Jump to content

Foula: Difference between revisions

Coordinates: 60°08′N 02°04′W / 60.133°N 2.067°W / 60.133; -2.067
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
+ portal link
one more "on" to "in" - I realise there is still some discussion about this ongoing, however I would prefer it was at least all currently consistent, even if it is eventually deemed inappropriate in this context.
(5 intermediate revisions by 4 users not shown)
Line 74: Line 74:


==Geography==
==Geography==
Foula lies in the [[Atlantic Ocean]], {{convert|20|mi|km}} west of [[Walls, Shetland Islands|Walls]] in [[Shetland]]. It was part of Walls civil parish. The island is about {{convert|2.5|mi|km|0}} by {{convert|3.5|mi|km}}, with a low-lying coastal strip along the east side. With an area of {{convert|12.7|km2|sqmi|1|abbr=on}}, it is the seventh largest and most westerly of the [[Shetland|Shetland Islands]]. It rises from low broken cliffs in the east to precipitous {{convert|150|–|365|m|ft|abbr=on|-1}} cliffs on the west.<ref name=Smith/> The island has five peaks, rising to {{convert|418|m|ft|abbr=on}} at the Sneug and {{convert|376|m|ft|abbr=on}} at the Kame.<ref name="gaz">{{cite web| url=http://www.scottish-places.info/features/featurefirst1099.html | title=Overview of Foula| publisher=[[Gazetteer for Scotland]]| accessdate=2008-12-13}}</ref> At the north end is Gaada Stack, a [[natural arch]]. Foula lies on the same latitude as [[Saint Petersburg]].
Foula lies in the [[Atlantic Ocean]], {{convert|20|mi|km}} west of [[Walls, Shetland Islands|Walls]] in [[Shetland]]. It was part of Walls civil parish. The island is about {{convert|2.5|mi|km|0}} by {{convert|3.5|mi|km}}, with a low-lying coastal strip along the east side. With an area of {{convert|12.7|km2|sqmi|1|abbr=on}}, it is the seventh largest and most westerly of the [[Shetland|Shetland Islands]]. It rises from low broken cliffs in the east to precipitous {{convert|150|–|365|m|ft|abbr=on|-1}} cliffs in the west.<ref name=Smith/> The island has five peaks, rising to {{convert|418|m|ft|abbr=on}} at the Sneug and {{convert|376|m|ft|abbr=on}} at the Kame.<ref name="gaz">{{cite web| url=http://www.scottish-places.info/features/featurefirst1099.html | title=Overview of Foula| publisher=[[Gazetteer for Scotland]]| accessdate=2008-12-13}}</ref> At the north end is Gaada Stack, a [[natural arch]]. Foula lies on the same latitude as [[Saint Petersburg]].


Foula has a population of 38 people, living in Hametun and Ham.<ref name =NRS/> Islanders previously made a living from fishing – first for [[Whitefish (fisheries term)|whitefish]], then [[lobster]].<ref>{{cite news| first=Jon |last=Henley| url=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2008/feb/21/scotland?page=5| title=Living at the edge of the world| date=21 February 2008| pages=5| newspaper=[[The Guardian]]| accessdate=13 December 2008 | location=London}}</ref> Today, most islanders are [[Croft (land)|crofters]]<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.foulaheritage.org.uk/| title=Foula – The Edge of the World| publisher=Foula Heritage| accessdate=13 December 2008| url-status=dead| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201170235/http://www.foulaheritage.org.uk/| archivedate=1 February 2009}}</ref> with income from [[Sheep husbandry|sheep farming]] and [[birdwatching]] [[tourism]].
Foula has a population of 38 people, living in Hametun and Ham.<ref name =NRS/> Islanders previously made a living from fishing – first for [[Whitefish (fisheries term)|whitefish]], then [[lobster]].<ref>{{cite news| first=Jon |last=Henley| url=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2008/feb/21/scotland?page=5| title=Living at the edge of the world| date=21 February 2008| pages=5| newspaper=[[The Guardian]]| accessdate=13 December 2008 | location=London}}</ref> Today, most islanders are [[Croft (land)|crofters]]<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.foulaheritage.org.uk/| title=Foula – The Edge of the World| publisher=Foula Heritage| accessdate=13 December 2008| url-status=dead| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201170235/http://www.foulaheritage.org.uk/| archivedate=1 February 2009}}</ref> with income from [[Sheep husbandry|sheep farming]] and [[birdwatching]] [[tourism]].
Line 82: Line 82:
===Transport===
===Transport===
[[File:Noup, Foula.jpg|thumb|left|Da Noup, Foula]]
[[File:Noup, Foula.jpg|thumb|left|Da Noup, Foula]]
BK Marine Limited operates the ferry service from Ham to [[Walls, Shetland Islands|Walls]] and [[Scalloway]] on the [[Shetland Mainland]]. The ''New Advance'' carries up to 12 passengers and completes the voyage in about two hours. Flights take off from [[Foula Airfield|Foula's airstrip]] to [[Tingwall Airport]].
BK Marine Limited operates the ferry service from Ham to [[Walls, Shetland Islands|Walls]] and [[Scalloway]] in the [[Shetland Mainland]]. The ''New Advance'' carries up to 12 passengers and completes the voyage in about two hours. Flights take off from [[Foula Airfield|Foula's airstrip]] to [[Tingwall Airport]].


