Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army: Difference between revisions
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The army was formed on March 12, 1989, after the local [[Communist Party of Burma]] leader, [[Phone Kyar Shin]] (Peng Jia Sheng), dissatisfied with the [[communism|communists]], broke away and formed the MNDAA.<ref name=south>South, Ashley (2008). ''Ethnic politics in Burma: states of conflict.'' Taylor & Francis. p. 140. ISBN 978-0-203-89519-1.</ref> Along with his brother, Peng Jiafu, they became the new unit in [[Kokang]].<ref name=rot>Rotberg, Robert (1998). ''Burma: prospects for a democratic future.'' Brookings Institution Press. p. 169.</ref> The strength of the army is between 1,500 and 2,000 men.<ref name=rot/> |
The army was formed on March 12, 1989, after the local [[Communist Party of Burma]] leader, [[Phone Kyar Shin]] (Peng Jia Sheng), dissatisfied with the [[communism|communists]], broke away and formed the MNDAA.<ref name=south>South, Ashley (2008). ''Ethnic politics in Burma: states of conflict.'' Taylor & Francis. p. 140. ISBN 978-0-203-89519-1.</ref> Along with his brother, Peng Jiafu, they became the new unit in [[Kokang]].<ref name=rot>Rotberg, Robert (1998). ''Burma: prospects for a democratic future.'' Brookings Institution Press. p. 169.</ref> The strength of the army is between 1,500 and 2,000 men.<ref name=rot/> |
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The rebels soon became the first group to agree to a ceasefire with the [[Myanmar Armed Forces|government troops]]. Thus the Burmese government refers to the Kokang region controlled by the MNDAA as ‘[[Shan State Special Region 1]]’, indicating the MNDAA was the first group in the area of Shan State to sign a cease-fire agreement.<ref name=south/> After the ceasefire, the area underwent an economic boom, with both the MNDAA and regional [[Myanmar Armed Forces]] (Tatmadaw) troops benefiting financially from increased [[opium]] harvests and [[heroin]]-refining.<ref>Skidmore, Monique; Wilson, Trevor (2007). ''Myanmar: the state, community and the environment.'' ANU E Press. p. 69.</ref> The area also produces [[methamphetamine]].<ref name=shanty>Shanty, Frank; Mishra, Patit Paban (2007). ''Organized crime: from trafficking to terrorism.'' ABC-CLIO. p. 70.</ref> The MNDAA and other [[paramilitary]] groups control the cultivation areas, making it an easy target for [[Illegal drug trade|drug trafficking]] and organised crime groups.<ref name=shanty/> |
The rebels soon became the first group to agree to a ceasefire with the [[Myanmar Armed Forces|government troops]]. Thus the Burmese government refers to the Kokang region controlled by the MNDAA as ‘[[Shan State Special Region 1]]’, indicating the MNDAA was the first group in the area of Shan State to sign a cease-fire agreement.<ref name=south/> After the ceasefire, the area underwent an economic boom, with both the MNDAA and regional [[Myanmar Armed Forces]] (Tatmadaw) troops benefiting financially from increased [[opium]] harvests and [[heroin]]-refining.<ref>Skidmore, Monique; Wilson, Trevor (2007). ''Myanmar: the state, community and the environment.'' ANU E Press. p. 69.</ref> The area also produces [[methamphetamine]].<ref name=shanty>Shanty, Frank; Mishra, Patit Paban (2007). ''Organized crime: from trafficking to terrorism.'' ABC-CLIO. p. 70.</ref> The MNDAA and other [[paramilitary]] groups control the cultivation areas, making it an easy target for [[Illegal drug trade|drug trafficking]] and organised crime groups.<ref name=shanty/> [[Peace Myanmar Group]] is used to launder and reinvest MNDAA's drug profits in the legal economy.<ref name="altsean">{{cite book|title=A Failing Grade: Burma's Drug Eradication Efforts|publisher=Alternative ASEAN Network on Burma|date=2004|isbn=9749243348|url=A Failing Grade: Burma's Drug Eradication Efforts}}</ref> |
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===Kokang incident=== |
===Kokang incident=== |
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Revision as of 02:01, 11 July 2015
Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army မြန်မာအမျိုးသား ဒီမိုကရက်တစ် မဟာမိတ်တပ်မတော် | |
|---|---|
| Chairman | Pheung Kya-shin[1] |
| Founded | 1989 |
| Split from | Communist Party of Burma |
| Headquarters | Laukkai Shan State, Myanmar |
| Political wing | Kokang Democracy Party |
| Ideology | Kokang ethnicity |
| Colors | Red and Yellow |
| Party flag | |
 | |
Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army or Myanmar Nationalities Democratic Alliance Army (Burmese: မြန်မာအမျိုးသား ဒီမိုကရက်တစ် မဟာမိတ်တပ်မတော်; abbreviated MNDAA) is a rebel army in Kokang, northeastern Burma. The army has existed since 1989, having been the first one to sign a ceasefire with the Burmese government that lasted for about two decades.[2] Yang Mao-liang is the leader of the MNDAA and its political wing is the Kokang Democracy Party (KDP).[3]
History
The army was formed on March 12, 1989, after the local Communist Party of Burma leader, Phone Kyar Shin (Peng Jia Sheng), dissatisfied with the communists, broke away and formed the MNDAA.[4] Along with his brother, Peng Jiafu, they became the new unit in Kokang.[5] The strength of the army is between 1,500 and 2,000 men.[5]
The rebels soon became the first group to agree to a ceasefire with the government troops. Thus the Burmese government refers to the Kokang region controlled by the MNDAA as ‘Shan State Special Region 1’, indicating the MNDAA was the first group in the area of Shan State to sign a cease-fire agreement.[4] After the ceasefire, the area underwent an economic boom, with both the MNDAA and regional Myanmar Armed Forces (Tatmadaw) troops benefiting financially from increased opium harvests and heroin-refining.[6] The area also produces methamphetamine.[7] The MNDAA and other paramilitary groups control the cultivation areas, making it an easy target for drug trafficking and organised crime groups.[7] Peace Myanmar Group is used to launder and reinvest MNDAA's drug profits in the legal economy.[8]
Kokang incident
In August 2009, the Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army became involved in a violent conflict with Burma's military junta's armed forces. This was the largest outbreak of fighting between ethnic armies and government troops since the signing of the cease-fire 20 years earlier.[9]
As a result of the conflict the MNDAA lost control of the area and as many as 30,000 refugees fled to Yunnan province in neighboring China.[10]
Recent events
On 9 February 2015 the MNDAA tried to retake the Kokang self-administered zone, which had been under its control until 2009 and clashed with Burmese government forces in Laukkai. The skirmishes left a total of 47 Government soldiers dead and 73 wounded. After the incident the government of China was accused of giving military assistance to the ethnic Kokang soldiers.[11]
See also
References
- ^ Neither War Nor Peace - Transnational Institute
- ^ Ethnic group in Myanmar said to break cease-fire. Associated Press. August 28, 2009.
- ^ Fredholm, Michael (1993). Burma: ethnicity and insurgency. Praeger. p. 205. ISBN 978-0-275-94370-7.
- ^ a b South, Ashley (2008). Ethnic politics in Burma: states of conflict. Taylor & Francis. p. 140. ISBN 978-0-203-89519-1.
- ^ a b Rotberg, Robert (1998). Burma: prospects for a democratic future. Brookings Institution Press. p. 169.
- ^ Skidmore, Monique; Wilson, Trevor (2007). Myanmar: the state, community and the environment. ANU E Press. p. 69.
- ^ a b Shanty, Frank; Mishra, Patit Paban (2007). Organized crime: from trafficking to terrorism. ABC-CLIO. p. 70.
- ^ [A Failing Grade: Burma's Drug Eradication Efforts A Failing Grade: Burma's Drug Eradication Efforts]. Alternative ASEAN Network on Burma. 2004. ISBN 9749243348.
{{cite book}}: Check|isbn=value: checksum (help); Check|url=value (help) - ^ Johnson, Tim (August 29, 2009). China Urges Burma to Bridle Ethnic Militia Uprising at Border. The Washington Post.
- ^ 47 Myanmar soldiers reported dead in clashes with Kokang rebels
- ^ Myanmar Kokang Rebels Deny Receiving Chinese Weapons