Carnivore diet: Difference between revisions
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[[File:Zwei Rindersteaks auf der Pfanne 0796.JPG|thumb|[[Beefsteak|Steak]] is heavily consumed by many on the carnivore diet]] |
[[File:Zwei Rindersteaks auf der Pfanne 0796.JPG|thumb|[[Beefsteak|Steak]] is heavily consumed by many on the carnivore diet]] |
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The '''Carnivore diet''' (also called a '''zero carb diet''') is a [[pseudoscientific]] [[fad diet]] in which only animal products such as meat, eggs, and dairy are consumed.<ref name=sbm/><ref name="Dennett">{{Cite web|url=https://www.todaysdietitian.com/newarchives/0519p12.shtml|title=Popular Diet Trends: Today’s Fad Diets By Carrie Dennett, MPH, RDN, CD|website=Today’s Dietitian|access-date=2020-02-04}}</ref><ref name="Independent">{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/carnivore-diet-plan-results-meat-only-fad-nutrition-health-warning-a8489266.html|title=New 'carnivore diet' condemned by health and nutrition experts|author=Rachel Hosie|date=2018-08-13|work=The Independent|language=en|access-date=2020-02-02}}</ref> |
The '''Carnivore diet''' (also called a '''zero carb diet''') is a [[pseudoscientific]] [[fad diet]] in which only animal products such as meat, eggs, and dairy are consumed.<ref name=sbm/><ref name="Dennett">{{Cite web|url=https://www.todaysdietitian.com/newarchives/0519p12.shtml|title=Popular Diet Trends: Today’s Fad Diets By Carrie Dennett, MPH, RDN, CD|website=Today’s Dietitian|access-date=2020-02-04}}</ref><ref name="Independent">{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/carnivore-diet-plan-results-meat-only-fad-nutrition-health-warning-a8489266.html|title=New 'carnivore diet' condemned by health and nutrition experts|author=Rachel Hosie|date=2018-08-13|work=The Independent|language=en|access-date=2020-02-02}}</ref> Such a diet can lead to [[Vitamin deficiency|deficiencies of vitamins]] and [[dietary fiber]], and increase the risk of [[Chronic condition|chronic diseases]].<ref name="Dennett"/><ref name="Independent"/><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.self.com/story/im-a-registered-dietitian-and-i-really-dont-want-you-to-eat-a-carnivore-diet|title=I'm a Registered Dietitian and I Really Don't Want You to Eat a Carnivore Diet|last=R.D|first=Abby Langer|website=SELF|language=en|access-date=2020-02-02}}</ref><ref name="mcgill">{{cite web|url=https://www.mcgill.ca/oss/article/health-nutrition/carnivore-diet-beefy-leap-faith|title=The Carnivore Diet: A Beefy Leap of Faith|publisher=Office for Science and Society, McGill University|author=Jonathan Jarry|date=15 November 2018|accessdate=29 January 2023}}</ref> |
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== History == |
== History == |
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The idea of an exclusive meat diet can be traced to the German writer Bernard Moncriff, author of ''The Philosophy of the Stomach: Or, An Exclusively Animal Diet'' in 1856, who spent a year living on only beef and milk.<ref name="McLaughlin 1979">McLaughlin, Terence. (1979). ''If You Like It, Don't Eat It: Dietary Fads and Fancies''. New York: Universe Books. p. 62. {{ISBN|0-87663-332-7}}</ref> In the 1870s, Italian physician [[Arnaldo Cantani]] prescribed his diabetic patients an exclusive animal-based diet.<ref>L'Esperance, Francis A; James, William A. (1981). ''Diabetic Retinopathy: Clinical Evaluation and Management''. Mosby. p. 118. {{ISBN|978-0801629488}}</ref><ref>Gentilcore, David; Smith, Matthew. (2018). ''Proteins, Pathologies and Politics Dietary Innovation and Disease from the Nineteenth Century''. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 27. {{ISBN|978-1350056862}}</ref> In the 1880s, [[James H. Salisbury]] advocated a meat diet consisting of 2 to 4 pounds of lean beef and 3 to 5 pints of hot water daily for 4 to 12 weeks. It became known as the meat and hot water diet, or Salisbury diet. |
