1964 New York World's Fair: Difference between revisions
Epicgenius (talk | contribs) Completely rewrite article with new sources, as mentioned on talk page, and split out pavilions into new article. I am going to add a few more paragraphs later, but basically I've excised most of the poorly sourced content and expanded other aspects of the article. |
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{{short description| |
{{short description|World's fair in New York City}} |
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{{Use mdy dates|date= |
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2024}} |
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{{Use American English|date=April 2024}} |
{{Use American English|date=April 2024}} |
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{{More citations needed|date=April 2024}} |
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{{Infobox World's Fair |
{{Infobox World's Fair |
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| image = New York World's Fair August 1964.jpeg |
| image = New York World's Fair August 1964.jpeg |
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| year = 1964–1965 |
| year = 1964–1965 |
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| name = 1964–1965 New York World's Fair |
| name = 1964–1965 New York World's Fair |
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| motto = Peace through Understanding<ref name="park">{{cite web |title=Flushing Meadows Corona Park: World's Fair Playground |url=https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/flushing-meadows-corona-park/highlights/12712 | |
| motto = Peace through Understanding<ref name="park">{{cite web |title=Flushing Meadows Corona Park: World's Fair Playground |url=https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/flushing-meadows-corona-park/highlights/12712 |publisher=[[New York City Department of Parks and Recreation]] |access-date=April 18, 2017}}</ref> |
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| building = [[Unisphere]]<ref name="park" /> |
| building = [[Unisphere]]<ref name="park" /> |
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| area = {{cvt|646|acre|km2}} |
| area = {{cvt|646|acre|km2}} |
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| invent = |
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| invent = 140 pavilions<!--[[picture phone]], CRT [[light pen]], [[Audio-Animatronics]]--> |
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| visitors = 51,607,307<ref name="park" /> |
| visitors = 51,607,307<ref name="park" /> |
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| organized = [[Robert Moses]] |
| organized = [[Robert Moses]] |
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| cnt = 80 <ref name="park" /> |
| cnt = 66 (80 including nations without full exhibits<ref name="park" />) |
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| org = |
| org = |
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| biz = Nearly 350 companies |
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| biz = General Electric, Ford, General Motors, Chrysler, Disney, IBM, Bell Telephone, US Steel, Pepsi Cola, Seven Up, Dupont, RCA, Westinghouse |
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| country = [[United States]] |
| country = [[United States]] |
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| city = [[New York City]] |
| city = [[New York City]] |
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| venue = [[Flushing Meadows–Corona Park]] |
| venue = [[Flushing Meadows–Corona Park]] |
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| cand = |
| cand = 1959 |
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| award = Never |
| award = Never |
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| open = {{unbulleted list|{{start date|1964|04|22}}|{{start date|1965|04|21}}}} |
| open = {{unbulleted list|{{start date|1964|04|22}}|{{start date|1965|04|21}}}} |
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| website = {{URL|www.nywf64.com}}}} |
| website = {{URL|www.nywf64.com}}}} |
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The '''1964–1965 New York World's Fair''' was a [[world's fair]] |
The '''1964–1965 New York World's Fair''' was a [[world's fair]] at [[Flushing Meadows–Corona Park]] in [[Queens]], New York City, United States. The fair included exhibitions, activities, performances, films, art, and food presented by 66 nations, 30 [[U.S. states]], and nearly 350 American companies. The {{Convert|646|acre|adj=on}} fairground consisted of five sections: the Federal and State, International, Transportation, Amusement, and Industrial areas. Themed to the concept of "Peace Through Understanding", the fair was centered around a stainless-steel model of the Earth called the [[Unisphere]]. On opening day, the fair had 139 pavilions, in addition to 34 concessions and shows. |
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The site had previously hosted the [[1939 New York World's Fair]]. Several businessmen devised plans for a 1964 fair in the 1950s, and the New York World's Fair 1964 Corporation (WFC) was formed in 1959. Although U.S. president [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] approved the fair, the [[Bureau International des Expositions]] never recognized it. Construction began in late 1960, and over a hundred exhibitors signed up for the fair over the next three years. The fair ran for two six-month seasons: April 22 to October 18, 1964, and April 21 to October 17, 1965. Despite initial projections of 70 million visitors, the fair had just over 51.6 million guests. After the fair, some pavilions were preserved or relocated, but the vast majority of structures were demolished. |
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Hailing itself as a "universal and international" exposition, the fair's theme was "Peace Through Understanding", dedicated to "Man's Achievement on a Shrinking Globe in an Expanding Universe". [[United States|American]] companies dominated the exposition as exhibitors. The theme was symbolized by a 12-story-high, stainless-steel model of the Earth called the [[Unisphere]], built on the foundation of the [[Perisphere]] from the [[1939 New York World's Fair|1939 World's Fair]].<ref>Gordon, John Steele (October 2006). "[http://www.americanheritage.com/content/world%E2%80%99s-fair-1 "The World's Fair: It was a disaster from the beginning]". ''American Heritage''.</ref> The fair ran for two six-month seasons, April 22 – October 18, 1964, and April 21 – October 17, 1965. Admission price for adults (13 and older) was $2.00 in 1964 ({{Inflation|US|2|1964|r=2|fmt=eq|cursign=$}}). Admission in 1965 increased to $2.50 ({{Inflation|US|2.50|1965|r=2|fmt=eq|cursign=$}}). In both years, children (2–12) admission cost $1.00 ({{Inflation|US|1|1964 |r=2 |fmt=eq}}).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Arnold |first1=Martin |title=FAIR INCREASING ADMISSION TO $2.50; 50-Cent Raise Does Not Apply to Children's Rates – Longer Run Possible |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/01/13/archives/fair-increasing-admission-to-250-50cent-raise-does-not-apply-to.html |access-date=April 25, 2016 |work=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331 |date=January 13, 1965}}</ref> |
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The different sections were designed in various architectural styles, though the fair was open to anyone who could afford to rent the land and pay for a pavilion. The fairground had several amusement and transport rides, as well as various plazas and fountains. The fair had 198 restaurants at its peak, and foods from these restaurants, such as [[Belgian waffle|Belgian waffles]], were popularized through the fair. There were more than 30 entertainment events at the fair, in addition to 40 theaters and various music performances. Exhibitors also displayed sculptures, visual art, and artifacts. In addition, many consumer products were featured at the fair. Though the event was a financial failure that was criticized in the contemporary press, the fair is noted as a showcase of mid-20th-century American culture and technology. |
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The fair is noted as a showcase of mid-twentieth-century American culture and technology. The nascent [[Space Age]], with its vista of promise, was well represented. More than 51 million people attended the fair, though fewer than the hoped-for 70 million. It remains a cultural touchstone for many American [[Baby Boomers]] who visited the optimistic exposition as children a few short years before the social and political turmoil of the [[Vietnam War]] era and the massive cultural changes of the later [['60s]]. |
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==Development== |
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In many ways the fair symbolized a grand consumer show, covering many products then-produced in America for transportation, living, and consumer electronic needs in a way that would never be repeated at future world's fairs in [[North America]]. American manufacturers of pens, chemicals, computers, and automobiles had a major presence.<ref name="ibm">{{cite web |title=IBM Pavilion NY World's Fair |url=http://www.eamesoffice.com/the-work/ibm-pavilion-ny-worlds-fair/ |website=EamesOffice.com |date=2015 |access-date=April 18, 2017}}</ref><ref name="park">{{cite web |title=Flushing Meadows Corona Park: World's Fair Playground |url=https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/flushing-meadows-corona-park/highlights/12712 |website=nycgovparks.org |access-date=April 18, 2017}}</ref> The fair gave many attendees their first ever interaction of any sort with computer hardware; corporations demonstrated the use of [[mainframe computer]]s, [[computer terminal]]s with keyboards and [[CRT display]]s, [[teleprinter|teletype]] machines, [[punch card]]s, and [[telephone modem]]s in an era when computers had rooms of their own in the [[back office]], decades before the advent of personal computers and the [[Internet]]. |
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The site of the 1964 World's Fair, [[Flushing Meadows–Corona Park]] in [[Queens]], was originally a natural wetland straddling the [[Flushing River]].<ref name="Appendix: History">{{cite web |title=Appendix: The History of Flushing Meadows Corona Park |url=https://www.nycgovparks.org/sub_your_park/vt_flushing_meadows/presentation/07appendix.pdf |publisher=[[New York City Department of Parks and Recreation]] |access-date=November 12, 2017 |page=52}}</ref> The site was the Corona Ash Dumps in the early 20th century<ref name="Steinberg 2015">{{cite book |last=Steinberg |first=Ted |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=arkrCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA211 |title=Gotham Unbound: The Ecological History of Greater New York |date=July 21, 2015 |publisher=[[Simon and Schuster]] |isbn=978-1-4767-4128-4 |pages=212}}</ref> before it was selected for the [[1939 New York World's Fair|1939–1940 World's Fair]].<ref name="nyt-1935-09-23">{{Cite news |date=September 23, 1935 |title=Great World Fair for City in 1939 on Site in Queens; Cost to Be $40,000,000 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1935/09/23/archives/great-world-fair-for-city-in-1939-on-site-in-queens-cost-to-be.html |access-date=May 20, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The 1939 fair was themed to "the world of tomorrow"<ref name="Stern (1995) p. 1027">{{harvnb|Stern|Mellins|Fishman|1995|ps=.|p=1027}}</ref><ref name="Samuel p. 4">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=.|page=4}}</ref> and was highly unprofitable, recouping only 32% of its original cost.<ref name="Samuel p. 4" /><ref name="p510830485" /> After the fair, the site was used as a park.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |title=Ready to Turn Fair Into Park; Moses Tells Mayor His Plans Are Set |url=http://fultonhistory.com/highlighter/highlight-for-xml?altUrl=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FNewspaper%252018%2FNew%2520York%2520NY%2520Sun%2FNew%2520York%2520NY%2520Sun%25201940%2FNew%2520York%2520NY%2520Sun%25201940%2520a%2520-%25204231.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729132724/http://fultonhistory.com/Newspaper%2018/New%20York%20NY%20Sun/New%20York%20NY%20Sun%201940/New%20York%20NY%20Sun%201940%20a%20-%204231.pdf |archive-date=July 29, 2019 |url-status=live |access-date=March 27, 2017 |work=[[The Sun (New York)]] |via=[[Old Fulton New York Postcards]] |date=August 15, 1940 |page=14}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Flushing Meadow |url=http://fultonhistory.com/highlighter/highlight-for-xml?altUrl=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FNewspaper%252014%2FLong%2520Island%2520City%2520NY%2520Star%2520Journal%2FLong%2520Island%2520City%2520NY%2520Star%2520Journal%25201949%2FLong%2520Island%2520%2520City%2520NY%2520Star%2520Journal%25201949%2520-%25204917.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729132730/http://fultonhistory.com/Newspaper%2014/Long%20Island%20City%20NY%20Star%20Journal/Long%20Island%20City%20NY%20Star%20Journal%201949/Long%20Island%20%20City%20NY%20Star%20Journal%201949%20-%204917.pdf |archive-date=July 29, 2019 |url-status=live |access-date=March 27, 2017 |work=Long Island Star-Journal |via=[[Old Fulton New York Postcards]] |date=July 13, 1949 |page=4}}</ref><!-- Cultural context --> |
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== |
===Planning=== |
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The selected site, [[Flushing Meadows–Corona Park]] in the [[Borough (New York City)|borough]] of [[Queens]], was originally a natural wetland straddling the [[Flushing River]].<ref name="Appendix: History">{{cite web |title=Appendix: The History of Flushing Meadows Corona Park |url=https://www.nycgovparks.org/sub_your_park/vt_flushing_meadows/presentation/07appendix.pdf |publisher=[[New York City Department of Parks and Recreation]] |access-date=November 12, 2017 |page=52}}</ref> [[Flushing, Queens|Flushing]] had been a Dutch settlement, named after the city of [[Vlissingen]] (anglicized into "Flushing").<ref name="Steinberg 2015" />{{rp|220}} The site was then converted into the Corona Ash Dumps,<ref name="Steinberg 2015">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=arkrCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA211 |title=Gotham Unbound: The Ecological History of Greater New York |last=Steinberg |first=Ted |date=July 21, 2015 |publisher=[[Simon and Schuster]] |isbn=978-1-4767-4128-4 |pages=209–225}}</ref>{{rp|212}} which were featured prominently in [[F. Scott Fitzgerald]]'s ''[[The Great Gatsby]]'' as the "Valley of Ashes".<ref name="Appendix: History" /> The site was used for the [[1939 New York World's Fair|1939–1940 New York World's Fair]], and at the conclusion of the fair, was used as a park.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ready to Turn Fair Into Park; Moses Tells Mayor His Plans Are Set |url=http://fultonhistory.com/highlighter/highlight-for-xml?altUrl=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FNewspaper%252018%2FNew%2520York%2520NY%2520Sun%2FNew%2520York%2520NY%2520Sun%25201940%2FNew%2520York%2520NY%2520Sun%25201940%2520a%2520-%25204231.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729132724/http://fultonhistory.com/Newspaper%2018/New%20York%20NY%20Sun/New%20York%20NY%20Sun%201940/New%20York%20NY%20Sun%201940%20a%20-%204231.pdf |archive-date=July 29, 2019 |url-status=live |access-date=March 27, 2017 |work=[[The Sun (New York)]] |via=[[Old Fulton New York Postcards]] |date=August 15, 1940 |page=14}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Flushing Meadow |url=http://fultonhistory.com/highlighter/highlight-for-xml?altUrl=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FNewspaper%252014%2FLong%2520Island%2520City%2520NY%2520Star%2520Journal%2FLong%2520Island%2520City%2520NY%2520Star%2520Journal%25201949%2FLong%2520Island%2520%2520City%2520NY%2520Star%2520Journal%25201949%2520-%25204917.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729132730/http://fultonhistory.com/Newspaper%2014/Long%20Island%20City%20NY%20Star%20Journal/Long%20Island%20City%20NY%20Star%20Journal%201949/Long%20Island%20%20City%20NY%20Star%20Journal%201949%20-%204917.pdf |archive-date=July 29, 2019 |url-status=live |access-date=March 27, 2017 |work=Long Island Star-Journal |via=[[Old Fulton New York Postcards]] |date=July 13, 1949 |page=4}}</ref> |