There is little shelter for boats on the island. The only beach is at the head of Ham Voe on the east coast. Local boats, including the mail boat, are hauled out of the water.<ref name=Smith/>
There is little shelter for boats in the island. The only beach is at the head of Ham Voe on the east coast. Local boats, including the mail boat, are hauled out of the water.<ref name=Smith/>


==Wildlife==
==Wildlife==
[[File:Cliffs, Foula.jpg|thumb|right|Cliffs on Foula.]]
[[File:Cliffs, Foula.jpg|thumb|right|Cliffs in Foula.]]
The island's {{convert|370|m|adj=on}} cliffs are home to numerous birds, including [[Arctic tern]]s, [[red-throated diver]]s and [[great skua]]s.
The island's {{convert|370|m|adj=on}} cliffs are home to numerous birds, including [[Arctic tern]]s, [[red-throated diver]]s and [[great skua]]s.


Line 93: Line 93:


===Prehistory===
===Prehistory===
Foula was first inhabited as far back as 5,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.foulaheritage.org.uk/foula_archaeology.htm |title=Foula Archaeology |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100901090444/http://www.foulaheritage.org.uk/foula_archaeology.htm |archivedate=1 September 2010 |date=2004 |first=Helen |last=Bradley |publisher=Foula Heritage}}</ref> Between 2006 and 2008, the Bath & Camerton Archeological Society took several trips to Foula to study prehistoric [[standing stone]]s. A particular sub-circular stone circle of interest was discovered in 2006 at Da Heights on the north of Foula. A further investigation launched in 2007 revealed that the sub-circular stone construction was man-made, elliptical in shape with the axis pointing towards the mid-winter [[solstice]], built before 1000 BC.<ref>[http://www.bacas.org.uk/foula/Foula2007FinalReport.pdf "The Foula Landscape Project: Da Heights Stones Survey and Investigation"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904210913/http://www.bacas.org.uk/foula/Foula2007FinalReport.pdf |date=September 4, 2011 }} (pdf) (June 2007) Bath and Camerton Archaeological Society. Retrieved 19 April 2012.</ref>
Foula was first inhabited as far back as 5,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.foulaheritage.org.uk/foula_archaeology.htm |title=Foula Archaeology |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100901090444/http://www.foulaheritage.org.uk/foula_archaeology.htm |archivedate=1 September 2010 |date=2004 |first=Helen |last=Bradley |publisher=Foula Heritage}}</ref> Between 2006 and 2008, the Bath & Camerton Archeological Society took several trips to Foula to study prehistoric [[standing stone]]s. A particular sub-circular stone circle of interest was discovered in 2006 at Da Heights in the north of Foula. A further investigation launched in 2007 revealed that the sub-circular stone construction was man-made, elliptical in shape with the axis pointing towards the mid-winter [[solstice]], built before 1000 BC.<ref>[http://www.bacas.org.uk/foula/Foula2007FinalReport.pdf "The Foula Landscape Project: Da Heights Stones Survey and Investigation"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904210913/http://www.bacas.org.uk/foula/Foula2007FinalReport.pdf |date=September 4, 2011 }} (pdf) (June 2007) Bath and Camerton Archaeological Society. Retrieved 19 April 2012.</ref>


===15th to 19th centuries===
===15th to 19th centuries===
Line 100: Line 100:
Foula remained on the [[Julian calendar]] when the rest of the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]] adopted the [[Gregorian calendar]] in 1752. Foula adhered to the Julian calendar by keeping 1800 as a leap year, but it did not observe a leap year in 1900. As a result, Foula is now one day ahead of the Julian calendar and 12 days behind the Gregorian, observing [[Christmas|Christmas Day]] on 6 January Gregorian and [[New Year]] on 13 January Gregorian.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2008/feb/21/scotland|title=Living at the edge of the world|publisher=Guardian|language=English|author=Jon Henley|date=21 February 2008|accessdate=15 January 2018}}</ref><ref name=Smith /><ref name=Keay>Keay, J. & Keay, J. (1994) ''Collins Encyclopaedia of Scotland''. London. HarperCollins.</ref>
Foula remained on the [[Julian calendar]] when the rest of the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]] adopted the [[Gregorian calendar]] in 1752. Foula adhered to the Julian calendar by keeping 1800 as a leap year, but it did not observe a leap year in 1900. As a result, Foula is now one day ahead of the Julian calendar and 12 days behind the Gregorian, observing [[Christmas|Christmas Day]] on 6 January Gregorian and [[New Year]] on 13 January Gregorian.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2008/feb/21/scotland|title=Living at the edge of the world|publisher=Guardian|language=English|author=Jon Henley|date=21 February 2008|accessdate=15 January 2018}}</ref><ref name=Smith /><ref name=Keay>Keay, J. & Keay, J. (1994) ''Collins Encyclopaedia of Scotland''. London. HarperCollins.</ref>