The idea of an exclusive meat diet can be traced to the German writer Bernard Moncriff, author of ''The Philosophy of the Stomach: Or, An Exclusively Animal Diet'' in 1856, who spent a year living on only beef and milk.<ref name="McLaughlin 1979">McLaughlin, Terence. (1979). ''If You Like It, Don't Eat It: Dietary Fads and Fancies''. New York: Universe Books. p. 62. {{ISBN|0-87663-332-7}}</ref> In the 1870s, Italian physician [[Arnaldo Cantani]] prescribed his diabetic patients an exclusive animal-based diet.<ref>L'Esperance, Francis A; James, William A. (1981). ''Diabetic Retinopathy: Clinical Evaluation and Management''. Mosby. p. 118. {{ISBN|978-0801629488}}</ref><ref>Gentilcore, David; Smith, Matthew. (2018). ''Proteins, Pathologies and Politics Dietary Innovation and Disease from the Nineteenth Century''. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 27. {{ISBN|978-1350056862}}</ref> In the 1880s, [[James H. Salisbury]] advocated a meat diet consisting of 2 to 4 pounds of lean beef and 3 to 5 pints of hot water daily for 4 to 12 weeks. It became known as the meat and hot water diet, or Salisbury diet. |
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In 2018, the carnivore diet was promoted by former orthopaedic surgeon Shawn Baker, who has a written a book titled ''The Carnivore Diet |
In 2018, the carnivore diet was promoted on social media by former orthopaedic surgeon Shawn Baker, who has a written a book titled ''The Carnivore Diet''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-25 |title=What Is The Carnivore Diet? |url=https://www.forbes.com/health/body/what-is-the-carnivore-diet/ |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=Forbes Health |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Jordan Peterson]] and his daughter Mikhaila Peterson were also vocal adherents of this diet.<ref name="Dennett"/><ref name="Guardian">{{Cite news|author=Olivia Solon|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2018/may/11/the-carnivore-diet-all-meat-health-benefits-dangers|title=They mock vegans and eat 4lb of steak a day: meet 'carnivore dieters'|work=The Guardian|date=11 May 2018|access-date=4 February 2020}}</ref><ref name="Peterson">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/food/2018/sep/10/my-carnivore-diet-jordan-peterson-beef|title=My carnivore diet: what I learned from eating only beef, salt and water|work= The Guardian|author=Adam Gabbatt|date=11 September 2018|accessdate=29 January 2023}}</ref> Peterson and his daughter follow a strict type of carnivore diet termed the lion diet, in which only [[Beefsteak|beef]], salt, and water are consumed.<ref name="Peterson"/><ref name="sutton">{{Cite news|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-12-05/carnivore-diet-of-meat-and-water/11757396|title=The beefed-up diet 'changing lives' but health experts not so sure|last=Sutton|first=Malcolm|date=2019-12-05|work=ABC News - Australia|language=en-AU|access-date=2020-02-02}}</ref><ref name="hamblin">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2018/08/the-peterson-family-meat-cleanse/567613/|date=28 August 2018|title=The Jordan Peterson All-Meat Diet|author=James Hamblin|work=The Atlantic|access-date=2020-02-02|issn=1072-7825}}</ref> Lion diet, which became a viral fad on [[TikTok]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Abdou |first=Anouare |title=What Is the Lion Diet and Is It Ever a Good Idea? |url=https://www.askmen.com/fitness/nutrition/what-is-the-lion-diet-and-is-it-ever-a-good-idea.html |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=AskMen |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Trepany |first=Charles |title=Carnivore, lion diets called life-changing online. But is eating only meat really good for you? |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/health-wellness/2023/01/06/carnivore-all-meat-diet-viral-tiktok/10984541002/ |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=USA TODAY |language=en-US}}</ref> is described by experts as “being potentially very unhealthy, [it] is difficult to follow and unsustainable in the long term”.<ref>https://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/health/diet/experts-slam-controversial-cureall-tiktok-trend-the-lion-diet/news-story/21e09aec08385d5c09e4d2891e16131b</ref> |