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==== World's Fair Corporation ==== |
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Preceding these fairs was the 1853–1854 [[Exhibition of the Industry of All Nations]], located in the [[New York Crystal Palace]] at what is now [[Bryant Park]] in the New York City borough of [[Manhattan]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Guide to the New York Crystal Palace Records |url=http://dlib.nyu.edu/findingaids/html/nyhs/nyccrystalpalace.html |publisher=The New York Historical Society |access-date=July 15, 2011}}</ref> |
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The idea for the 1964 fair was conceived by a group of businessmen.<ref name="nyt-1959-08-10">{{Cite news |last=Freeman |first=Ira Henry |date=August 10, 1959 |title=World's Fair Planned Here In '64 at Half Billion Cost; Flushing Meadow Likely to Be the Site – 'Biggest' Exposition to Celebrate New York's 300th Anniversary Plans Fair Here |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1959/08/10/archives/worlds-fair-planned-here-in-64-at-half-billion-cost-flushing-meadow.html |access-date=May 20, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="Samuel p. 3; Tirella p. 11">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=|page=3}}; {{harvnb|Tirella|2013|ps=.|page=11}}</ref> Among them was the lawyer Robert Kopple, who first discussed the idea of a 1964 fair at a family dinner in 1958<ref name="Samuel p. 3; Tirella p. 11" /><ref name="nyt-1964-04-222">{{Cite news |date=April 22, 1964 |title=Blending of Ideas in 2 Opposing Minds Went Into Creation of the Exposition; '39 Concessionaire Conceived Plan for '64 at a Family Dinner; Kopple Wanted to Bring the World Home to His Daughters—Moses Carried Through as Head of Corporation |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/22/archives/blending-of-ideas-in-2-opposing-minds-went-into-creation-of-the.html |access-date=May 20, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and suggested it at a meeting of the Mutual Admiration Society the following year.<ref name="Samuel pp. 3–4">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=.|pages=3–4}}</ref> The year 1964 was nominally selected to coincide with the 300th anniversary of the [[conquest of New Netherland]].<ref name="Stern (1995) p. 1027" /><ref name="nyt-1959-08-10" /><ref name="Tirella p. 12">{{harvnb|Tirella|2013|ps=.|page=12}}</ref> Kopple and two friends, Charles Preusse and Thomas J. Deegan, met with 35 potential financiers at the [[21 Club]] restaurant to ask for funding.<ref name="Samuel p. 4; Tirella p. 13">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=|page=4}}; {{harvnb|Tirella|2013|ps=.|page=13}}</ref> New York City mayor [[Robert F. Wagner Jr.]] and parks commissioner [[Robert Moses]] formally endorsed the proposal in August 1959,<ref name="nyt-1959-08-13">{{Cite news |last=Crowell |first=Paul |date=1959-08-13 |title=Proclamation by Mayor Backs Plans for World's Fair in 1964 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1959/08/13/archives/proclamation-by-mayor-backs-plans-for-worlds-fair-in-1964-mayor.html |access-date=2024-05-21 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="p1327256116">{{cite news |date=August 12, 1959 |title=Mayor, Moses Back Fair At Flushing Meadow Site |work=New York Herald Tribune |page=9 |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1327256116}} |postscript=none}}.</ref> and seventy-five businessmen formed the New York World's Fair 1964 Corporation (WFC) that month.<ref name="nyt-1959-08-19">{{Cite news |last=Kaplan |first=Morris |date=August 19, 1959 |title=75 Leaders Set Up World Fair Body; Elect Corporation Officers – Congressional Approval Celled Only Hurdle |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1959/08/19/archives/75-leaders-set-up-world-fair-body-elect-corporation-officers.html |access-date=May 20, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Moses offered to let the WFC use Flushing Meadows for a nominal fee.<ref name="Samuel p. 4; Tirella p. 13" /> The fairground would include not only the 1939 World's Fair site but also part of the nearby [[Kissena Corridor Park]].<ref name="p1327271386">{{cite news |last=Barrett |first=Laurence |date=11 Sep 1959 |title=Site of World's Fair Gets 35 More Acres: Acquisition of Kissena Corridor Revealed on Moses Trailer Tour |work=New York Herald Tribune |page=1 |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1327271386}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |last=Illson |first=Murray |date=1959-09-11 |title=Moses Shows Officials How Site of '64 World's Fair Could Be Expanded |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1959/09/11/archives/moses-shows-officials-how-site-of-64-worlds-fair-could-be-expanded.html |access-date=2024-05-22 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> |
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The bid still needed approval from the [[United States Congress]] and the [[Bureau International des Expositions]] (BIE), the French organization that was in charge of approving world's fairs.<ref name="p1325328899">{{cite news |last=Wilson |first=Victor |date=August 18, 1959 |title=World's Fair for City Facing a Rocky Road: Must Leap Hurdles in 22-Nation Exposition Bureau and Congress |work=New York Herald Tribune |page=1 |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1325328899}}}}</ref> With [[Los Angeles]] and [[Washington, D.C.]], submitting competing bids,<ref name="p1328096936">{{cite news |last=Barrett |first=Laurence |date=August 14, 1959 |title=Other Cities Compete For 1964 World Fair: Washington, Los Angeles Vying; Flushing Meadow the Site Here |work=New York Herald Tribune |page=1 |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1328096936}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |date=August 14, 1959 |title=City and Washington Vie for World's Fair |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1959/08/14/archives/city-and-washington-vie-for-worlds-fair-worlds-fair-tilt-begun-by-2.html |access-date=May 20, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="Samuel p. 6; Tirella p. 13">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=|page=6}}; {{harvnb|Tirella|2013|ps=.|page=13}}</ref> U.S. president [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] appointed a committee to review the 1964 world's fair bids in October 1959,<ref name="Samuel p. 5; Tirella p. 13">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=|page=5}}; {{harvnb|Tirella|2013|ps=.|page=13}}</ref><ref name="p140975102">{{cite news |date=11 Oct 1959 |title=Ike Names World Fair Committee: Washington Among Three Major Cities Proposed as Sites |work=The Washington Post, Times Herald |page=A1 |issn=0190-8286 |id={{ProQuest|140975102}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |last=Mooney |first=Richard E. |date=1959-10-11 |title=President Names Panel on '64 Fair; Asks 3 to Study Feasibility of U.S. Show and Pick Site If They Approve Plans |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1959/10/11/archives/president-names-panel-on-64-fair-asks-3-to-study-feasibility-of-us.html |access-date=2024-05-22 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and Eisenhower approved the New York bid later that month.<ref name="Samuel p. 6; Tirella p. 14">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=|page=6}}; {{harvnb|Tirella|2013|ps=.|page=14}}</ref><ref name="p140973278">{{cite news |last=Landauer |first=Jerry |last2=Mintz |first2=Morton |date=October 30, 1959 |title=N.Y. Picked As Site for World Fair: Capital Said to Be Better Suited for Permanent Projects |work=The Washington Post |page=A1 |issn=0190-8286 |id={{ProQuest|140973278}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |last=Mooney |first=Richard E. |date=October 30, 1959 |title=World Fair Here in 1964 Approved; Eisenhower Acts; He Backs Report Saying Exposition Would Be in 'National Interest' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1959/10/30/archives/world-fair-here-in-1964-approved-eisenhower-acts-he-backs-report.html |access-date=May 20, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Seventy-five nations had informally indicated an intention to attend the fair by late 1959,<ref name="p1324214613">{{cite news |last=Barrett |first=Laurence |date=11 Nov 1959 |title=75 Countries Ready to Join World's Fair |work=New York Herald Tribune |page=17 |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1324214613}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |last=Anderson |first=David |date=1959-11-11 |title=75 Nations Voice Interest in Fair; Deegan Reports on Informal Poll – Says Professional Will Direct '64 Event |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1959/11/11/archives/75-nations-voice-interest-in-fair-deegan-reports-on-informal-poll.html |access-date=2024-05-23 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and the WFC began looking for a president and three additional managers in early 1960.<ref name="p1505534595">{{cite magazine |date=Feb 22, 1960 |title=Show News: Plan 4-Man Team to Manage New York 1964 World's Fair |magazine=The Billboard |pages=51 |volume=72 |issue=8 |id={{ProQuest|1505534595}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |last=Knowles |first=Clayton |date=1960-02-29 |title=4-man Leadership Due for 1964 Fair; Moses and Murphy Would Direct Team for World Exhibition in City |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1960/02/29/archives/4man-leadership-due-for-1964-fair-moses-and-murphy-would-direct.html |access-date=2024-05-23 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Moses was tentatively selected as the WFC's president that March,<ref name="nyt-1960-04-01a">{{Cite news |last=Freeman |first=Ira Henry |date=1960-04-01 |title=Moses to Accept Fair Presidency; Chairman of '64 Exhibition Announces a Tentative Decision by City Aide |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1960/04/01/archives/moses-to-accept-fair-presidency-chairman-of-64-exhibition-announces.html |access-date=2024-05-23 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |date=1 Apr 1960 |title=World's Fair to Run 2 Years, Board Votes Unanimously |work=New York Herald Tribune |page=3 |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1325616473}}}}</ref> despite Koppel's objections that Moses was too old.<ref name="Stern (1995) p. 1027" /><ref name="Samuel p. 8">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=.|page=8}}</ref> In turn, Moses would not take the job unless Kopple resigned,<ref name="Samuel p. 8; Tirella pp. 34–35" /><ref name="Stern (1995) p. 1028">{{harvnb|Stern|Mellins|Fishman|1995|ps=.|p=1028}}</ref> as the two men had disagreed bitterly over the canceled [[Mid-Manhattan Elevated Expressway]].<ref name="Samuel p. 8; Tirella pp. 34–35">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=|page=8}}; {{harvnb|Tirella|2013|ps=.|pages=34–35}}</ref><ref name="nyt-1963-09-09">{{Cite news |last=Doty |first=Robert C. |date=1963-09-09 |title=World's Fair Gains Impetus Despite Snubs |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1963/09/09/archives/worlds-fair-gains-impetus-despite-snubs-150-pavilions-rise-road.html |access-date=2024-05-24 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> After Kopple quit the WFC,<ref name="Stern (1995) p. 1028" /><ref name="nyt-1960-04-09">{{Cite news |last=Freeman |first=Ira Henry |date=1960-04-09 |title=Originator of Fair Dropped by Moses |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1960/04/09/archives/originator-of-fair-dropped-by-moses-fairs-originator-dropped-by.html |access-date=2024-05-23 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |date=1960-04-09 |title=Moses Bars Fair Post for Kopple |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-buffalo-news-moses-bars-fair-post-fo/147925013/ |access-date=2024-05-23 |work=The Buffalo News |pages=11}}</ref> Moses formally became the WFC's president that May.<ref name="p1325923549">{{cite news |last=Gleason |first=Gene |date=25 May 1960 |title=Fair To Be 2½ Times Size Of Last One, Moses Says |work=New York Herald Tribune |page=1 |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1325923549}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |last=Johnston |first=Richard J. h |date=May 25, 1960 |title=Moses is Elected President of Fair; He Signs a 7-Year Contract – 2 Aides Are Named |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1960/05/25/archives/moses-is-elected-president-of-fair-he-signs-a-7year-contract-2.html |access-date=May 20, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Moses wanted the fair to run for two years,<ref name="p1327176485">{{cite news |last=Chapman |first=Ralph |date=18 Apr 1960 |title=Permanent Buildings Barred at World's Fair: Moses Report to Mayor Cites Law Calling for Restoration as a Park |work=New York Herald Tribune |page=1 |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1327176485}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |last=Grutzner |first=Charles |date=1960-04-18 |title=Moses Sees Fair Lasting 2 Years; Report to Wagner Includes a Reference to 1964–65 Without Qualification |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1960/04/18/archives/moses-sees-fair-lasting-2-years-report-to-wagner-includes-a.html |access-date=2024-05-23 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and consultants for the WFC predicted that the fair would have 70 million visitors during that time.<ref name="p898174102">{{cite news |last=Collins |first=Thomas |date=18 Apr 1960 |title=Moses Sees 2-Yr. Fair Drawing 70 Million |work=Newsday |page=3 |issn=2574-5298 |id={{ProQuest|898174102}}}}</ref><ref name="Samuel p. 9">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=.|page=9}}</ref> |
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==Beginnings== |
