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There is no clinical evidence that the carnivore diet provides any health benefits.<ref name="Dennett"/><ref name="sutton"/><ref name="hamblin"/> Dietitians dismiss the carnivore diet as an extreme fad diet,<ref name="Dennett"/><ref name="Independent"/> which has attracted criticism from dietitians and physicians as being potentially dangerous to health (see {{Section link|Meat|Health}}).<ref name="Guardian"/><ref name="sutton" /><ref name="hamblin"/>
There is no clinical evidence that the carnivore diet provides any health benefits.<ref name="Dennett"/><ref name="sutton"/><ref name="hamblin"/> Dietitians dismiss the carnivore diet as an extreme fad diet,<ref name="Dennett"/><ref name="Independent"/> which has attracted criticism from dietitians and physicians as being potentially dangerous to health (see {{Section link|Meat|Health}}).<ref name="Guardian"/><ref name="sutton" /><ref name="hamblin"/>


It also raises levels of [[Low-density lipoprotein|LDL]] cholesterol, which increases the risk of [[cardiovascular disease]].<ref name="Independent" /> While carnivore diets exclude fruits and vegetables which supply [[micronutrient]]s, they are also low in dietary fiber, possibly causing constipation.<ref name="Independent" /><ref name="mcgill" /><ref name="bbcgoodfood" /> A carnivore diet high in [[red meat]] increases the risks of [[colon cancer]] and [[gout]].<ref name="mcgill"/><ref name="turner">{{cite journal |vauthors=Turner ND, Lloyd SK |title=Association between red meat consumption and colon cancer: A systematic review of experimental results |journal=Experimental Biology and Medicine |volume=242 |issue=8 |pages=813–839 |date=April 2017 |pmid=28205448 |pmc=5407540 |doi=10.1177/1535370217693117}}</ref><ref name="li">{{cite journal |vauthors=Li R, Yu K, Li C |title=Dietary factors and risk of gout and hyperuricemia: a meta-analysis and systematic review |journal=Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition |volume=27 |issue=6 |pages=1344–1356 |date=2018 |pmid=30485934 |doi=10.6133/apjcn.201811_27(6).0022 |url=https://apjcn.nhri.org.tw/server/APJCN/27/6/1344.pdf}}</ref>
It also raises levels of [[Low-density lipoprotein|LDL]] cholesterol, which increases the risk of [[cardiovascular disease]].<ref name="Independent" /> While carnivore diets exclude fruits and vegetables which supply [[micronutrient]]s, they are also low in dietary fiber, possibly causing constipation.<ref name="Independent" /><ref name="mcgill" /><ref name="bbcgoodfood" /> Compared to plant sources, foods from animals provide little [[vitamin C]], and what there is, is largely destroyed by the heat used when it is cooked. An all-meat died increases the risk of developing [[scurvy]], which is easily preventable through consuming plants.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Levin |first=N. A. |last2=Greer |first2=K. E. |date=2000-07 |title=Scurvy in an unrepentant carnivore |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10916690/ |journal=Cutis |volume=66 |issue=1 |pages=39–44 |issn=0011-4162 |pmid=10916690}}</ref> Followers of the carnivore diet, such as [[James Blunt]], have developed scurvy from the diet.<ref>{{Cite web |title=James Blunt Got Scurvy After Eating Only Meat and Mayonnaise for 2 Months |url=https://www.health.com/diets/james-blunt-scurvy |access-date=2023-04-10 |website=Health |language=en}}</ref> A carnivore diet high in [[red meat]] increases the risks of [[colon cancer]] and [[gout]].<ref name="mcgill"/><ref name="turner">{{cite journal |vauthors=Turner ND, Lloyd SK |title=Association between red meat consumption and colon cancer: A systematic review of experimental results |journal=Experimental Biology and Medicine |volume=242 |issue=8 |pages=813–839 |date=April 2017 |pmid=28205448 |pmc=5407540 |doi=10.1177/1535370217693117}}</ref><ref name="li">{{cite journal |vauthors=Li R, Yu K, Li C |title=Dietary factors and risk of gout and hyperuricemia: a meta-analysis and systematic review |journal=Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition |volume=27 |issue=6 |pages=1344–1356 |date=2018 |pmid=30485934 |doi=10.6133/apjcn.201811_27(6).0022 |url=https://apjcn.nhri.org.tw/server/APJCN/27/6/1344.pdf}}</ref>
==Environmental impact==
==Environmental impact==
Criticism also derives from concerns about [[greenhouse gas]] emissions associated with large-scale livestock farming required to produce meats commercially, and the potential for such emissions to worsen [[climate change]] (see [[environmental impact of meat production]]).<ref name="Guardian"/><ref name="sutton"/><ref name="hamblin"/>
Criticism also derives from concerns about [[greenhouse gas]] emissions associated with large-scale livestock farming required to produce meats commercially, and the potential for such emissions to worsen [[climate change]] (see [[environmental impact of meat production]]).<ref name="Guardian"/><ref name="sutton"/><ref name="hamblin"/>

Revision as of 03:56, 10 April 2023

Steak is heavily consumed by many on the carnivore diet

The Carnivore diet (also called a zero carb diet) is a low-carbohydrate fad diet in which only animal products such as meat, eggs, and dairy are consumed.[1][2] The carnivore diet is not supported by evidence-based medicine, and has attracted criticism from dietitians and physicians who have stated the diet could lead to deficiencies of vitamins and dietary fiber, and increased risk of chronic diseases.[1][2][3][4]

History

The idea of an exclusive meat diet can be traced to the German writer Bernard Moncriff, author of The Philosophy of the Stomach: Or, An Exclusively Animal Diet in 1856, who spent a year living on only beef and milk.[5] In the 1870s, Italian physician Arnaldo Cantani prescribed his diabetic patients an exclusive animal-based diet.[6][7] In the 1880s, James H. Salisbury advocated a meat diet consisting of 2 to 4 pounds of lean beef and 3 to 5 pints of hot water daily for 4 to 12 weeks. It became known as the meat and hot water diet, or Salisbury diet.