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In April 2023, skeptic and neurologist [[Steven Novella]] described the carnivore diet as the latest [[fad diet]] to have achieved popularity.<ref name=sbm>{{cite web |publisher=[[Science-Based Medicine]] |vauthors=Novella S |title=Skeptical of the Carnivore Diet |date=19 April 2023 |url=https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/skeptical-of-the-carnivore-diet/}}</ref> On account of its cost Novella described the diet as one for "select elites", adding what he said was a further unsavory aspect to its harmful and pseudoscientific basis.<ref name=sbm/> |
In April 2023, skeptic and neurologist [[Steven Novella]] described the carnivore diet as the latest [[fad diet]] to have achieved popularity.<ref name=sbm>{{cite web |publisher=[[Science-Based Medicine]] |vauthors=Novella S |title=Skeptical of the Carnivore Diet |date=19 April 2023 |url=https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/skeptical-of-the-carnivore-diet/}}</ref> On account of its cost Novella described the diet as one for "select elites", adding what he said was a further unsavory aspect to its harmful and pseudoscientific basis.<ref name=sbm/> |
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Revision as of 13:55, 27 April 2023
The Carnivore diet (also called a zero carb diet) is a pseudoscientific fad diet in which only animal products such as meat, eggs, and dairy are consumed.[1][2][3] Such a diet can lead to deficiencies of vitamins and dietary fiber, and increase the risk of chronic diseases.[2][3][4][5]
History
The idea of an exclusive meat diet can be traced to the German writer Bernard Moncriff, author of The Philosophy of the Stomach: Or, An Exclusively Animal Diet in 1856, who spent a year living on only beef and milk.[6] In the 1870s, Italian physician Arnaldo Cantani prescribed his diabetic patients an exclusive animal-based diet.[7][8] In the 1880s, James H. Salisbury advocated a meat diet consisting of 2 to 4 pounds of lean beef and 3 to 5 pints of hot water daily for 4 to 12 weeks. It became known as the meat and hot water diet, or Salisbury diet.
In 2018, the carnivore diet was promoted on social media by former orthopaedic surgeon Shawn Baker, who has a written a book titled The Carnivore Diet.[9] Jordan Peterson and his daughter Mikhaila Peterson were also vocal adherents of this diet.[2][10][11] Peterson and his daughter follow a strict type of carnivore diet termed the lion diet, in which only beef, salt, and water are consumed.[11][12][13] Lion diet, which became a viral fad on TikTok,[14][15] is described by experts as “being potentially very unhealthy, [it] is difficult to follow and unsustainable in the long term”.[16]
In April 2023, skeptic and neurologist Steven Novella described the carnivore diet as the latest fad diet to have achieved popularity.[1] On account of its cost Novella described the diet as one for "select elites", adding what he said was a further unsavory aspect to its harmful and pseudoscientific basis.[1]
Diet
People following a carnivore diet consume animal-based products, such as beef, pork, poultry, and seafood.[2][17] Some may eat dairy products and eggs.[17] All fruits, legumes, vegetables, grains, nuts and seeds are strictly excluded.[17]
Health concerns
There is no clinical evidence that the carnivore diet provides any health benefits.[2][12][13] Dietitians dismiss the carnivore diet as an extreme fad diet,[2][3] which has attracted criticism from dietitians and physicians as being potentially dangerous to health (see Meat § Health).[10][12][13]
It also raises levels of LDL cholesterol, which increases the risk of cardiovascular disease.[3] While carnivore diets exclude fruits and vegetables which supply micronutrients, they are also low in dietary fiber, possibly causing constipation.[3][5][17] A carnivore diet high in red meat increases the risks of colon cancer and gout.[5][18][19]
Environmental impact
Criticism also derives from concerns about greenhouse gas emissions associated with large-scale livestock farming required to produce meats commercially, and the potential for such emissions to worsen climate change (see environmental impact of meat production).[10][12][13]
See also
References
- ^ a b c Novella S (19 April 2023). "Skeptical of the Carnivore Diet". Science-Based Medicine.