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The 1964–1965 Fair was conceived by a group of New York businessmen who remembered their childhood experiences at the [[1939 New York World's Fair]]. Thoughts of an economic boon to the city as the result of increased tourism was a major reason for holding another fair 25 years after the 1939–1940 extravaganza.<ref name="NYT81059">{{cite news |last=Freeman |first=Ira Henry |title=World's Fair Planned Here in '64 at Half Billion Cost |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=August 10, 1959}} [http://www.worldsfairphotos.com/nywf64/articles/ny-times/8-10-59-fair-announced.pdf Reprint] This articles includes a full list of the original members of the Fair committee, mostly corporate and union leaders.</ref> Then-New York City mayor [[Robert F. Wagner, Jr.]] commissioned Frederick Pittera, a producer of international fairs and exhibitions, and author of the history of International Fairs & Exhibitions for the ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' and ''[[Compton's Encyclopedia]]'', to prepare the first feasibility studies for the 1964–1965 New York World's Fair. He was joined by [[Austria]]n architect [[Victor Gruen]] (creator of the shopping mall) in studies that eventually led the Eisenhower Commission<ref>{{Cite web |title=1964 New York World's Fair 1965 – The Fair – Building the Fair – Page Four |url=http://www.nywf64.com/building04.shtml |access-date=June 14, 2022 |website=www.nywf64.com}}</ref> to award the world's fair to New York City in competition with a number of American cities. |
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Moses traveled to Paris to ask that the BIE recognize the fair.<ref name="Tirella p. 372">{{harvnb|Tirella|2013|ps=.|page=37}}</ref> Although the BIE had allowed the WFC to begin planning the fair in November 1959,<ref name="p1324227398">{{cite news |date=5 Nov 1959 |title=Deegan Returns With Go-Aliead For World's Fair |work=New York Herald Tribune |page=18 |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1324227398}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |date=1959-11-05 |title=World's Fair Group Is Back From Paris Elated on Go-Ahead |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1959/11/05/archives/worlds-fair-group-is-back-from-paris-elated-on-goahead.html |access-date=2024-05-23 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> BIE officials would not give the fair formal recognition.<ref name="Samuel p. 10; Tirella pp. 40–41">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=|page=10}}; {{harvnb|Tirella|2013|ps=.|pages=40–41}}</ref> Under BIE rules, world's fairs could run for one 6-month period,<ref name="Tirella pp. 37–38">{{harvnb|Tirella|2013|ps=.|pages=37–38}}</ref><ref name="nyt-1964-04-22" /> though the WFC had tried to request an exemption for the 1964 fair.<ref name="nyt-1960-02-18">{{Cite news |date=1960-02-18 |title=2-Year Run is Aim of 1964 Fair Here; Deegan Says Approval for Extension Is Being Sought From Bureau in Paris |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1960/02/18/archives/2year-run-is-aim-of-1964-fair-here-deegan-says-approval-for.html |access-date=2024-05-23 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The New York fair would also charge rent to foreign governments, contravening another BIE rule that prevented rent from being charged to exhibitors.<ref name="Tirella pp. 37–38" /> In addition, the BIE allowed only one exposition per country every ten years.<ref name="nyt-1964-04-22" /><ref name="Tirella p. 40" /> After Moses refused to negotiate with BIE officials and treated them derisively,<ref name="Tirella p. 39">{{harvnb|Tirella|2013|ps=.|page=39}}</ref> the organization voted to approve the 1962 [[Century 21 Exposition|Seattle World's Fair]], thereby preventing them from approving a New York fair for 1964.<ref name="nyt-1964-04-22" /><ref name="Tirella p. 40">{{harvnb|ps=.|Tirella|2013|page=40}}</ref> Moses belittled the BIE as a "bunch of clowns in Paris",<ref name="nyt-1964-04-22">{{Cite news |date=April 22, 1964 |title=66 Nations Help Set Fair Record; Exhibition Isn't Official, but Its Foreign Roster Is Tops |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/22/archives/66-nations-help-set-fair-record-exhibition-isnt-official-but-its.html |access-date=May 20, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="Samuel p. 10; Tirella pp. 40–41" /> but without formal recognition, the fair could not host official exhibits from BIE member states.<ref name="Samuel p. 10; Tirella pp. 40–41" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=1961-05-16 |title=Pakistan, Thailand Sign Up for '64 Fair |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1961/05/16/archives/pakistan-thailand-sign-up-for-64-fair.html |access-date=2024-05-24 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> |
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The year 1964 was nominally selected for the event to commemorate the 300th anniversary of the naming of New York,<ref name="NYT81059" /> after [[Charles II of England|King Charles II]] sent an English fleet to seize it from the Dutch in 1664. Prince James (the Duke of York) then renamed the former Dutch colony New Amsterdam as New York. |
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==== Financing and initial exhibitors ==== |
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[[File:6405 NY World's Fair 16 1964 (51190787295).jpg|thumb|Republic of China pavilion]] |
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The WFC planned to issue $500 million in [[Bond (finance)|bonds]]<ref name="nyt-1959-08-13" /><ref name="p1327151968">{{cite news |last=Barrett |first=Laurence |date=13 Aug 1959 |title=$500 Million Bonds to Aid World's Fair: "64 City Plan Looks To $6 Billion Trade |work=New York Herald Tribune |page=8 |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1327151968}}}}</ref> (later decreased to $150 million).<ref name="Samuel p. 6; Tirella p. 15">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=|page=6}}; {{harvnb|Tirella|2013|ps=.|page=15}}</ref> Moses proclaimed that the 1964 fair would be a "billion-dollar" event, though this included expenses for related projects such as roads and the nearby [[Shea Stadium]].<ref name="Samuel p. 12; Tirella pp. 43–44">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=|page=12}}; {{harvnb|Tirella|2013|ps=.|pages=43–44}}</ref> The WFC leased about {{Convert|646|acre}} from the city government in May 1960.<ref name="p1327670058">{{cite news |last=Silberfarb |first=Edward J. |date=28 May 1960 |title=Lease Signed For Site of World's Fair: 650 Rent-Free Acres At Flushing Meadow |work=New York Herald Tribune |page=5 |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1327670058}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |date=1960-05-28 |title=Lease is Signed for '64 Fair Site; 646 Acres Are Alloted in Flushing Meadow on Rent-Free Basis |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1960/05/28/archives/lease-is-signed-for-64-fair-site-646-acres-are-alloted-in-flushing.html |access-date=2024-05-23 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Moses hired former lieutenant governor [[Charles Poletti]] and military engineer [[William Everett Potter]] to organize the exhibits.<ref name="Samuel pp. 8–9">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=.|pages=8–9}}</ref> A design committee had proposed one massive pavilion,<ref name="Stern (1995) p. 1028" /><ref name="Tirella pp. 44–45">{{harvnb|Tirella|2013|ps=.|pages=44–45}}</ref> but the committee had quit by the end of the year.<ref name="Tirella pp. 44–45" /><ref name="p141165876">{{cite news |date=7 Dec 1960 |title=World's Fair Designers Quit |work=The Washington Post, Times Herald |page=B7 |issn=0190-8286 |id={{ProQuest|141165876}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |last=Asbury |first=Edith Evans |date=1960-12-03 |title=Designers Quit Fair In a Dispute on Plan |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1960/12/03/archives/designers-quit-fair-in-a-dispute-on-plan-fairs-designers-quit-over.html |access-date=2024-05-23 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Moses wanted to save the WFC money by having exhibitors erect most of their own pavilions.<ref name="Stern (1995) p. 1028" /><ref name="Tirella p. 42" /> The city government instead implemented a [[building code]] and [[health code]],<ref name="nyt-1960-09-30">{{Cite news |date=1960-09-30 |title=Codes for Buildings And Health Are Set For '64 Fair Here |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1960/09/30/archives/codes-for-buildings-and-health-are-set-for-64-fair-here.html |access-date=2024-05-23 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> which Potter enforced.<ref name="Tirella p. 42">{{harvnb|Tirella|2013|ps=.|page=42}}</ref> Nearly all buildings were to be temporary structures.<ref name="p1327176485" /><ref name="p898174102" /> By that August, the first ten exhibitors had applied for space at the fair,<ref name="p1327219435">{{cite news |last=Barrett |first=Laurence |date=22 Aug 1960 |title=Industrial Exhibit Size Cut by Fair: Reduced 40% Due To High Space Demand |work=New York Herald Tribune |page=17 |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1327219435}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |date=1960-08-22 |title=10 File for Space at World's Fair; 9 Concerns and Gas Group Apply – Land Quota Cut |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1960/08/22/archives/10-file-for-space-at-worlds-fair-9-concerns-and-gas-group-apply.html |access-date=2024-05-23 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="p898998597">{{cite news |date=22 Aug 1960 |title=LI to 'Map' the Future In Entry for 1964 Fair |work=Newsday |page=4 |issn=2574-5298 |id={{ProQuest|898998597}}}}</ref> and architectural blueprints had been submitted for the fair's first pavilion.<ref name="p1327220132">{{cite news |date=26 Aug 1960 |title=First World's Fair Design: Beer 'Oasis' |work=New York Herald Tribune |page=6 |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1327220132}}}}</ref> The WFC began sending delegations abroad to invite foreign governments to the fair.<ref name="p1327453714">{{cite news |date=15 Aug 1960 |title=Group Flies To Invite Nations to Fair |work=New York Herald Tribune |page=2 |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1327453714}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |last=Phillips |first=Wayne |date=1960-08-15 |title=First 'Envoys' Leave for Europe To Promote '64 World's Fair |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1960/08/15/archives/first-envoys-leave-for-europe-to-promote-64-worlds-fair.html |access-date=2024-05-23 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1961-06-15 |title=World's Fair Urged to Employ Negroes |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1961/06/15/archives/worlds-fair-urged-to-employ-negroes.html |access-date=2024-05-24 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> |
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The 1964 fair was to be themed to the concept of "peace through understanding",<ref name="Stern (1995) p. 1027" /><ref name="Samuel p. 5">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=.|page=5}}</ref> and exhibits were to be divided into five areas.<ref name="p1505610775">{{cite magazine |date=Aug 22, 1960 |title=Show News: N. Y. World's Fair Plans Exclusive Fun Zone Contract |magazine=The Billboard |pages=43–50 |volume=72 |issue=34 |id={{ProQuest|1505610775}}}}</ref><ref name="p899000151">{{cite news |date=16 Jan 1961 |title=Estimate World Fair Will Cost $768 Million, Earn $23 Million |work=Newsday |page=16 |issn=2574-5298 |id={{ProQuest|899000151}}}}</ref> The [[Port Authority of New York and New Jersey]] agreed to operate the fairground's transportation section.<ref name="n147932251">{{Cite news |date=1960-08-12 |title=Port Authority First With World's Fair Plan |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/brooklyn-record-port-authority-first-wit/147932251/ |access-date=2024-05-23 |work=Brooklyn Record |pages=1}}</ref><ref name="CY p. 61">{{harvnb|Cotter|Young|2008|ps=.|page=61}}</ref> The original plans called for an amusement park area,<ref name="p1505610775" /> which was canceled after the WFC could not find an operator.<ref name="nyt-1960-10-26">{{Cite news |date=1960-10-26 |title=Moses Abandons Tivoli Fair Plan; Aides Say No One Could Be Found to Develop Park at Flushing Meadow |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1960/10/26/archives/moses-abandons-tivoli-fair-plan-aides-say-no-one-could-be-found-to.html |access-date=2024-05-23 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The group began issuing $67.5 million in [[promissory note]]s in late 1960 to fund construction;<ref name="p1327242565">{{cite news |date=19 Dec 1960 |title=World's Fair Note Issue at $67,500,000: Offered at 6% To Finance First Costs |work=New York Herald Tribune |page=7 |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1327242565}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |date=1960-12-19 |title=World's Fair Issues $67,500,000 in Notes |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1960/12/19/archives/worlds-fair-issues-67500000-in-notes.html |access-date=2024-05-23 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> the WFC later reduced the amount to $64 million (consisting of $40 million in notes plus $24 million from the city).<ref name="p1326875729">{{cite news |last=Chapman |first=Ralph |date=5 Apr 1961 |title=$24,000,000 City Aid Voted for World Fair To Improve the Park; City to Get Money Back—If a Profit Is Made |work=New York Herald Tribune |page=1 |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1326875729}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |last=Robinson |first=Layhmond |date=1961-04-05 |title=City Aids '64 Fair With $24,000,000; Will Provide $8,000,000 a Year in Work on Site – Repayment Expected |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1961/04/05/archives/city-aids-64-fair-with-24000000-will-provide-8000000-a-year-in-work.html |access-date=2024-05-24 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> At the time, the WFC's finance chairman predicted that the fair would earn over $200 million.<ref name="nyt-1960-11-04">{{Cite news |last=Freeman |first=Ira Henry |date=1960-11-04 |title=Profit Forecast for World's Fair; Its Finance Chairman Says Surplus Will Be Donated to Flushing Meadow Park |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1960/11/04/archives/profit-forecast-for-worlds-fair-its-finance-chairman-says-surplus.html |access-date=2024-05-23 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="p1325522274">{{cite news |last=Chapman |first=Ralph |date=4 Nov 1960 |title=Fair to Boost Sales Tax by $210,000,000: Expected to Attract 70.000,000 to City |work=New York Herald Tribune |page=15 |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1325522274}}}}</ref> By the end of 1960, seven countries had agreed to sponsor exhibits.