In 1720, a [[smallpox]] epidemic struck the two hundred people living on Foula. Because the islanders were so isolated from the rest of the world, they had no [[immunity (medical)|immunity]] to smallpox, unlike most [[Northern Europe|North European]] peoples at that time, and nine out of ten of the island's population died in the epidemic.<ref>{{cite book| author=Watts, Sheldon| year=1997| title=Epidemics and History: Disease, Power and Imperialism| pages=85–86| location=New Haven and London| publisher=Yale University Press| isbn=0-300-08087-5}}</ref>
In 1720, a [[smallpox]] epidemic struck the two hundred people living in Foula. Because the islanders were so isolated from the rest of the world, they had no [[immunity (medical)|immunity]] to smallpox, unlike most [[Northern Europe|North European]] peoples at that time, and nine out of ten of the island's population died in the epidemic.<ref>{{cite book| author=Watts, Sheldon| year=1997| title=Epidemics and History: Disease, Power and Imperialism| url=https://archive.org/details/epidemicshistory0000watt| url-access=registration| pages=[https://archive.org/details/epidemicshistory0000watt/page/85 85–86]| location=New Haven and London| publisher=Yale University Press| isbn=0-300-08087-5}}</ref>


The writer and journalist [[John Sands (journalist)|John Sands]] lived on Foula and [[Papa Stour]] for a while during the late 19th century. He fought hard against the prevailing [[truck system]] and drew political cartoons lampooning its deficiencies. In one, he drew Foula as a beautiful young woman being strangled by a boa-constrictor labelled 'landlordism' watched by other reptiles called 'missionary', '[[laird]]' and 'truck'.<ref>{{cite book| author=Fleming, Andrew| year=2005| title=St Kilda and the Wider World: Tales of an iconic island| location=Macclesfield| publisher=Windgather Press| pages=159| isbn=1-905119-00-3}} Fleming credits the source of this information as {{cite news| author=Nicolson, J| date=3 July 1937| title=John Sands| work=[[The Shetland Times]]}}</ref>
The writer and journalist [[John Sands (journalist)|John Sands]] lived in Foula and [[Papa Stour]] for a while during the late 19th century. He fought hard against the prevailing [[truck system]] and drew political cartoons lampooning its deficiencies. In one, he drew Foula as a beautiful young woman being strangled by a boa-constrictor labelled 'landlordism' watched by other reptiles called 'missionary', '[[laird]]' and 'truck'.<ref>{{cite book| author=Fleming, Andrew| year=2005| title=St Kilda and the Wider World: Tales of an iconic island| location=Macclesfield| publisher=Windgather Press| pages=159| isbn=1-905119-00-3}} Fleming credits the source of this information as {{cite news| author=Nicolson, J| date=3 July 1937| title=John Sands| work=[[The Shetland Times]]}}</ref>


The island was one of the last places where the [[Norn language]] was spoken (although it is claimed that [[Walter Sutherland (Norn)|Walter Sutherland]] of [[Skaw, Unst|Skaw]] on [[Unst]] was the last speaker), and the local dialect is strongly influenced by [[Old Norse]].
The island was one of the last places where the [[Norn language]] was spoken (although it is claimed that [[Walter Sutherland (Norn)|Walter Sutherland]] of [[Skaw, Unst|Skaw]] in [[Unst]] was the last speaker), and the local dialect is strongly influenced by [[Old Norse]].


===20th century===
===20th century===
[[File:The Voe, Foula - geograph.org.uk - 1712511.jpg|thumb|left|Ham on Foula.]]
[[File:The Voe, Foula - geograph.org.uk - 1712511.jpg|thumb|left|Ham in Foula.]]
Professor [[Ian Holbourn (writer)|Ian S. Holbourn]], the last Laird of Foula, describes the disaster of 8 September 1914, when the White Star Line [[RMS Oceanic (1899)|RMS ''Oceanic'']] hit the Shaalds o' Foula, becoming a wreck within two weeks. Holbourn's remarkable luck with steamship travel held through the following May, when he embarked upon the [[RMS Lusitania|RMS ''Lusitania'']] (he survived its sinking).
Professor [[Ian Holbourn (writer)|Ian S. Holbourn]], the last Laird of Foula, describes the disaster of 8 September 1914, when the White Star Line [[RMS Oceanic (1899)|RMS ''Oceanic'']] hit the Shaalds o' Foula, becoming a wreck within two weeks. Holbourn's remarkable luck with steamship travel held through the following May, when he embarked upon the [[RMS Lusitania|RMS ''Lusitania'']] (he survived its sinking).