- ^ a b c d e f "Popular Diet Trends: Today's Fad Diets By Carrie Dennett, MPH, RDN, CD". Today’s Dietitian. Retrieved 2020-02-04.
- ^ a b c d e Rachel Hosie (2018-08-13). "New 'carnivore diet' condemned by health and nutrition experts". The Independent. Retrieved 2020-02-02.
- ^ R.D, Abby Langer. "I'm a Registered Dietitian and I Really Don't Want You to Eat a Carnivore Diet". SELF. Retrieved 2020-02-02.
- ^ a b c Jonathan Jarry (15 November 2018). "The Carnivore Diet: A Beefy Leap of Faith". Office for Science and Society, McGill University. Retrieved 29 January 2023.
- ^ McLaughlin, Terence. (1979). If You Like It, Don't Eat It: Dietary Fads and Fancies. New York: Universe Books. p. 62. ISBN 0-87663-332-7
- ^ L'Esperance, Francis A; James, William A. (1981). Diabetic Retinopathy: Clinical Evaluation and Management. Mosby. p. 118. ISBN 978-0801629488
- ^ Gentilcore, David; Smith, Matthew. (2018). Proteins, Pathologies and Politics Dietary Innovation and Disease from the Nineteenth Century. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 27. ISBN 978-1350056862
- ^ "What Is The Carnivore Diet?". Forbes Health. 2021-05-25. Retrieved 2023-04-18.
- ^ a b c Olivia Solon (11 May 2018). "They mock vegans and eat 4lb of steak a day: meet 'carnivore dieters'". The Guardian. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
- ^ a b Adam Gabbatt (11 September 2018). "My carnivore diet: what I learned from eating only beef, salt and water". The Guardian. Retrieved 29 January 2023.
- ^ a b c d Sutton, Malcolm (2019-12-05). "The beefed-up diet 'changing lives' but health experts not so sure". ABC News - Australia. Retrieved 2020-02-02.
- ^ a b c d James Hamblin (28 August 2018). "The Jordan Peterson All-Meat Diet". The Atlantic. ISSN 1072-7825. Retrieved 2020-02-02.
- ^ Abdou, Anouare. "What Is the Lion Diet and Is It Ever a Good Idea?". AskMen. Retrieved 2023-04-18.
- ^ Trepany, Charles. "Carnivore, lion diets called life-changing online. But is eating only meat really good for you?". USA TODAY. Retrieved 2023-04-18.
- ^ https://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/health/diet/experts-slam-controversial-cureall-tiktok-trend-the-lion-diet/news-story/21e09aec08385d5c09e4d2891e16131b
- ^ a b c d Emer Delaney (20 October 2020). "What is the carnivore diet?". BBC Goodfood, Immediate Media Company Limited. Retrieved 29 January 2023.
- ^ Turner ND, Lloyd SK (April 2017). "Association between red meat consumption and colon cancer: A systematic review of experimental results". Experimental Biology and Medicine. 242 (8): 813–839. doi:10.1177/1535370217693117. PMC 5407540. PMID 28205448.
- ^ Li R, Yu K, Li C (2018). "Dietary factors and risk of gout and hyperuricemia: a meta-analysis and systematic review" (PDF). Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 27 (6): 1344–1356. doi:10.6133/apjcn.201811_27(6).0022. PMID 30485934.