<ref name="nyt-1960-11-26">{{Cite news |date=1960-11-26 |title=Austria Rejects World's Fair Bid; Cites High Rent and Refusal of Recognition in Paris – Chile Seventh to Accept |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1960/11/26/archives/austria-rejects-worlds-fair-bid-cites-high-rent-and-refusal-of.html |access-date=2024-05-23 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and one-third of the industrial pavilion sites had been leased.<ref name="p1324104587">{{cite news |last=Chapman |first=Ralph |date=6 Nov 1960 |title=Fair's Space For Industry Is 1/3 Taken: Top Allotments Cut For Each Exhibitor |work=New York Herald Tribune |page=33 |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1324104587}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |date=1960-11-06 |title='64 Fair Reports Rise in Tenants; Moses Says Industry Has Applied for More Than a Third of Allotted Area |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1960/11/06/archives/64-fair-reports-rise-in-tenants-moses-says-industry-has-applied-for.html |access-date=2024-05-23 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Moses announced in early 1961 that the [[Unisphere]] would be built as the fair's symbol,<ref name="nyt19610215">{{Cite news |date=February 15, 1961 |title=A 120-Foot Steel 'Unisphere' Will Be Symbol of the '64 Fair |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1961/02/15/archives/a-120foot-steel-unisphere-will-be-symbol-of-the-64-fair.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308213052/https://www.nytimes.com/1961/02/15/archives/a-120foot-steel-unisphere-will-be-symbol-of-the-64-fair.html |archive-date=March 8, 2021 |access-date=November 4, 2019 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |date=February 14, 1961 |title='Unisphere' Is Fair's Symbol |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/82192966/unisphere-is-fairs-symbol/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726015224/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/82192966/unisphere-is-fairs-symbol/ |archive-date=July 26, 2021 |access-date=July 26, 2021 |work=Newsday |pages=4 |via=newspapers.com}}</ref> and the WFC also hired the [[Pinkerton (detective agency)|Pinkerton agency]] to provide security and first-aid services.<ref name="p1327583911">{{cite news |last=Chapman |first=Ralph |date=25 Feb 1961 |title=Pinkertons Will Handle World's Fair Security |work=New York Herald Tribune |page=5 |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1327583911}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |date=1961-02-25 |title=Pinkerton Agency To Guard '64 Fair And Guide Tourists |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1961/02/25/archives/pinkerton-agency-to-guard-64-fair-and-guide-tourists.html |access-date=2024-05-24 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> A report published that January indicated that the fair itself would cost $768 million,<ref name="p899000151" /> although most of this cost would be paid by individual exhibitors.<ref name="p168511265">{{cite news |last=Sederberg |first=Arelo |date=5 Jan 1964 |title=N.Y. Fair: A Gee-Whiz Money-maker?: Tight-Fisted Policy Seeks to Avoid Repetition of '39 |work=Los Angeles Times |pages=L1 |issn=0458-3035 |id={{ProQuest|168511265}}}}</ref> |
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Organizers turned to private financing and the sale of bonds to pay the huge costs to stage the event. The organizers hired New York's "Master Builder" [[Robert Moses]], to head the corporation established to run the fair because he was experienced in raising money for vast public projects. Moses had been a formidable figure in the city since coming to power in the 1930s. He was responsible for the construction of much of the city's highway infrastructure and, as parks commissioner for decades, the creation of much of the city's park system. |
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=== Construction === |
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In the mid-1930s, Moses oversaw the conversion of a vast Queens [[tidal marsh]] garbage dump into the fairgrounds that hosted the 1939–1940 World's Fair.<ref name="Caro">{{Cite Power Broker}}</ref> Called [[Flushing Meadows Park]], it was Moses's grandest park scheme. He envisioned this vast park, comprising some {{convert|1300|acre|km2}} of land, easily accessible from Manhattan, as a major recreational playground for New Yorkers. When the 1939–1940 World's Fair ended in financial failure, Moses did not have the available funds to complete work on his project. He saw the 1964–1965 Fair as a means to finish what the earlier fair had begun.<ref>{{cite news|title=Moses Lists Work Required for Fair; Sees 85 Millions as Needed to Prepare Subway and Roads in Flushing |author=Benjamin, Philip |newspaper=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331 |date=August 12, 1959}}</ref> |
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[[File:1965 new york world fair.jpg|thumb|The [[Unisphere]] was selected as the fair's symbol in early 1961.<ref name="nyt19610215" />|alt=View of the Unisphere, a steel structure depicting the Earth; there are world flags in the foreground]] |
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Exhibitors designed their own pavilions, which were built by local labor unions.<ref name="Samuel p. 422">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=.|page=42}}</ref> Wagner predicted that 10,000 people would be employed during construction.<ref name="p1325308072">{{cite news |last=Smith |first=Ellison |date=23 Apr 1961 |title=1,500 Watch World's Fair 'Preview' at Flushing Park |work=New York Herald Tribune |page=15 |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1325308072}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |last=Freeman |first=Ira Henry |date=1961-04-23 |title=Benefits of Fair Hailed by Mayor; 6 to 8 Billions Seen Added to Economy of City |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1961/04/23/archives/benefits-of-fair-hailed-by-mayor-6-to-8-billions-seen-added-to.html |access-date=2024-05-24 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The WFC hosted "preview days" where selected guests could view construction.<ref name="Samuel p. 28">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=.|page=28}}</ref> [[The Travelers Companies]] built information centers across the U.S. to promote the fair.<ref name="p548241424">{{cite news |date=19 Nov 1963 |title=World's Fair to Open On Time, Official Says |work=The Hartford Courant |page=24A |issn=1047-4153 |id={{ProQuest|548241424}}}}</ref> The WFC issued collectible bronze and silver medallions,<ref name="p510278403">{{cite news |date=20 Jan 1962 |title=New York World's Fair Medallion |work=The Christian Science Monitor |page=10 |issn=0882-7729 |id={{ProQuest|510278403}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |last=Chapman |first=Ralph |date=11 Jan 1962 |title=Officials Approve Design For World's Fair Medal |work=New York Herald Tribune |page=17 |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1326122990}}}}</ref> manufactured by the [[Medallic Art Company]].<ref name="p1282670073">{{Cite news |last=Jarvis |first=Cale B. |date=29 Feb 1964 |title=About Coins: Official Medal Marks New York World Fair |work=The Globe and Mail |page=24 |id={{pq|1282670073}}}}</ref> Commemorative postage stamps were issued to celebrate the fair, both in the U.S.<ref name="nyt-1964-01-05">{{Cite news |date=1964-01-05 |title=Stamp and Envelope to Mark Fair |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/01/05/archives/stamp-and-envelope-to-mark-fair.html |access-date=2024-05-31 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and in other nations.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1964-05-03 |title=The World of Stamps; Nations Issue Tributes To N.Y. World's Fair |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/05/03/archives/the-world-of-stamps-nations-issue-tributes-to-ny-worlds-fair.html |access-date=2024-06-03 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Some [[Vehicle registration plates of New York|New York license plates]] also had slogans advertising the fair.<ref name="p142327654">{{cite news |date=29 Jan 1964 |title=Fair's Not Fair On License Plates |work=The Washington Post, Times Herald |page=A10 |issn=0190-8286 |id={{ProQuest|142327654}}}}</ref><ref name="Samuel p. 55">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=.|page=55}}</ref> Several hotels were developed nearby to accommodate fair visitors,<ref name="p1326218806">{{cite news |last=Ferretti |first=Fred |date=25 Nov 1962 |title=Hotels, Motels for the World's Fair |work=New York Herald Tribune |page=J10 |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1326218806}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |date=5 Nov 1961 |title=4 New Hotels Due to Rise in Queens: Coming World's Fair Spurs Construction in Borough |work=The New York Times |page=R8 |issn=0362-4331 |id={{ProQuest|115246904}}}}</ref> and public transit and roads to the fair were also upgraded.<ref name="p371626341" /><ref name="Samuel p. 13; Tirella p. 44" /> An information office was established to answer visitors' questions.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1964-03-22 |title=Business Is Booming at the Fair's Could‐You Please‐Tell‐Me Concession |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/03/22/archives/business-is-booming-at-the-fairs-couldyou-pleasetellme-concession.html |access-date=2024-05-31 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Private businesses promoted their products for the fair,<ref name="Samuel pp. 29–30">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=.|pages=29–30}}</ref><ref name="p132940186">{{cite news |last=Schmedel |first=Scott R. |date=15 Apr 1964 |title=Industry at the Fair: Firms Press to Reap Marketing Gains From World's Fair Outlays Many Will Get Sales Leads From Guest Books |work=The Wall Street Journal |page=1 |issn=0099-9660 |id={{ProQuest|132940186}}}}</ref> and discounted tickets were also sold in advance of the opening.<ref name="p510452982a" /><ref name="Samuel p. 12">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=.|page=12}}</ref> |
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==== 1961 and 1962 ==== |
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To ensure profits to complete the park, fair organizers knew they would have to maximize receipts. An estimated attendance of 70 million people would be needed to turn a profit and, for attendance that large, the fair would need to be held for two years. The World's Fair Corporation also decided to charge site-rental fees to all exhibitors who wished to construct pavilions on the grounds. This decision caused the fair to come into conflict with the [[Bureau of International Expositions]] (BIE), as the international body headquartered in Paris that sanctions world's fairs: BIE rules stated that an international exposition could run for one six-month period only, and no rent could be charged to exhibitors. In addition, the rules allowed only one exposition in any given country within a 10-year period, and the [[Seattle World's Fair]] had already been sanctioned for 1962, as two years prior.<ref name="Caro" /> |
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[[William Whipple Jr.]], the fair's chief engineer, said in September 1960 that exhibitors would be able to begin erecting pavilions by 1962.<ref name="nyt-1960-09-09">{{Cite news |last=Illson |first=Murray |date=1960-09-09 |title=Timetable is Set for World's Fair; Chief Designer Says Basic Work Is to Be Done by Winter of 1961 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1960/09/09/archives/timetable-is-set-for-worlds-fair-chief-designer-says-basic-work-is.html |access-date=2024-05-23 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Construction of the first building, an administration structure, began in August 1960<ref name="p1327216689">{{cite news |date=1 Aug 1960 |title=Work on Fairs First Building Starts at Once |work=New York Herald Tribune |page=6 |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1327216689}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |date=1960-08-01 |title=Work to Start on Fair; Construction of First Building Is Due to Begin Today |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1960/08/01/archives/work-to-start-on-fair-construction-of-first-building-is-due-to.html |access-date=2024-05-23 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and was finished in January 1961.<ref name="p898973018">{{cite news |last=Duncan |first=Val |date=13 Jan 1961 |title=1st Fair Building Houses World of Activity |work=Newsday |page=4 |issn=2574-5298 |id={{ProQuest|898973018}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |last=Chapman |first=Ralph |date=12 Jan 1961 |title=First World Fair Structure Opened: 900 Visitors Get a Free Luncheon After Throgs Neck Span Opening |work=New York Herald Tribune |page=19 |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1325464542}}}}</ref> In early 1961, almost all of Flushing Meadows–Corona Park was closed to accommodate the fair's construction,<ref name="n1325186012">{{Cite news |last=Freeman |first=Ira Henry |date=February 12, 1961 |title=City Closing Park for World's Fair; Public to Be Barred From Flushing Meadow While Construction Proceeds |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1961/02/12/archives/city-closing-park-for-worlds-fair-public-to-be-barred-from-flushing.html |access-date=May 19, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |last=Chapman |first=Ralph |date=12 Feb 1961 |title=World's Fair Landscaping Work Closes Site to Traffic |work=New York Herald Tribune |page=6 |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1325186012}}}}</ref> and the [[Long Island Rail Road]] (LIRR)'s [[Mets–Willets Point station (LIRR)|World's Fair station]] opened.<ref name="p1335743780">{{cite news |date=9 Jan 1961 |title=World's Fair Station Ready On L I. R.R.: Twenty-One Trains Daily Are Scheduled |work=New York Herald Tribune |page=13 |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1335743780}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |date=1961-01-09 |title=World's Fair Station; Temporary L.I.R.R. Facility Opens on Wednesday |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1961/01/09/archives/worlds-fair-station-temporary-lirr-facility-opens-on-wednesday.html |access-date=2024-05-24 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Workers also moved trees<ref name="p899085350">{{cite news |last=Mayer |first=Robert |date=14 Mar 1961 |title=Flushing Meadow Trees Make Way for 1964 Fair |work=Newsday |page=26 |issn=2574-5298 |id={{ProQuest|899085350}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |date=14 Mar 1961 |title=Trees Transplanted at World's Fair Site |work=New York Herald Tribune |page=8 |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1326253135}}}}</ref> and diverted part of the [[Flushing River]] underground.