The professor's grandson, Robert Holbourn, a [[Naval architecture|naval architect]], acted as the island's "Peat Marshal" for many years. [[Peat]] is valuable and scarce resource for heat and fuel in Shetland. Its cutting requires skill, taking several years to master. The most able islanders become known as the 'Cutters' and, in the spirit of a long-standing Foula tradition, all able-bodied men are now and then 'bid to the banks'{{Citation needed|date=July 2012}} of women who 'didn't have a cutter in the house.'
The professor's grandson, Robert Holbourn, a [[Naval architecture|naval architect]], acted as the island's "Peat Marshal" for many years. [[Peat]] is valuable and scarce resource for heat and fuel in Shetland. Its cutting requires skill, taking several years to master. The most able islanders become known as the 'Cutters' and, in the spirit of a long-standing Foula tradition, all able-bodied men are now and then 'bid to the banks'{{Citation needed|date=July 2012}} of women who 'didn't have a cutter in the house.'


Simon Martin, who stayed on the Isle of Foula for five years during his prolonged claim upon the wrecked ''Oceanic'', describes the island as follows:
Simon Martin, who stayed in Foula for five years during his prolonged claim upon the wrecked ''Oceanic'', describes the island as follows:
[[File:Foula post office.jpg|thumb|270px|Foula post office in 1964]]
[[File:Foula post office.jpg|thumb|270px|Foula post office in 1964]]
:"Foula, or [[Thule|Ultima Thule]], as it was known as far back as the [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] times, rises impurely out of the water, and from the Shetland Isles mainland its five peaks, the Noup, Hamnafield, the Sneug, Kame and Soberlie stand out starkly and characteristically. The cliffs on the west side vie with those of [[St Kilda, Scotland|St Kilda]] as the highest sheer cliffs in Britain, {{convert|1200|ft|m|sing=on}} of solid rock towering from the sea.
:"Foula, or [[Thule|Ultima Thule]], as it was known as far back as the [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] times, rises impurely out of the water, and from the Shetland Isles mainland its five peaks, the Noup, Hamnafield, the Sneug, Kame and Soberlie stand out starkly and characteristically. The cliffs on the west side vie with those of [[St Kilda, Scotland|St Kilda]] as the highest sheer cliffs in Britain, {{convert|1200|ft|m|adj=on}} of solid rock towering from the sea.


:"Foula, or Fughley as it was once also known, means literally 'Bird Island', with an estimated half million birds of various breeds sharing the rock with the inhabitants. The island’s surface largely consisting of a peat bog on rock."{{Citation needed|date=June 2008}}
:"Foula, or Fughley as it was once also known, means literally 'Bird Island', with an estimated half million birds of various breeds sharing the rock with the inhabitants. The island’s surface largely consisting of a peat bog on rock."{{Citation needed|date=June 2008}}
Line 127: Line 127:


===Film===
===Film===
*[[Michael Powell]]'s film ''[[The Edge of the World]]'' (1937) is a dramatisation based on the true story of the evacuation of the last 36 inhabitants of the remote island of [[St Kilda, Scotland|St Kilda]], on 29 August 1930. St Kilda lies in the [[Atlantic Ocean]], {{convert|64|km|mi|abbr=off}} west-northwest of [[North Uist]] in the [[Outer Hebrides]]; the inhabitants spoke [[Scottish Gaelic language|Gaelic]]. Powell was unable to get permission to film on St Kilda. Undaunted, he made the film over four months during the summer of 1936 on Foula, where the islanders speak the [[Shetlandic]] [[dialect]].
*[[Michael Powell]]'s film ''[[The Edge of the World]]'' (1937) is a dramatisation based on the true story of the evacuation of the last 36 inhabitants of the remote island of [[St Kilda, Scotland|St Kilda]], on 29 August 1930. St Kilda lies in the [[Atlantic Ocean]], {{convert|64|km|mi|abbr=off}} west-northwest of [[North Uist]] in the [[Outer Hebrides]]; the inhabitants spoke [[Scottish Gaelic language|Gaelic]]. Powell was unable to get permission to film in St Kilda. Undaunted, he made the film over four months during the summer of 1936 in Foula, where the islanders speak the [[Shetlandic]] [[dialect]].
*''[[The Edge of the World#Return to the Edge|Return To The Edge Of The World]]'' (1978) is a documentary capturing a reunion of ''The Edge Of The World'' (1937)'s cast and crew, 40 years later, as they revisit the island.
*''[[The Edge of the World#Return to the Edge|Return To The Edge Of The World]]'' (1978) is a documentary capturing a reunion of ''The Edge Of The World'' (1937)'s cast and crew, 40 years later, as they revisit the island.