In 2018, the carnivore diet was promoted by former orthopaedic surgeon Shawn Baker on social media and received significant media attention due to its vocal adherents Jordan Peterson and his daughter Mikhaila Peterson.[1][8][9] Peterson and his daughter follow a strict type of carnivore diet termed the lion diet, in which only beef, salt, and water are consumed.[9][10][11]

Diet

People following a carnivore diet consume animal-based products, such as beef, pork, poultry, and seafood.[1][12] Some may eat dairy products and eggs.[12] All fruits, legumes, vegetables, grains, nuts and seeds are strictly excluded.[12]

Health concerns

There is no clinical evidence that the carnivore diet provides any health benefits.[1][10][11] Dietitians dismiss the carnivore diet as an extreme fad diet,[1][2] which has attracted criticism from dietitians and physicians as being potentially dangerous to health (see Meat § Health).[8][10][11]

It also raises levels of LDL cholesterol, which increases the risk of cardiovascular disease.[2] While carnivore diets exclude fruits and vegetables which supply micronutrients, they are also low in dietary fiber, possibly causing constipation.[2][4][12] Compared to plant sources, foods from animals provide little vitamin C, and what there is, is largely destroyed by the heat used when it is cooked. An all-meat died increases the risk of developing scurvy, which is easily preventable through consuming plants.[13] Followers of the carnivore diet, such as James Blunt, have developed scurvy from the diet.[14] A carnivore diet high in red meat increases the risks of colon cancer and gout.[4][15][16]

Environmental impact

Criticism also derives from concerns about greenhouse gas emissions associated with large-scale livestock farming required to produce meats commercially, and the potential for such emissions to worsen climate change (see environmental impact of meat production).[8][10][11]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f "Popular Diet Trends: Today's Fad Diets By Carrie Dennett, MPH, RDN, CD". Today’s Dietitian. Retrieved 2020-02-04.
  2. ^ a b c d e Rachel Hosie (2018-08-13). "New 'carnivore diet' condemned by health and nutrition experts". The Independent. Retrieved 2020-02-02.
  3. ^ R.D, Abby Langer. "I'm a Registered Dietitian and I Really Don't Want You to Eat a Carnivore Diet". SELF. Retrieved 2020-02-02.
  4. ^ a b c Jonathan Jarry (15 November 2018). "The Carnivore Diet: A Beefy Leap of Faith". Office for Science and Society, McGill University. Retrieved 29 January 2023.
  5. ^ McLaughlin, Terence. (1979). If You Like It, Don't Eat It: Dietary Fads and Fancies. New York: Universe Books. p. 62. ISBN 0-87663-332-7
  6. ^ L'Esperance, Francis A; James, William A. (1981). Diabetic Retinopathy: Clinical Evaluation and Management. Mosby. p. 118. ISBN 978-0801629488
  7. ^ Gentilcore, David; Smith, Matthew. (2018). Proteins, Pathologies and Politics Dietary Innovation and Disease from the Nineteenth Century. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 27. ISBN 978-1350056862
  8. ^ a b c Olivia Solon (11 May 2018). "They mock vegans and eat 4lb of steak a day: meet 'carnivore dieters'". The Guardian. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
  9. ^ a b Adam Gabbatt (11 September 2018). "My carnivore diet: what I learned from eating only beef, salt and water". The Guardian. Retrieved 29 January 2023.
  10. ^ a b c d Sutton, Malcolm (2019-12-05). "The beefed-up diet 'changing lives' but health experts not so sure". ABC News - Australia. Retrieved 2020-02-02.
  11. ^ a b c d James Hamblin (28 August 2018). "The Jordan Peterson All-Meat Diet". The Atlantic. ISSN 1072-7825. Retrieved 2020-02-02.
  12. ^ a b c d Emer Delaney (20 October 2020). "What is the carnivore diet?". BBC Goodfood, Immediate Media Company Limited. Retrieved 29 January 2023.
  13. ^ Levin, N. A.; Greer, K. E. (2000-07). "Scurvy in an unrepentant carnivore". Cutis. 66 (1): 39–44. ISSN 0011-4162. PMID 10916690. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  14. ^ "James Blunt Got Scurvy After Eating Only Meat and Mayonnaise for 2 Months". Health. Retrieved 2023-04-10.
  15. ^ Turner ND, Lloyd SK (April 2017). "Association between red meat consumption and colon cancer: A systematic review of experimental results". Experimental Biology and Medicine. 242 (8): 813–839. doi:10.1177/1535370217693117. PMC 5407540. PMID 28205448.
  16. ^ Li R, Yu K, Li C (2018). "Dietary factors and risk of gout and hyperuricemia: a meta-analysis and systematic review" (PDF). Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 27 (6): 1344–1356. doi:10.6133/apjcn.201811_27(6).0022. PMID 30485934.
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