<ref name="p1327042208">{{cite news |date=4 Aug 1961 |title=Begin Work of Submerging Flushing River for the Fair |work=New York Herald Tribune |page=13 |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1327042208}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |last=Robertson |first=Nan |date=1961-08-04 |title=Burying of River Begun for '64 Fair; Moses Starts 'Dirt Flying' to Shift Flushing Stream |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1961/08/04/archives/burying-of-river-begun-for-64-fair-moses-starts-dirt-flying-to.html |access-date=2024-05-24 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |last=Gerard |first=Jane |date=4 Aug 1961 |title=Moses Gives the Order, Waters Will Turn Aside |work=Newsday |page=16 |issn=2574-5298 |id={{ProQuest|898996937}}}}</ref> By April 1961, thirty-four countries had agreed to participate,<ref name="nyt-1961-04-24">{{Cite news |date=1961-04-24 |title=34 Nations Accept Invitation to Exhibit In '64 World's Fair |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1961/04/24/archives/34-nations-accept-invitation-to-exhibit-in-64-worlds-fair.html |access-date=2024-05-24 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and the city agreed to spend $24 million improving the park.<ref name="p1326875729" /> The WFC announced in May that it would proceed with the planned amusement area around Meadow Lake,<ref name="p1335808045">{{cite news |date=14 May 1961 |title=World's Fair To Have Section For Amusement |work=New York Herald Tribune |page=11 |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1335808045}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |last=Freeman |first=Ira Henry |date=1961-05-14 |title=Amusements Win Place at '64 Fair; Amphitheatre Area Chosen for 'High-Class' Shows – Musical Foremost |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1961/05/14/archives/amusements-win-place-at-64-fair-amphitheatre-area-chosen-for.html |access-date=2024-05-24 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> hiring the billionaire [[H. L. Hunt]] to operate the rides.<ref name="Samuel p. 20; Tirella p. 95">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=|page=20}}; {{harvnb|Tirella|2013|ps=.|page=95}}</ref>[[File:Fountains, NY Worlds Fair '64.JPG|thumb|Fountains and a reflecting pool mark the approach to the Unisphere.]]By mid-1961, the WFC had privately raised $25 million and was predicting a $53 million profit.<ref name="p1325421048">{{cite news |date=9 May 1961 |title=Fair Expected To Bring City $53,000,000: Estimate Submitted To Board by Moses |work=New York Herald Tribune |page=30 |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1325421048}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |last=Grutzner |first=Charles |date=1961-05-09 |title='64 Fair Reports Finances Strong; Expects 40 Million in Loans by Early July – Predicts Profit of 53 Million '64 Fair Calls Finances Strong; Predicts Profits of 53 Million |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1961/05/09/archives/64-fair-reports-finances-strong-expects-40-million-in-loans-by.html |access-date=2024-05-24 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The [[groundbreaking ceremony]] for the first 1964 Fair pavilion took place that June.<ref name="p898974994">{{cite news |last=Sanborne |first=Phil |date=16 June 1961 |title=Slow! Top-Drawer Sodbusters at Work |work=Newsday |page=39 |issn=2574-5298 |id={{ProQuest|898974994}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |date=1961-06-16 |title=First Ground-Breaking Held at World's Fair Site |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1961/06/16/archives/first-groundbreaking-held-at-worlds-fair-site.html |access-date=2024-05-24 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The WFC struggled to sell the remaining bonds<ref name="p132703509">{{cite news |last=Schmedel |first=Scott R. |date=25 July 1961 |title=World's Fair Rivals: New York and Seattle Shows Run Into Snags On Leasing, Financing Westinghouse Balks at N.Y. Fair's Cost; Paris Agency Gives Seattle Big Boost GM Hopes to Top Futurama World's Fair Rivals: New York, Seattle Shows Run Into Snags |work=The Wall Street Journal |page=1 |issn=0099-9660 |id={{ProQuest|132703509}}}}</ref> and had sold around $30 million in promissory notes (three-fourths of the total) by the end of 1961.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1961-11-02 |title=Fair Raises Funds; Three-Fourth of Notes Offered Public Are Subscribed |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1961/11/02/archives/fair-raises-funds-threefourth-of-notes-offered-public-are.html |access-date=2024-05-24 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> During the fair's construction, civil-rights activists expressed concerns that the WFC's leadership included very few African Americans.<ref name="Tirella pp. 58–59">{{harvnb|Tirella|2013|ps=.|pages=58–59}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1961-06-15 |title=World's Fair Urged to Employ Negroes |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1961/06/15/archives/worlds-fair-urged-to-employ-negroes.html |access-date=2024-05-24 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Even after Moses met with activists, he still did not appoint African Americans to leadership positions,<ref name="p2293405245">{{Cite news |date=10 Mar 1962 |title=Fair Play Asked In World's Fair |work=New York Amsterdam News |page=A3 |id={{proQuest|2293405245}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |date=24 Mar 1962 |title=Moses Has No Comment On World Fair Bias Rap |work=New Pittsburgh Courier |page=2 |id={{Pq|371641299}}}}</ref><ref name="Samuel pp. 26–27">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=.|pages=26–27}}</ref> which attracted controversy amid the ongoing [[civil rights movement]].<ref name="Tirella pp. 58–59" /><ref name="Samuel pp. 26–27" /> The WFC finally hired an African American executive to the fair's international division in 1962,<ref name="p2293405820">{{Cite news |date=21 Apr 1962 |title=Moses Hires Negro In Executive Level At World's Fair |work=New York Amsterdam News |page=A1 |id={{proQuest|2293405820}}}}</ref><ref name="Samuel p. 27">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=.|page=27}}</ref> but continuing complaints about discrimination prompted New York governor [[Nelson Rockefeller]] to form a committee to investigate these complaints.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ingalls |first=Leonard |date=1962-08-29 |title=Rockefeller to Check Complaint Of Bias in World's Fair Hiring |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1962/08/29/archives/rockefeller-to-check-complaint-of-bias-in-worlds-fair-hiring.html |access-date=2024-05-28 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> |
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Meanwhile, by the beginning of 1962, more than 60 nations, the governments of 30 U.S. states, and 50 companies had agreed to exhibit at the fair.<ref name="p510167273">{{cite news |last=Kenney |first=Harry C. |date=19 Jan 1962 |title=N.Y. World's Fair Progress: Many Firms Ready 30 States Committed Sites Largely Confirmed Arts Program Speeded |work=The Christian Science Monitor |page=4 |issn=0882-7729 |id={{ProQuest|510327177}}}}</ref><ref name="p183148100">{{cite news |date=25 Mar 1962 |title=World Fair Takes Shape in New York |work=Chicago Tribune |page=A2 |issn=1085-6706 |id={{ProQuest|183148100}}}}</ref> The WFC also created a [[scale model]] of the fairground.<ref name="p899165827">{{cite news |last=Wood |first=Francis |date=12 Jan 1962 |title=1964 World's Fair Begins to Shape Up—As a Scale Model |work=Newsday |page=23 |issn=2574-5298 |id={{ProQuest|899165827}}}}</ref> The LIRR constructed a [[Siding (rail)|siding]] from the [[Port Washington Branch]], allowing trains to deliver material.<ref name="p882920631">{{Cite magazine |date=Jan 1, 1962 |title=LIRR Preparing For World's Fair |work=Railway Age |page=20 |volume=152 |issue=1 |id={{Pq|882920631}}}}</ref> At a luncheon in March 1962, Moses lamented that construction had fallen behind schedule.<ref name="nyt-1962-03-23">{{Cite news |date=1962-03-23 |title=Moses Calls Fair Behind Schedule; Cites Inability to Prod State and Foreign Governments |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1962/03/23/archives/moses-calls-fair-behind-schedule-cites-inability-to-prod-state-and.html |access-date=2024-05-25 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The WFC had allocated $6 million to advertise the fair by mid-1962, and Deegan predicted that the fair's participants would spend another $75 million of their own money on promotion.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kandel |first=Myron |date=1962-07-25 |title=Advertising: World's Fair Promotion Cost Is Estimated |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1962/07/25/archives/advertising-worlds-fair-promotion-cost-is-estimated.html |access-date=2024-05-27 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The WFC also tried to attract Latin American countries to the fair.<ref name="p913667187">{{cite news |date=17 July 1962 |title=Latin Nations Are Wooed to World's Fair |work=Newsday |page=14 |issn=2574-5298 |id={{ProQuest|913667187}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |date=1962-07-17 |title=Fair Urges Entries by Latin Americans |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1962/07/17/archives/fair-urges-entries-by-latin-americans.html |access-date=2024-05-27 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> By late 1962, exhibits for the fair were being finalized, and many pavilions were under construction.<ref name="p510390122">{{cite news |last=Kenney |first=Harry C. |date=27 Sep 1962 |title=New York Report World's Fair Emerging |work=The Christian Science Monitor |page=16 |issn=0882-7729 |id={{ProQuest|510390122}}}}</ref> Either 68<ref name="nyt-1962-09-13">{{Cite news |last=Talese |first=Gay |date=1962-09-13 |title=Fair is Heralded as Biggest Event; 800 Tent Party Guests Hear Optimistic Predictions |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1962/09/13/archives/fair-is-heralded-as-biggest-event-800-tent-party-guests-hear.html |access-date=2024-05-28 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="p510362297">{{cite news |date=18 Oct 1962 |title=Giant Disk Due at Fair In New York |work=The Christian Science Monitor |page=15 |issn=0882-7729 |id={{ProQuest|510362297}}}}</ref> or 71 nations had agreed to exhibit at the fair by then<ref name="p510341563">{{cite news |last=Kenney |first=Harry C. |date=14 Sep 1962 |title=World's Fair Plans Fall Into Shape: Construction Nears |work=The Christian Science Monitor |page=10 |issn=0882-7729 |id={{ProQuest|510341563}}}}</ref> (though only 35 countries had formally leased space there),<ref name="Samuel p. 141">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=.|page=141}}</ref> along with 125 businesses.<ref name="p510362297" /> In addition, the WFC had finished installing utilities on the fairground.<ref name="p510341563" /> At the end of 1962, a small number of state and international pavilions were being built, while work in the industrial and transportation areas was further along.<ref name="nyt-1962-12-02">{{Cite news |last=Bigart |first=Homer |date=1962-12-02 |title='64 Fair Seeking a Global Flavor; Flags of Nonparticipating European Nations to Fly Over Private Pavilions |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1962/12/02/archives/64-fair-seeking-a-global-flavor-flags-of-nonparticipating-european.html |access-date=2024-05-29 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> [[Groundbreaking]] ceremonies were hosted for many of the international pavilions.<ref name="Samuel p. 149">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=.|page=149}}</ref> |
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The United States was not a member of the BIE at the time, but fair organizers understood that approval by the BIE would ensure that its nearly 40 member nations would participate in the fair. Moses, undaunted by the rules, journeyed to [[Paris]] to seek official approval for the New York fair. When the BIE balked at New York's bid, Moses, used to having his way in New York, angered the BIE delegates by taking his case to the press, publicly stating his disdain for the BIE and its rules.<ref name="Caro" /> The BIE retaliated by formally requesting its member nations ''not'' to participate in the New York fair.<ref name="Caro" /> The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair is the only significant world's fair since the formation of the BIE to be held without its endorsement.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nysl.nysed.gov/collections/worldsfair/ |title=Endorsement |publisher=nysl.nysed.gov |date=October 13, 2017}}</ref> |
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==== 1963 and 1964 ==== |
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==Architecture== |
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[[File:6405_NY_World's_Fair_6_1964_(51189014682).jpg|thumb|A fountain in the fair]] |
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{{external media||width=230px|video1=[https://archive.org/details/43294castlefilmsthenyworldfairfromtheairvwr "1964 New York World's Fair From the Air" – promotional film of the architectural styles utilized in the fairgrounds (1964) on archive.org]}} |