===Folklore, festivities, and traditions===
===Folklore, festivities, and traditions===
Foula's inhabitants preserve many Norse traditions of folklore and festivities. They still follow the [[Julian calendar]] for Christmas celebrations, with all the islanders gathering in one house on 6 January.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thescottishsun.co.uk/news/389840/island-of-foula-finally-celebrates-christmas-over-a-week-after-everyone-else/|title=Island of Foula finally celebrates Christmas over a week after everyone else|last=Macpherson|first=Rachel|date=5 January 2017|publisher=[[The Sun (United Kingdom)|The Scottish Sun]]|language=English|accessdate=9 January 2017}}</ref> New Year's Day falls on 13 January.<ref>{{cite news|title=Islanders not scared of luck | page= Front page|date= January 5, 2015|location= Glasgow|work=The Herald}}</ref>
Foula's inhabitants preserve many Norse traditions of folklore and festivities. They still follow the [[Julian calendar]] for Christmas celebrations, with all the islanders gathering in one house on 6 January.<ref>https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/remote-foula-islanders-finally-get-to-celebrate-christmas-lcjlrn56m</ref> New Year's Day falls on 13 January.<ref>{{cite news|title=Islanders not scared of luck | page= Front page|date= January 5, 2015|location= Glasgow|work=The Herald}}</ref>


===Poetry===
===Poetry===
[[Vagaland]]'s poem ''Da Sang o da Papa men''<ref>{{cite web| author=Fleming, Richard| url=http://www.conradweb.co.uk/Papa_Stour_magazine_31_03_2006.pdf| title=Da Song o’ da Papa Men including a translation| format=pdf| work=Papa Stour magazine| accessdate=2007-09-13| url-status=dead| archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5llfg7ncs?url=http://www.conradweb.co.uk/Papa_Stour_magazine_31_03_2006.pdf| archivedate=2009-12-04}}</ref> about the fishermen of [[Papa Stour]] includes an insistent chorus chant, "Rowin Foula Doon".<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.conradweb.co.uk/Papa_Stour_magazine_31_03_2006.pdf| title=Rowin Foula doon| format=pdf| work=Papa Stour magazine| accessdate=2007-09-13| url-status=dead| archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5llfg7ncs?url=http://www.conradweb.co.uk/Papa_Stour_magazine_31_03_2006.pdf| archivedate=2009-12-04}}</ref> This refers to the fishermen's practice of rowing their open fishing boat out to sea until the high cliffs of Foula were no longer visible. This entailed the boat's being some {{convert|96|km|mi}} west of Papa Stour.<ref>Vagaland (edited by M. Robertson) (1975) ''The Collected Poems of Vagaland''. Lerwick. [[The Shetland Times]].</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://shetlopedia.com/Papa_Stour| title=Papa Stour| publisher= Shetlopedia| accessdate=2007-09-13}}</ref> The traditional ballad "[[Hildina]]", collected on Foula in 1774, is the only extant poem in the [[Norn language]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nornlanguage.x10.mx/index.php?shet_hild |title=The Language of The Ballad of Hildina |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |website=Norn |publisher=Hnolt |date=2006–2014 |access-date=7 June 2015 }}</ref>
[[Vagaland]]'s poem ''Da Sang o da Papa men''<ref>{{cite web| author=Fleming, Richard| url=http://www.conradweb.co.uk/Papa_Stour_magazine_31_03_2006.pdf| title=Da Song o’ da Papa Men including a translation| format=pdf| work=Papa Stour magazine| accessdate=2007-09-13| url-status=dead| archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5llfg7ncs?url=http://www.conradweb.co.uk/Papa_Stour_magazine_31_03_2006.pdf| archivedate=2009-12-04}}</ref> about the fishermen of [[Papa Stour]] includes an insistent chorus chant, "Rowin Foula Doon".<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.conradweb.co.uk/Papa_Stour_magazine_31_03_2006.pdf| title=Rowin Foula doon| format=pdf| work=Papa Stour magazine| accessdate=2007-09-13| url-status=dead| archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5llfg7ncs?url=http://www.conradweb.co.uk/Papa_Stour_magazine_31_03_2006.pdf| archivedate=2009-12-04}}</ref> This refers to the fishermen's practice of rowing their open fishing boat out to sea until the high cliffs of Foula were no longer visible. This entailed the boat's being some {{convert|96|km|mi}} west of Papa Stour.<ref>Vagaland (edited by M. Robertson) (1975) ''The Collected Poems of Vagaland''. Lerwick. [[The Shetland Times]].</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://shetlopedia.com/Papa_Stour| title=Papa Stour| publisher= Shetlopedia| accessdate=2007-09-13}}</ref> The traditional ballad "[[Hildina]]", collected in Foula in 1774, is the only extant poem in the [[Norn language]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nornlanguage.x10.mx/index.php?shet_hild |title=The Language of The Ballad of Hildina |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |website=Norn |publisher=Hnolt |date=2006–2014 |access-date=7 June 2015 }}</ref>


