report: Al Qaeda strongest since September 11, 2001 - CNN.com". CNN. July 12, 2007. Retrieved May 20, 2010.
- ^ a b http://detnews.com/article/20110503/NATION/105030368/Levin-questions-Pakistan’s-role#ixzz1LGfVnAVd
- ^ Tran, Mark (February 26, 2009). "India names Pakistani colonel in connection with Mumbai terror attacks". The Guardian. London. Retrieved May 20, 2010.
- ^ "Pakistan not to ban Jamaat-ud-Dawa". The Times Of India. December 15, 2008.
- ^ The Times Of India http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/rssarticleshow/3823910.cms.
{{cite news}}: Missing or empty|title=(help) - ^ "Indian Police Arrest Islamic Cleric for Blasts". Reuters. 05/04/2006. Retrieved 2009-10-05.
{{cite news}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ "Pakistan admits it wasn't part of US operation to kill Osama bin Laden - World - DNA". Dnaindia.com. 2001-09-11. Retrieved 2011-05-03.
- ^ Perlez, Jane (2001-09-11). "Nation & World | Bin Laden's death casts more suspicion on Pakistan | Seattle Times Newspaper". Seattletimes.nwsource.com. Retrieved 2011-05-03.
- ^ Associated, The (2008-04-02). "Report: Bin Laden hid in Pakistan compound for more than three years - Haaretz Daily Newspaper | Israel News". Haaretz.com. Retrieved 2011-05-03.
- ^ "Interesting Facts About Osama bin Laden's Compound - International Business Times". Au.ibtimes.com. Retrieved 2011-05-03.
- ^ Westhead, Rick (2011-04-01). "Questions about bin Laden embarrassing to Pakistan". Toronto: thestar.com. Retrieved 2011-05-03.
- ^ "Bin Laden's front yard" (May 3, 2011). The Economist.
- ^ Toosi, Nahal (2001-09-11). "The Canadian Press: Pakistan's president dismisses suspicions that his country was sheltering bin Laden". Google.com. Retrieved 2011-05-03.
- ^ Your name:. "Zardari defends Pakistan over bin Laden intel". Emirates 24/7. Retrieved 2011-05-03.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) - ^ "Pakistan Arrests C.I.A. Informants in Bin Laden Raid." New York Times, 14 June 2011.
- ^ "Al Qaeda leaders killed or captured in Pakistan." Reuters, 2 May 2011.
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