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The World's Fair Housing Bureau was formed in early 1963 to coordinate the development of hotel rooms for the fair.<ref name="p510406641">{{cite news |date=3 Jan 1963 |title=New York World's Fair Gears for '64–'65 Throngs: Enthusiastic Support Procedure Specified |work=The Christian Science Monitor |page=2 |issn=0882-7729 |id={{ProQuest|510406641}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |date=20 Jan 1963 |title=70 Million Due at N.Y. World's Fair |work=Los Angeles Times |pages=H12 |issn=0458-3035 |id={{ProQuest|168267309}}}}</ref> The WFC had commitments from 66 nations and 30 states, though not all of their pavilions were under construction.<ref name="n148382453">{{Cite news |date=1963-03-20 |title='Billion-Dollar Fair' Rising in Flushing; Prospect Is It Will Be 10 Times Seattle's |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-reporter-dispatch-billion-dollar-fa/148382453/ |access-date=2024-05-30 |work=The Reporter Dispatch |pages=36}}</ref> The WFC also wanted to hire 40 concessionaires and sell 70 [[intellectual property]] licenses, which the corporation hoped would raise $130 million.<ref name="nyt-1963-05-19">{{Cite news |last=Arnold |first=Martin |date=1963-05-19 |title=Concessionaires Lined Up for Fair; 130 Million Is Anticipated in Sales and Ride Fares |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1963/05/19/archives/concessionaires-lined-up-for-fair-130-million-is-anticipated-in.html |access-date=2024-05-30 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> On April 22, 1963, exactly a year before the fair was to open,<ref name="Samuel p. 28" /> U.S. President [[John F. Kennedy]] activated a countdown clock to the fair's opening.<ref name="p510452982a">{{cite news |last=Hornaday |first=Mary |date=24 Apr 1963 |title=N.Y. Fair Countdown Begins: Goal Upped |work=The Christian Science Monitor |page=1 |issn=0882-7729 |id={{ProQuest|510452982}}}}</ref><ref name="p548039555">{{cite news |date=23 Apr 1963 |title=Kennedy Starts Fair Countdown |work=The Hartford Courant |page=10 |issn=1047-4153 |id={{ProQuest|548039555}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |date=1963-04-23 |title=Kennedy Starts Clock for Fair; Promises to Attend Opening in Exactly One Year. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1963/04/23/archives/kennedy-starts-clock-for-fair-promises-to-attend-opening-in-exactly.html |access-date=2024-05-30 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> At the time, only 48 of the 200 proposed buildings had even started construction,<ref name="p132860330">{{cite news |last=Schmedel |first=Scott R. |date=19 Apr 1963 |title=World's Fair Woes: With New York Start Only Year Away, Many Exhibitors Drag Feet Ground Not Broken for Most Buildings and Construction Costs Rise; Some Back Out Cheer From Seattle Success World's Fair Woes: Many Exhibitors In New York Dragging Their Feet |work=The Wall Street Journal |page=1 |issn=0099-9660 |id={{ProQuest|132860330}}}}</ref> even though all major structures had to be under construction by May 1963.<ref name="n148382453" /><ref name="p132860330" /> The press building opened that May,<ref name="nyt-1963-05-05">{{Cite news |last=Clark |first=Alfred E. |date=1963-05-05 |title=Press Structure is Opened at Fair; Salinger Is at Dedication of First Building on Site Moses Scoffs at Critics |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1963/05/05/archives/press-structure-is-opened-at-fair-salinger-is-at-dedication-of.html |access-date=2024-05-30 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and an insurance syndicate was formed that June to protect the exhibits.<ref name="p276160148">{{Cite news |date=5 June 1963 |title=39 Firms Insure World's Fair Art Treasures |work=Boston Globe |page=15 |id={{Pq|276160148}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |date=1963-06-05 |title=Group to Insure Fair Exhibitors; Michelangelo's 'Pieta,' Said to Be Worth 100 Million, Among Art to Be Covered |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1963/06/05/archives/group-to-insure-fair-exhibitors-michelangelos-pieta-said-to-be.html |access-date=2024-05-30 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> By mid-1963, civil-rights groups were protesting the lack of racial diversity in the fair's development<ref name="Samuel p. 27" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Waldman |first=Myron |last2= |first2= |date=July 29, 1963 |title=Civil Righters Set to Resume Battle Stations |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-suffolk-edition-civil-righters/147341676/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240514004057/https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-suffolk-edition-civil-righters/147341676/ |archive-date=May 14, 2024 |access-date=May 13, 2024 |work=Newsday |page= |pages=5, [https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-suffolk-edition-civil-righters/147341702/ 46] |via=newspapers.com |issn=2574-5298 |id={{ProQuest|913605183}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |last=Kihss |first=Peter |date=July 29, 1963 |title=Negroes to Push Picketing in City in Drive for Jobs; Demonstrations Due Today at Projects in Brooklyn, Queens and Harlem 'Quick' Results Asked Use of Children Threatened |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1963/07/29/archives/negroes-to-push-picketing-in-city-in-drive-for-jobs-demonstrations.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240513211257/https://www.nytimes.com/1963/07/29/archives/negroes-to-push-picketing-in-city-in-drive-for-jobs-demonstrations.html |archive-date=May 13, 2024 |access-date=May 13, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and filed a lawsuit to halt construction.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hadjin |first=Jim |date=September 26, 1963 |title=Bias Suit Asks Halt in Fair Construction |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-nassau-edition-bias-suit-asks/147341588/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240514004054/https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-nassau-edition-bias-suit-asks/147341588/ |archive-date=May 14, 2024 |access-date=May 13, 2024 |work=Newsday |page=11 |via=newspapers.com |issn=2574-5298 |id={{ProQuest|913575643}} |postscript=none}}; {{cite news |date=September 26, 1963 |title=N.A.A.C.P. Suing to Halt Building; Bids Court Stop Payment on Projects Worth 10 Million Unions Named Suit Is "Class Action" |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1963/09/26/archives/naacp-suing-to-halt-building-bids-court-stop-payment-on-projects.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240513211250/https://www.nytimes.com/1963/09/26/archives/naacp-suing-to-halt-building-bids-court-stop-payment-on-projects.html |archive-date=May 13, 2024 |access-date=May 13, 2024 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Moses denied rumors that construction had fallen behind schedule.<ref name="nyt-1963-07-24">{{Cite news |last=Doty |first=Robert C. |date=1963-07-24 |title=Fair on Schedule, Moses Contends; Director Retorts to Critics and Renews Pledge for Opening Next April |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1963/07/24/archives/fair-on-schedule-moses-contends-director-retorts-to-critics-and.html |access-date=2024-05-30 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="Tirella pp. 91–92">{{harvnb|Tirella|2013|ps=.|pages=91–92}}</ref> |
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Materials from overseas began arriving in August 1963,<ref name="nyt-1963-08-15">{{Cite news |date=1963-08-15 |title=Fair's First Cargo Will Arrive Today |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1963/08/15/archives/fairs-first-cargo-will-arrive-today.html |access-date=2024-05-30 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> though work on 50 structures still had not started by the next month.<ref name="nyt-1963-09-09" /> Moses was increasingly hostile toward journalists who doubted that the fair would be completed on time.<ref name="Tirella pp. 91–92" /> There were also disagreements over whether students should receive discounted tickets, which Moses opposed;<ref name="Tirella pp. 93–94">{{harvnb|Tirella|2013|ps=.|pages=93–95}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bennett |first=Charles G. |date=1963-10-10 |title=Moses Rejects Council Parley On 25c Fee for Pupils at Fair; Moses Rejects Council Parley On 25c Fee for Pupils at Fair Bulk Reductions Planned Gross Invited, Too |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1963/10/10/archives/moses-rejects-council-parley-on-25c-fee-for-pupils-at-fair-moses.html |access-date=2024-05-30 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> he was ultimately forced to sell discounted tickets.<ref name="Tirella pp. 93–94" /><ref name="p510510331">{{cite news |date=5 Dec 1963 |title=World Fair Price Cut for Schools |work=The Christian Science Monitor |page=3 |issn=0882-7729 |id={{ProQuest|510510331}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |last=Bennett |first=Charles G. |date=1963-12-04 |title=Fair Will Admit Pupils for 25c When They Attend in Groups |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1963/12/04/archives/fair-will-admit-pupils-for-25c-when-they-attend-in-groups-25cent.html |access-date=2024-05-31 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The first pavilion, the [[Terrace on the Park|Port Authority Heliport]], opened in October 1963.<ref name="p964309040">{{cite news |last=Duncan |first=Val |date=17 Oct 1963 |title=Fair's 1st Building Opens With High Hopes |work=Newsday |page=15 |issn=2574-5298 |id={{ProQuest|964309040}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |last=Burnham |first=Alexander |date=1963-10-16 |title=1964 Fair Opening Its First Building; Port Authority Hall to Be Opened Officially Today |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1963/10/16/archives/1964-fair-opening-its-first-building-port-authority-hall-to-be.html |access-date=2024-05-30 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The same month, Hunt resigned as the amusement area's operator, following disagreements over ticket prices and rides.<ref name="p1014822622">{{cite magazine |date=Oct 30, 1963 |title=Vaudeville: H. L. Hunt Cancellation, Int'l Expo's Suit Spotlight World's Fair Lease Snags |magazine=Variety |page=53 |volume=232 |issue=10 |id={{ProQuest|1014822622}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |last=Arnold |first=Martin |date=1963-10-19 |title=H.L. Hunt Fun Park Is Dropped at Fair |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1963/10/19/archives/hl-hunt-fun-park-is-dropped-at-fair-amusement-park-dropped-at-fair.html |access-date=2024-05-30 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="Samuel p. 20; Tirella p. 95" /> There were also other issues, such as labor strikes, exhibitor withdrawals, and continuing racial tensions.<ref name="p168511265" /><ref name="p548203247">{{cite news |date=27 Oct 1963 |title=World's Fair Fast Taking Shape |work=The Hartford Courant |page=29A1 |issn=1047-4153 |id={{ProQuest|548203247}}}}</ref> Despite these difficulties, many pavilions were nearly completed by late 1963,<ref name="p548241424" /><ref name="p548203247" /> and the WFC had sold 3.8 million advance tickets by year's end.<ref name="nyt-1963-12-31">{{Cite news |date=1963-12-31 |title=3.8 Million Tickets To the World's Fair Are Sold in Advance |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1963/12/31/archives/38-million-tickets-to-the-worlds-fair-are-sold-in-advance.html |access-date=2024-05-31 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> To draw attention to the fair, the WFC displayed models of exhibits at the [[1271 Avenue of the Americas|Time-Life Building]] in Manhattan.<ref name="Samuel p. 28" /> Exhibits were installed through late 1963 and early 1964,<ref name="Samuel pp. 28–29">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=.|pages=28–29}}</ref> and the WFC also borrowed $3 million to fund the fair's completion.<ref name="p168511265" /> |
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Many of the pavilions were built in a [[Mid-century modern]] style that was heavily influenced by "[[Googie architecture]]". This was a [[Futurist architecture|futurist architectural]] style influenced by [[car culture]], [[jet aircraft]], the [[Space Age]], and the [[Atomic Age]], which were all on display at the fair. Some pavilions were explicitly shaped like the product they were promoting, such as the [[United States Rubber Company|US Royal]] [[Uniroyal Giant Tire|tire-shaped Ferris wheel]], or even the [[corporate logo]], such as the [[Johnson Wax]] pavilion. Other pavilions were more abstract representations, such as the [[oblate spheroid]]-shaped IBM pavilion, or the [[General Electric]] circular dome shaped "[[Carousel of Progress]]". |
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In January 1964, the ''Chicago Tribune'' wrote that the site was filled with raw material, incomplete building frames, and unpaved roads.<ref name="p179358122">{{cite news |last=Butler |first=Vincent |date=26 Jan 1964 |title=Report From New York: Builders Rush to Complete Structures for World's Fair |work=Chicago Tribune |page=9 |issn=1085-6706 |id={{ProQuest|179358122}}}}</ref> That month, WFC officials said that work on 26 buildings was behind schedule,<ref name="p914360174">{{cite news |date=23 Jan 1964 |title=Johnson to Be Fair's First-Day Feature |work=Newsday |page=7 |issn=2574-5298 |id={{ProQuest|914360174}}}}</ref> and they sought to demolish a pavilion that would not be completed for the fair's opening.<ref name="p913562960">{{cite news |last=Johnson |first=Thomas A. |date=22 Jan 1964 |title=Fair Finds Another Bone-- In Food Pavilion |work=Newsday |page=11 |issn=2574-5298 |id={{ProQuest|913562960}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |date=1964-01-21 |title=Fair Restrained in Building Fight; Would Raze Pavilion It Says Can't Be Ready in Time |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/01/21/archives/fair-restrained-in-building-fight-would-raze-pavilion-it-says-cant.html |access-date=2024-05-31 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> They also signed a document outlining how profits from the fair were to be used.<ref name="nyt-1965-05-212">{{Cite news |last=Alden |first=Robert |date=1965-05-21 |title=Fair Says Pledge Has No Standing; Denies Responsibility for '64 List of Obligations |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/05/21/archives/fair-says-pledge-has-no-standing-denies-responsibility-for-64-list.html |access-date=2024-06-04 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> By that February, most of the major pavilions and attractions were complete,<ref name="nyt-1964-02-22">{{Cite news |date=1964-02-22 |title=Progress Report at F‐Day Mi us 60 Finds the Fair Getting Fairer; Alice‐in‐Wonderland Shapes Rise Out of Mud and Disorder |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/02/22/archives/progress-report-at-fday-mi-us-60-finds-the-fair-getting-fairer.html |access-date=2024-05-31 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> but Whipple estimated that up to 10 pavilions would not be finished before the fair opened.<ref name="p179446275">{{cite news |last=Snyder |first=Gerald S. |date=12 Apr 1964 |title=Costs a Billion, Lures Millions; Opens April 22: Ready or Not N. Y. World's Fair Opens April 22 Two Season Show Sure of Success |work=Chicago Tribune |page=G15 |issn=1085-6706 |id={{ProQuest|179446275}}}}</ref><ref name="nyt-1964-02-27">{{Cite news |date=1964-02-27 |title=Not All of Fair to Open on Time; 8 or 10 Pavilions Won't Be Ready, Engineer Says |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/02/27/archives/not-all-of-fair-to-open-on-time-8-or-10-pavilions-wont-be-ready.html |access-date=2024-05-31 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The same month, the WFC stopped selling advance tickets, having sold 28 million tickets.<ref name="p132960789">{{cite news |date=3 Mar 1964 |title=Advance Ticket Sales Will Let World's Fair Repay Big Loans in '64: Discount Ticket Volume Totals $35,219,602, Allowing Firm To Pay Off Notes Due in '66 |work=The Wall Street Journal |page=15 |issn=0099-9660 |id={{ProQuest|132960789}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |date=1964-03-03 |title=Sale of Tickets to World's Fair Tops $35 Million; Over 28 Million Bought at Advance Rates—Total Is Triple the Forecast |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/03/03/archives/sale-of-tickets-to-worlds-fair-tops-35-million-over-28-million.html |access-date=2024-05-31 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> There were still 4,800 workers on site in late March,<ref name="p179385647">{{cite news |last=Foust |first=Hal |date=31 Mar 1964 |title=Finds There's Still Lots of Work to Be Done on New York Fair: Opening Day Is Only 3 Weeks Away |work=Chicago Tribune |page=11 |issn=1085-6706 |id={{ProQuest|179385647}}}}</ref> when the state government began hiring people for the fair.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1964-03-19 |title=New Job Center For World's Fair Will Open Today |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/03/19/archives/new-job-center-for-worlds-fair-will-open-today.html |access-date=2024-05-31 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> |