==Geodesy==
==Geodesy==
The Sneug on Foula was the origin (meridian) of the 6 inch and 1:2500 Ordnance Survey maps of Orkney and Shetland.<ref>https://www.charlesclosesociety.org/files/153Meridians.pdf</ref>
The Sneug in Foula was the origin (meridian) of the 6 inch and 1:2500 Ordnance Survey maps of Orkney and Shetland.<ref>https://www.charlesclosesociety.org/files/153Meridians.pdf</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
{{stack|{{Portal|Scottish islands|Scotland|Lighthouses}}}}
{{stack|{{Portal|Scottish islands|Scotland|Engineering}}}}
* [[List of lighthouses in Scotland]]
* [[List of lighthouses in Scotland]]
* [[List of Northern Lighthouse Board lighthouses]]
* [[List of Northern Lighthouse Board lighthouses]]

Revision as of 19:35, 22 November 2019

This article is about the Scottish island. For the Faroese island, see Fugloy. For the African people and language family, see Fula.
Foula
Scottish Gaelic nameFughlaigh[1]
Old Norse nameFugloy
Meaning of nameOld Norse for 'bird island'
Location
Foula is located in Shetland
Foula
Foula
Foula shown within Shetland
OS grid referenceHT960392
Coordinates60°07′59″N 2°04′01″W / 60.133°N 2.067°W / 60.133; -2.067
Physical geography
Island groupShetland
Area1,265 hectares (4.88 sq mi)
Area rank43 [2]
Highest elevationThe Sneug 418 m (1,371 ft)
Administration
Council areaShetland Islands
CountryScotland
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
Demographics
Population33
Population rank56 [2]
Population density3 people/km2[3][4]
Largest settlementHam
Lymphad
References[4][5]
Foula Lighthouse
Map
LocationFoula isle
Shetland
Scotland
United Kingdom
Coordinates60°06′45″N 2°03′50″W / 60.112388°N 2.064014°W / 60.112388; -2.064014
Constructed1986
Foundationconcrete base
Constructionmetal tower
Height8 metres (26 ft)
Shapecylindrical tower with balcony and lantern
Markingswhite tower and lantern
OperatorNorthern Lighthouse Board[6] [7]
Light
Focal height36 metres (118 ft)
Lens4th order Fresnel lens
Light sourcesolar power and wind power
Intensity35 watt metal halide lamps
Range18 nautical miles (33 km; 21 mi)
CharacteristicFl (3) W 15s.

Foula (pronounced /fuːlə/), located in the Shetland archipelago of Scotland, is one of the United Kingdom’s most remote permanently inhabited islands. Owned since the turn of the 20th century by the Holbourn family, the island was the location for the film The Edge of the World. RMS Oceanic was wrecked on the nearby Shaalds of Foula.

Name

The name "Foula" derives from Old Norse Fugley, "bird island": compare the Faroese name of the island of Fugloy, "bird island", and Scottish Gaelic Fughlaigh.

Geography

Foula lies in the Atlantic Ocean, 20 miles (32 km) west of Walls in Shetland. It was part of Walls civil parish. The island is about 2.5 miles (4 km) by 3.5 miles (5.6 km), with a low-lying coastal strip along the east side. With an area of 12.7 km2 (4.9 sq mi), it is the seventh largest and most westerly of the Shetland Islands. It rises from low broken cliffs in the east to precipitous 150–365 m (490–1,200 ft) cliffs in the west.[4] The island has five peaks, rising to 418 m (1,371 ft) at the Sneug and 376 m (1,234 ft) at the Kame.[8] At the north end is Gaada Stack, a natural arch. Foula lies on the same latitude as Saint Petersburg.

Foula has a population of 38 people, living in Hametun and Ham.[3] Islanders previously made a living from fishing – first for whitefish, then lobster.[9] Today, most islanders are crofters[10] with income from sheep farming and birdwatching tourism.

A hidden reef, the 'Hoevdi Grund' or the Shaalds o' Foula, lies just over 3 km (1.9 mi) east of Foula between the island and the Shetland mainland. Tides here can reach 12 knots (22 km/h; 14 mph) and as the reef comes to within a few feet of the surface, it poses a significant threat to shipping.[11]

Transport

Da Noup, Foula

BK Marine Limited operates the ferry service from Ham to Walls and Scalloway in the Shetland Mainland. The New Advance carries up to 12 passengers and completes the voyage in about two hours. Flights take off from Foula's airstrip to Tingwall Airport.

There is little shelter for boats in the island. The only beach is at the head of Ham Voe on the east coast. Local boats, including the mail boat, are hauled out of the water.[4]

Wildlife

Cliffs in Foula.

The island's 370-metre (1,210 ft) cliffs are home to numerous birds, including Arctic terns, red-throated divers and great skuas.

History

Prehistory

Foula was first inhabited as far back as 5,000 years ago.[12] Between 2006 and 2008, the Bath & Camerton Archeological Society took several trips to Foula to study prehistoric standing stones. A particular sub-circular stone circle of interest was discovered in 2006 at Da Heights in the north of Foula. A further investigation launched in 2007 revealed that the sub-circular stone construction was man-made, elliptical in shape with the axis pointing towards the mid-winter solstice, built before 1000 BC.[13]

15th to 19th centuries

In 1490, the Ciske family's estates were divided and Vaila and Foula became the property of Alv Knutsson. However, the Ciskes were Norwegian, and as Scotland had annexed Shetland a few decades before, there were confusing and conflicting claims of ownership.[4]

Foula remained on the Julian calendar when the rest of the Kingdom of Great Britain adopted the Gregorian calendar in 1752. Foula adhered to the Julian calendar by keeping 1800 as a leap year, but it did not observe a leap year in 1900. As a result, Foula is now one day ahead of the Julian calendar and 12 days behind the Gregorian, observing Christmas Day on 6 January Gregorian and New Year on 13 January Gregorian.[14][4][15]

In 1720, a smallpox epidemic struck the two hundred people living in Foula. Because the islanders were so isolated from the rest of the world, they had no immunity to smallpox, unlike most North European peoples at that time, and nine out of ten of the island's population died in the epidemic.[16]

The writer and journalist John Sands lived in Foula and Papa Stour for a while during the late 19th century. He fought hard against the prevailing truck system and drew political cartoons lampooning its deficiencies. In one, he drew Foula as a beautiful young woman being strangled by a boa-constrictor labelled 'landlordism' watched by other reptiles called 'missionary', 'laird' and 'truck'.[17]

The island was one of the last places where the Norn language was spoken (although it is claimed that Walter Sutherland of Skaw in Unst was the last speaker), and the local dialect is strongly influenced by Old Norse.

20th century

Ham in Foula.

Professor Ian S. Holbourn, the last Laird of Foula, describes the disaster of 8 September 1914, when the White Star Line RMS Oceanic hit the Shaalds o' Foula, becoming a wreck within two weeks. Holbourn's remarkable luck with steamship travel held through the following May, when he embarked upon the RMS Lusitania (he survived its sinking).

The professor's grandson, Robert Holbourn, a naval architect, acted as the island's "Peat Marshal" for many years. Peat is valuable and scarce resource for heat and fuel in Shetland. Its cutting requires skill, taking several years to master. The most able islanders become known as the 'Cutters' and, in the spirit of a long-standing Foula tradition, all able-bodied men are now and then 'bid to the banks'[citation needed] of women who 'didn't have a cutter in the house.'

Simon Martin, who stayed in Foula for five years during his prolonged claim upon the wrecked Oceanic, describes the island as follows:

Foula post office in 1964
"Foula, or Ultima Thule, as it was known as far back as the Roman times, rises impurely out of the water, and from the Shetland Isles mainland its five peaks, the Noup, Hamnafield, the Sneug, Kame and Soberlie stand out starkly and characteristically. The cliffs on the west side vie with those of St Kilda as the highest sheer cliffs in Britain, 1,200-foot (370 m) of solid rock towering from the sea.
"Foula, or Fughley as it was once also known, means literally 'Bird Island', with an estimated half million birds of various breeds sharing the rock with the inhabitants. The island’s surface largely consisting of a peat bog on rock."[citation needed]

A lighthouse at the southern tip of the island was built in 1986. Originally powered by acetylene gas, it has been converted to solar and wind power.[18]

Culture and the arts

Gaada Stack, Foula

Religion

Many inhabitants of Foula attend a Presbyterian parish known as Foula Kirk or Baxter Chapel that is part of the Church of Scotland.[19] It is made of grey-coloured stone and is situated "on the tail of 7 Hamnafield".[19]

Film

  • Michael Powell's film The Edge of the World (1937) is a dramatisation based on the true story of the evacuation of the last 36 inhabitants of the remote island of St Kilda, on 29 August 1930. St Kilda lies in the Atlantic Ocean, 64 kilometres (40 miles) west-northwest of North Uist in the Outer Hebrides; the inhabitants spoke Gaelic. Powell was unable to get permission to film in St Kilda. Undaunted, he made the film over four months during the summer of 1936 in Foula, where the islanders speak the Shetlandic dialect.
  • Return To The Edge Of The World (1978) is a documentary capturing a reunion of The Edge Of The World (1937)'s cast and crew, 40 years later, as they revisit the island.