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The pavilion architectures expressed a new-found freedom of form enabled by modern building materials, such as [[reinforced concrete]], [[fiberglass]], [[plastic]], [[tempered glass]], and [[stainless steel]]. The facade or the entire structure of a pavilion served as a giant [[billboard]] advertising the country or organization housed inside, flamboyantly competing for the attention of busy and distracted fairgoers. |
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== Opening == |
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By contrast, some of the smaller pavilions were built in more traditional styles, such as a [[Chinese temple]] or a Swiss [[chalet]]. Countries took this opportunity to showcase culinary aspects of their culture as well, with fondue being promoted at the Swiss Pavilion's Alpine restaurant thanks to the [[Swiss Cheese Union]].<ref>Lawrence R. Samuel, ''End of the Innocence: The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair'', p. 153 {{verify source |date=September 2019 |reason=This ref was deleted ([[Special:Diff/903437527]]) by a bug in VisualEditor and later restored by a bot from the original cite at [[Special:Permalink/901505841]] cite #20 – please verify the cite's accuracy and remove this {verify source} template. [[User:GreenC bot/Job 18]]}}</ref> After the fair's final closing in 1965, some pavilions crafted of wood were carefully disassembled and transported elsewhere for re-use. |
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[[File:Entrance to 1964 New York World's Fair.jpg|thumb|Entrance to the fair]] |
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The night before the fair opened, the TV series [[The Bell Telephone Hour|''The Bell Telephone Hour'']] broadcasted an opening celebration.<ref name="Samuel pp. 30–31">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=.|pages=30–31}}</ref> When the World's Fair officially opened at 9:00 a.m. on April 22, 1964,<ref name=":3" /><ref name="Samuel p. 32; Tirella p. 188">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=|page=32}}; {{harvnb|Tirella|2013|ps=.|page=188}}</ref> a college student from New Jersey was the first visitor.<ref name="Samuel p. 32; Tirella p. 188" /><ref name="p914371873">{{cite news |last=Spiegler |first=William |last2=Molotsky |first2=Irv |date=22 Apr 1964 |title=Jersey Student, 18, Is First Through Fair Turnstiles |work=Newsday |page=4 |issn=2574-5298 |id={{ProQuest|914371873}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |date=22 Apr 1964 |title=5 College Men Are First in Line at World's Fair |work=Chicago Tribune |page=2 |issn=1085-6706 |id={{ProQuest|179440004}}}}</ref> The opening was celebrated with speeches by Robert Moses, Nelson Rockefeller, and U.S. president [[Lyndon B. Johnson]].<ref name=":3" /> During the ceremony, hundreds of civil rights activists organized a [[sit-in]] and were arrested.<ref>{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=.|page=34}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=April 23, 1964 |title=World's Fair Opens To Picketing; Stall-In Fails: Johnson Foresees Global Peace Soon Rain, Racial Troubles Keep Crowd To 90,000; More Than 290 Integrationists Seized |work=The Sun |page=1 |id={{pq|540050678}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |date=April 23, 1964 |title=Rain Soaks Crowd; Sit‐Ins Mar Festivities at Some Pavilions—Attendance Cut |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/23/archives/rain-soaks-crowd-sitins-mar-festivities-at-some-pavilionsattendance.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240514000810/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/23/archives/rain-soaks-crowd-sitins-mar-festivities-at-some-pavilionsattendance.html |archive-date=May 14, 2024 |access-date=May 13, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The civil-rights group [[Congress of Racial Equality]] (CORE) proposed a "stall-in" to block roads leading to the fair,<ref name="p132950770">{{cite news |date=7 Apr 1964 |title=CORE Chapter Plans A Drive-In to Stall World's Fair Opening: Brooklyn Group Says Proposed Traffic Tie-Up, April 22, Will Spotlight Civil Rights Fight |work=The Wall Street Journal |page=6 |issn=0099-9660 |id={{ProQuest|132950770}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |last=Alden |first=Robert |date=1964-04-10 |title=CORE Maps Tie‐up on Roads to Fair |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/10/core-maps-tieup-on-roads-to-fair.html |access-date=2024-05-31 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="Samuel pp. 27–28; Tirella pp. 81–82">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=|pages=27–28}}; {{harvnb|Tirella|2013|ps=.|pages=81–82}}</ref> but few activists participated.<ref name=":3" /><ref name="Tirella h843">{{cite web |last=Tirella |first=Joseph |date=April 22, 2014 |title=Fifty Years Ago Today, Rogue Civil Rights Activists Tried to Ruin Robert Moses' Greatest Triumph |url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2014/04/cores-1964-stall-in-the-planned-civil-rights-protest-that-kept-thousands-away-from-the-worlds-fair-in-new-york.html |access-date=May 27, 2024 |website=Slate Magazine}}</ref> The opening ceremony ultimately attracted 90,000 attendees, less than half the predicted number,<ref name=":3" /> in part due to inclement weather.<ref name="p1565239518">{{cite magazine |date=Apr 23, 1964 |title=N. Y. Fair Debut Gets Foul Deal From Weather: Fair Opening Day Ardor Chilled by Clammy Rain |magazine=Women's Wear Daily |pages=1, 7 |volume=108 |issue=81 |id={{ProQuest|1565239518}}}}</ref> The WFC banned picketing on the grounds, prompting lawsuits from civil-rights groups;<ref name="Samuel pp. 36–37" /> a federal judge later ruled that protesters could give out handbills to passersby.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 July 1964 |title=Federal Court Allows 'Rights' Action at World's Fair: Groups May Pass Out Handbills on Protest |work=New Pittsburgh Courier |page=1 |id={{pq|371626195}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |date=1964-07-02 |title=Rights Picket Ban by Fair is Upheld; But Court Rules Handbills, May Be Given Out There |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/07/02/archives/righs-picket-ban-by-fair-is-upheld-but-court-rules-handbills-may-be.html |access-date=2024-06-01 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Many exhibitors did hire a racially diverse staff.<ref name="Samuel pp. 36–37">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=.|pages=36–37}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1964-06-09 |title=Fair a Showcase for Civil Rights; Negroes and Whites Work Together in Many Phases |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/06/09/archives/fair-a-showcase-for-civil-rights-negroes-and-whites-work-together.html |access-date=2024-06-01 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> |
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Other pavilions were "[[decorated shed]]s", using plain structural shells embellished with applied decorations. This allowed designers to simulate a traditional style while bypassing expensive and time-consuming methods of traditional construction. The expedient was considered acceptable for temporary buildings planned to be used for only two years, and then demolished. |
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''The New York Times'' wrote that 15 pavilions and three amusement attractions were not finished by opening day.<ref name="nyt-1964-04-22a">{{Cite news |date=1964-04-22 |title=15% Of the Fair Still Unfinished; 15 Pavilions and 3 Shows in Amusement Area Delayed |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/22/archives/15-of-the-fair-still-unfinished-15-pavilions-and-3-shows-in.html |access-date=2024-06-03 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> One pavilion, the Belgian Village, was not finished until the end of the 1964 season,<ref name="Samuel p. 43">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=.|page=43}}</ref><ref name="p115921553">{{cite news |last=Long |first=Tania |date=17 Oct 1964 |title=Belgian Village Finished at Last: Medieval 'city' Just in Time for World's Fair Closing |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/10/17/archives/belgian-village-finished-at-last-medieval-city-just-in-time-for.html |access-date=2024-06-03 |work=The New York Times |page=29 |issn=0362-4331 |id={{ProQuest|115921553}}}}</ref> though it did operate for part of 1964.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1964-07-31 |title=Belgium Village Upsets Neighbors; Fair Concessionaires Fear New Loss of Business |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/07/31/archives/belgium-village-upsets-neighbors-fair-concessionaires-fear-new-loss.html |access-date=2024-06-02 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Some pavilions could not open on schedule because the artifacts in the pavilions had been damaged,<ref name="p115757755">{{cite news |last=Alden |first=Robert |date=17 Apr 1964 |title=Lebanese Treasures Damaged; Pavilion at Fair to Be Delayed |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/17/archives/lebanese-treasures-damaged-pavilion-at-fair-to-be-delayed.html |access-date=2024-06-03 |work=The New York Times |page=22 |issn=0362-4331 |id={{ProQuest|115757755}}}}</ref> while others were incomplete.<ref name="p142281829" /><ref name="nyt-1964-04-22a" /> Exhibitors also accused workers of delaying some pavilions' construction to collect [[overtime]] pay.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1964-04-17 |title=Workmen Accused Of Lagging at Fair To Raise Overtime |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/17/archives/workmen-accused-of-lagging-at-fair-to-raise-overtime.html |access-date=2024-05-31 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Three incomplete pavilions were abandoned completely,<ref name="p142281829" /> and work on other pavilions continued for several months after the opening.<ref name="Samuel p. 43" /> |
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The [[Underground World Home]] which was designed by architect [[Jay Swayze]] was also featured at the fair. Fairgoers could tour the home for the price of one dollar.<ref name="Bounds">{{cite book |last1=Bounds |first1=Anna Maria |title=Bracing for the apocalypse : an ethnographic study of New York's 'prepper' subculture |date=2021 |publisher=Routledge |location=Abingdon, Oxon |isbn=978-0415788489 |edition= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ennpDwAAQBAJ&dq=Underground+World+Home+world%27s+fair&pg=PT52 |access-date=April 24, 2022}}</ref> It was a large underground bunker-home and it was unveiled in response to the [[Cold War]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pike |first1=David L. |title=Cold War space and culture in the 1960s and 1980s : the bunkered decades |date=2022 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0192846167 |page=249 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oMxKEAAAQBAJ&dq=Underground+World+Home+world%27s+fair&pg=PA249 |access-date=April 24, 2022}}</ref> The home had ten rooms and {{convert|6000|sqft|m2|abbr=on}} and was entirely underground. It featured air conditioning and backlit murals to create the illusion of the outdoor lighting.<ref name="Bounds" /> |
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An estimated 20 million people lived within {{Convert|50|mi}} of the fair, and as many as 120 million people could drive to the fair within an overnight drive.<ref name="p510390122" /> Deegan predicted at least 6.7 million foreign visitors, out of an estimated total of 70 million.<ref name="p226765072">{{Cite news |date=25 May 1963 |title=Predicts 6,700,000 At Fair From Overseas |work=New York Amsterdam News |page=17 |id={{proQuest|226765072}}}}</ref> The WFC predicted a daily attendance of 225,000, half of which would take the [[Long Island Rail Road]] or [[New York City Subway]].<ref name="p168540287">{{cite news |date=20 Apr 1964 |title=World's Fair Transportation Problem Huge |work=Los Angeles Times |pages=B11 |issn=0458-3035 |id={{ProQuest|168540287}}}}</ref> Visitors 13 and older were charged the adult admission price of $2.00 ({{Inflation|US|2|1964|r=2|fmt=eq|cursign=$}}), while children 2–12 years old were charged $1.00 ({{Inflation|US|1|1964|r=2|fmt=eq}}).<ref name="nyt19650113">{{cite news |last1=Arnold |first1=Martin |date=January 13, 1965 |title=Fair Increasing Admission to $2.50; 50-Cent Raise Does Not Apply to Children's Rates – Longer Run Possible |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/01/13/archives/fair-increasing-admission-to-250-50cent-raise-does-not-apply-to.html |access-date=April 25, 2016 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="p142281829">{{cite news |last=McPherson |first=William |date=19 Apr 1964 |title=World's Fair Will Open Wednesday: What It Will Cost To Visit the Fair |work=The Washington Post, Times Herald |page=A32 |issn=0190-8286 |id={{ProQuest|142281829}}}}</ref> The WFC sold discounted tickets in packs of 20;<ref name="p142281829" /> some major companies like [[AT&T]] bought hundreds of thousands of tickets for employees.<ref name="Samuel p. 12" /> Students paid 25 cents if they visited with their teachers,<ref name="p510510331" /> and the WFC sold certificates that allowed a class of 25 students to enter the fair for $6.25.<ref name="nyt-1964-05-17">{{Cite news |date=1964-05-17 |title=Irish Fair Pavilion Dedicated With a Challenge to Columbus |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/05/17/archives/irish-fair-pavilion-dedicated-with-a-challenge-to-columbus.html |access-date=2024-06-03 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Moses predicted that the fair would sell $120 million worth of tickets,<ref name="Samuel p. 11">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=.|page=11}}</ref><ref name="nyt-1964-01-06">{{Cite news |date=1964-01-06 |title=World's Fair Forecast Is Rosy, With Profits for All‐Even New York City |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/01/06/archives/worlds-fair-forecast-is-rosy-with-profits-for-alleven-new-york-city.html |access-date=2024-05-28 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> with a net profit of $40 million.<ref name="nyt-1964-01-06" /> Initially, city officials predicted that people would spend $5 billion in the city due to the fair,<ref name="p1282813739" /> an estimate that was later reduced to $2.5 billion.<ref name="p115545985" /> |
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==International participation== |
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[[File:1965 new york world fair.jpg|thumbnail|View of the Unisphere with world flags]] |