Folklore, festivities, and traditions

Foula's inhabitants preserve many Norse traditions of folklore and festivities. They still follow the Julian calendar for Christmas celebrations, with all the islanders gathering in one house on 6 January.[20] New Year's Day falls on 13 January.[21]

Poetry

Vagaland's poem Da Sang o da Papa men[22] about the fishermen of Papa Stour includes an insistent chorus chant, "Rowin Foula Doon".[23] This refers to the fishermen's practice of rowing their open fishing boat out to sea until the high cliffs of Foula were no longer visible. This entailed the boat's being some 96 kilometres (60 mi) west of Papa Stour.[24][25] The traditional ballad "Hildina", collected in Foula in 1774, is the only extant poem in the Norn language.[26]

Geodesy

The Sneug in Foula was the origin (meridian) of the 6 inch and 1:2500 Ordnance Survey maps of Orkney and Shetland.[27]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Sabhal Mòr database". UHI Millennium Institute. Retrieved 2008-04-03.
  2. ^ a b Area and population ranks: there are c. 300 islands over 20 ha in extent and 93 permanently inhabited islands were listed in the 2011 census.
  3. ^ a b National Records of Scotland (15 August 2013). "Appendix 2: Population and households on Scotland's Inhabited Islands" (PDF). Statistical Bulletin: 2011 Census: First Results on Population and Household Estimates for Scotland Release 1C (Part Two) (PDF) (Report). SG/2013/126. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Haswell-Smith, Hamish (2004). The Scottish Islands. Edinburgh: Canongate. ISBN 978-1-84195-454-7.
  5. ^ Ordnance Survey. OS Maps Online (Map). 1:25,000. Leisure.
  6. ^ Foula The Lighthouse Directory. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Retrieved 29 May 2016
  7. ^ Foula Northern Lighthouse Board. Retrieved 29 May 2016
  8. ^ "Overview of Foula". Gazetteer for Scotland. Retrieved 2008-12-13.
  9. ^ Henley, Jon (21 February 2008). "Living at the edge of the world". The Guardian. London. p. 5. Retrieved 13 December 2008.
  10. ^ "Foula – The Edge of the World". Foula Heritage. Archived from the original on 1 February 2009. Retrieved 13 December 2008.
  11. ^ "Hoevdi Grund" Shetlopedia. Retrieved 19 April 2012. Archived June 10, 2015, at the Wayback Machine
  12. ^ Bradley, Helen (2004). "Foula Archaeology". Foula Heritage. Archived from the original on 1 September 2010.
  13. ^ "The Foula Landscape Project: Da Heights Stones Survey and Investigation" Archived September 4, 2011, at the Wayback Machine (pdf) (June 2007) Bath and Camerton Archaeological Society. Retrieved 19 April 2012.
  14. ^ Jon Henley (21 February 2008). "Living at the edge of the world". Guardian. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
  15. ^ Keay, J. & Keay, J. (1994) Collins Encyclopaedia of Scotland. London. HarperCollins.
  16. ^ Watts, Sheldon (1997). Epidemics and History: Disease, Power and Imperialism. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. pp. 85–86. ISBN 0-300-08087-5.
  17. ^ Fleming, Andrew (2005). St Kilda and the Wider World: Tales of an iconic island. Macclesfield: Windgather Press. p. 159. ISBN 1-905119-00-3. Fleming credits the source of this information as Nicolson, J (3 July 1937). "John Sands". The Shetland Times.
  18. ^ "Foula Lighthouse". Northern Lighthouse Board. Retrieved 2008-02-01.
  19. ^ a b Gear, Sheila (1983). Foula: Island West of the Sun. Hale. p. 55. ISBN 9780709196730.
  20. ^ https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/remote-foula-islanders-finally-get-to-celebrate-christmas-lcjlrn56m
  21. ^ "Islanders not scared of luck". The Herald. Glasgow. January 5, 2015. p. Front page.
  22. ^ Fleming, Richard. "Da Song o' da Papa Men including a translation" (PDF). Papa Stour magazine. Archived from the original (pdf) on 2009-12-04. Retrieved 2007-09-13.
  23. ^ "Rowin Foula doon" (PDF). Papa Stour magazine. Archived from the original (pdf) on 2009-12-04. Retrieved 2007-09-13.
  24. ^ Vagaland (edited by M. Robertson) (1975) The Collected Poems of Vagaland. Lerwick. The Shetland Times.
  25. ^ "Papa Stour". Shetlopedia. Retrieved 2007-09-13.
  26. ^ "The Language of The Ballad of Hildina". Norn. Hnolt. 2006–2014. Retrieved 7 June 2015.
  27. ^ https://www.charlesclosesociety.org/files/153Meridians.pdf

Further reading

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Foula.

60°08′N 02°04′W / 60.133°N 2.067°W / 60.133; -2.067

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Foula&oldid=927482312"