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Though the fair employed up to 20,000 people,<ref name="p1282813739">{{Cite news |date=22 Apr 1964 |title=Affair Lacks World Status, but It's Bonanza for New York |work=The Globe and Mail |page=B1 |id={{pq|1282813739}} |agency=The New York Times}}</ref> the WFC employed only about 180 to 200 people directly.<ref name="nyt-1963-09-09" /><ref name="p168511265" /> Conversely, there were 3,000 Pinkerton employees on the grounds, including firefighters, police officers, medics, matrons, and ticket sellers.<ref name="nyt-1964-02-08">{{Cite news |date=1964-02-08 |title=3,000 Pinkerton Agents Will Be Going to the Fair Guard Exhibits, Sell Tickets, HeIp the Sick and Fight the Fires |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/02/08/archives/3000-pinkerton-agents-will-be-going-to-the-fair-guard-exhibits-sell.html |access-date=2024-05-31 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Nine garbage trucks, nine [[Emergency medical services|EMS]] vehicles, 25 police cars, and three fire engines traveled the fairgrounds,<ref name="nyt-1964-04-225">{{Cite news |last=Doughtery |first=Philip H. |date=1964-04-22 |title=Statistics Prove It's a Whopping Spectacle; 40 Miles of Walkways Wind Through City of Enchantment; 114 Restaurants Will Help Feed 250,000 Who Visit Daily |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/22/archives/statistics-prove-its-a-whopping-spectacle-40-miles-of-walkways-wind.html |access-date=2024-05-31 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and nine city health inspectors examined all restaurants on the fairground.<ref name="nyt-1964-11-01">{{Cite news |date=1964-11-01 |title=Fair Medical Unit Gave Aid to 53,000; Broad Range of Ailments Treated in First Season |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/11/01/archives/fair-medical-unit-gave-aid-to-53000-broad-range-of-ailments-treated.html |access-date=2024-06-03 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> [[United Press International]] was the fair's official photographer,<ref name="p1527723048">{{Cite news |date=26 Dec 1962 |title=World Fair Chooses UPI as Photographers |work=The Austin Statesman |page=18 |id={{pq|1527723048}}}}</ref> while United World Films had exclusive rights to produce and publish films about the fair.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1963-01-07 |title=World's Fair, Film Co. Sign Contract |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/brooklyn-daily-worlds-fair-film-co-si/148380895/ |access-date=2024-05-30 |work=Brooklyn Daily |pages=21}}</ref> Allied Maintenance was responsible for maintenance and also handled deliveries during the 1964 season (the Rentar Corporation took over deliveries during 1965).<ref>{{Cite news |date=1964-12-17 |title=World's Fair Replaces Official Trucker for 19651; Allied Corp. Out, bat Keeps Its Maintenance Contract; Rentar of Queens Is Hired—Plans Efficiency Changes |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/12/17/archives/worlds-fair-replaces-official-trucker-for-19651-allied-corp-out-bat.html |access-date=2024-06-03 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Other companies, such as [[Hertz Global Holdings|Hertz]] and [[Cities Service]], sponsored free services or events.<ref name="nyt-1964-08-16">{{Cite news |date=1964-08-16 |title=Advertising: Making Friends at the Fair; Some Concerns Get Much Publicity at Low Cost |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/08/16/archives/advertising-making-friends-at-the-fair-some-concerns-get-much.html |access-date=2024-06-03 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Exhibitors were required to be open from 10 a.m. to 10 p.m. daily,<ref name="nyt-1964-04-22_Phillips">{{Cite news |last=Phillips |first=McCandlish |date=1964-04-22 |title=250,000 Expected; Huge Security Force to Guard Johnson—Parade Is Planned |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/22/archives/250000-expected-huge-security-force-to-guard-johnsonparade-is.html |access-date=2024-05-31 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> though the fair itself opened at 9 a.m.<ref name="p1636074933">{{Cite news |last=Shipp |first=Bill |date=10 May 1964 |title=It's R-R-Really Big—N.Y. World's Fair |work=The Atlanta Journal and the Atlanta Constitution |page=4F |id={{pq|1636074933}}}}</ref> Many exhibitors prepared and cleaned their exhibits throughout the night;<ref>{{Cite news |date=1964-06-02 |title=Day at World's Fair Begins at 2 A.M. for Many; Tracks Roll in With Sapplies After Last Visitors Start Their Homeward Trips |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/06/02/archives/day-at-worlds-fair-begins-at-2-am-for-many-tracks-roll-in-with.html |access-date=2024-06-02 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> the Vatican pavilion was the only attraction with a live-in caretaker.<ref name="nyt-1964-07-25">{{Cite news |date=1964-07-25 |title=Moses Says That ‘Observers’ Magnify Reports on ‘Disorders’ |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/07/25/archives/moses-says-that-observers-magnify-reports-on-disorders.html |access-date=2024-06-02 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> |
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The [[Bureau International des Expositions|BIE]] withholding official recognition was a serious handicap for fair promoters. The absence of Canada, Australia, most of the major European nations, and the [[Soviet Union]], all members of the BIE, tarnished the image of the fair.<ref name="Caro" /> Additionally, New York was forced to compete with both [[Century 21 Exposition|Seattle]] and [[Expo 67|Montreal]] for international participants, with many nations choosing the officially-sanctioned world's fairs of those other North American cities over the New York Fair. The promoters turned to trade and tourism organizations within many countries to sponsor national exhibits in lieu of official government sponsorship of pavilions. |
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== Fairground == |
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New York City, in the middle of the twentieth century, was at a zenith of economic power and world prestige. Unconcerned by BIE rules, nations with smaller economies (as well as private groups in (or relevant to) some BIE members<ref>{{cite web |title=Pavilions & Attractions – Pavilion of Paris – Page One |url=http://www.nywf64.com/pavpar01.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612173031/http://www.nywf64.com/pavpar01.shtml |archive-date=June 12, 2008 |url-status=live |access-date=April 8, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Pavilions & Attractions – Berlin – Page One |url=http://www.nywf64.com/berlin01.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612172215/http://www.nywf64.com/berlin01.shtml |archive-date=June 12, 2008 |url-status=live |access-date=April 8, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nywf64.com/belvil01.shtml |title=Pavilions & Attractions – Belgian Village – Page One |publisher=Nywf64.com |access-date=August 21, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nywf64.com/switz02.shtml |title=Pavilions & Attractions – Switzerland – Page Two |publisher=Nywf64.com |access-date=August 21, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nywf64.com/fiesta01.shtml |title=Pavilions & Attractions – Fiesta – Page One |publisher=Nywf64.com |access-date=August 21, 2010}}</ref>) saw it as an honor to host an exhibit at the Fair.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://seanmunger.com/2014/04/21/mosess-great-boondoggle-the-1964-65-new-york-worlds-fair-part-i/ |title=Small Nations |publisher=seanmunger.com |date=October 13, 2017 |access-date=October 14, 2017 |archive-date=October 14, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014132824/https://seanmunger.com/2014/04/21/mosess-great-boondoggle-the-1964-65-new-york-worlds-fair-part-i/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> Therefore, smaller nations made up the majority of the international participation. [[Spain]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Pavilions & Attractions – Spain – Page One |publisher=Nywf64.com |url=http://www.nywf64.com/spain01.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612173236/http://www.nywf64.com/spain01.shtml |archive-date=June 12, 2008 |url-status=live |access-date=April 8, 2009}}</ref> [[Vatican City]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nywf64.com/vatican01.shtml |title=Pavilions & Attractions – Vatican – Page One |publisher=Nywf64.com |access-date=August 21, 2010}}</ref> [[Republic of China]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Pavilions & Attractions – Republic of China – Page One |publisher=Nywf64.com |url=http://www.nywf64.com/china01.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611190616/http://www.nywf64.com/china01.shtml |archive-date=June 11, 2021 |url-status=live |access-date=September 12, 2021}}</ref> [[Japan]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nywf64.com/japan01.shtml |title=Pavilions & Attractions – Japan – Page One |publisher=Nywf64.com |date=August 16, 1964 |access-date=August 21, 2010}}</ref> [[Mexico]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nywf64.com/mexico01.shtml |title=Pavilions & Attractions – Mexico – Page One |publisher=Nywf64.com |access-date=August 21, 2010}}</ref> [[Sweden]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nywf64.com/sweden01.shtml |title=Pavilions & Attractions – Sweden – Page One |publisher=Nywf64.com |date=August 30, 1964 |access-date=August 21, 2010}}</ref> [[Austria]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nywf64.com/austria01.shtml |title=Pavilions & Attractions – Austria – Page One |publisher=Nywf64.com |access-date=August 21, 2010}}</ref> [[Denmark]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nywf64.com/denmark01.shtml |title=Pavilions & Attractions – Denmark – Page One |publisher=Nywf64.com |date=May 9, 1965 |access-date=August 21, 2010}}</ref> [[Thailand]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nywf64.com/thai01.shtml |title=Pavilions & Attractions – Thailand – Page One |publisher=Nywf64.com |access-date=August 21, 2010}}</ref> [[Philippines]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nywf64.com/philip01.shtml |title=Pavilions & Attractions – Philippines – Page One |publisher=Nywf64.com |access-date=August 21, 2010}}</ref> [[Greece]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nywf64.com/greece01.shtml |title=Pavilions & Attractions – Greece – Page One |publisher=Nywf64.com |access-date=August 21, 2010}}</ref> [[Pakistan]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nywf64.com/pakist01.shtml |title=Pavilions & Attractions – Pakistan – Page One |publisher=Nywf64.com |date=August 15, 1965 |access-date=August 21, 2010}}</ref> [[Hong Kong#British colony|Hong Kong]], and [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] to name some, hosted national presences at the Fair. [[Indonesia]] sponsored a pavilion, but relations deteriorated rapidly between that nation and the United States during 1964, fueled by anti-Western and anti-American rhetoric and policies by Indonesian president [[Sukarno]], which angered U.S. President [[Lyndon Johnson]]. Indonesia withdrew from the [[United Nations]] in January 1965, and officially from the Fair in March. The Fair Corporation then seized and shut down the Indonesian pavilion, and it remained closed and barricaded for the 1965 season.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nywf64.com/indones08.shtml |title=The Indonesia Controversy at the New York World's Fair 1964–1965 |publisher=Nywf64.com |access-date=October 21, 2019}}</ref> |
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The fairground was divided into five regions.<ref name="p1522492960" /> Exhibits for individual U.S. states and the U.S. federal government were concentrated in the Federal & State Area at the center of the fairground, near the Unisphere.<ref name="nyt-1964-04-22" /><ref name="Samuel p. 125">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=.|page=125}}</ref> The international exhibits were concentrated in the International Area, a group of pavilions surrounding the Unisphere.<ref name="nyt-1963-09-09" /> Industry pavilions were concentrated around the Industrial Area on the eastern end, near the [[Van Wyck Expressway]].<ref name="p1522492960">{{Cite news |last=Lane |first=Roger |date=5 Dec 1963 |title=New York World's Fair Shaping As Top US Business Showcase |work=The Austin Statesman |page=B2 |id={{Pq|1522492960}}}}</ref><ref name="Robbins 2014 m690">{{cite web |last=Robbins |first=Liz |date=April 18, 2014 |title=50 Years After the New York World's Fair, Recalling a Vision of the Future |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2014/04/20/nyregion/worlds-fair-1964-memories.html |access-date=May 22, 2024 |website=The New York Times}}</ref> The Transportation Area was on the western side of the fairground.<ref name="p1522492960" /> South of the Long Island Expressway, connected with the rest of the fair only via one overpass, was the Lake Amusement Area<ref name="p168563620" /><ref name="p1522492960" /><ref name="Robbins 2014 m690" /> (known as the Lake Area during 1965).<ref name="p179713143" /> Eight gates provided access to the fairground.<ref name="Samuel p. 38" /> |
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[[File:Michelangelo's Pieta 5450 cut out black.jpg|thumb|Loaned from the Vatican, the sculpture by Michelangelo titled ''[[Pietà (Michelangelo)|Pietà]]'' was among the most popular exhibits at the fair]] |
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One of the fair's most popular exhibits was the Vatican Pavilion, which featured [[Michelangelo]]'s ''[[Pietà (Michelangelo)|Pietà]]'', brought in from [[St. Peter's Basilica]] with the permission of [[Pope John XXIII]]; today, a small plaza and [[exedra]] monument mark the spot (and [[Pope Paul VI]]'s visit in October 1965). People waited in line for hours to view the Michelangelo sculpture; a novel [[conveyor belt]] system was used to move them through the viewing in an orderly fashion. A modern replica of the artwork had been transported beforehand to ensure that the statue could be installed without being damaged. The copy is now on view in the [[Cathedral College of the Immaculate Conception|Immaculate Conception Seminary in Douglaston, Queens, New York]].<ref name="Felthousen-Post">{{cite web |last1=Felthousen-Post |first1=Cyn |title=1964 World's Fair Pavilions: Where Are They Now? |url=https://groovyhistory.com/1964-worlds-fair-pavilions-queens-new-york/8 |website=Groovy History |access-date=August 13, 2022 |language=en}}</ref> The exedra monument is now used with permits since 1975 for prayer vigils by Our Lady of the Roses relocated from Bayside, New York.{{citation needed|date=October 2017}} |
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The 1964 World's Fair had 139 pavilions on opening day, in addition to 34 concessions and shows.<ref name="nyt-1964-04-225" />{{efn|This is sometimes cited as more than 200 exhibits and pavilions.<ref name="p510487114"/><ref name="p1283415626"/><ref name="Newsweek 1964a p. 43" />}} Of the pavilions and shows, either 121<ref name="nyt-1964-04-225" /><ref name="p226773594">{{Cite news |date=9 May 1964 |title=World's Fair Offers 121 Free Shows |work=New York Amsterdam News |page=27 |id={{proQuest|226773594}}}}</ref> or 124 were free, and the rest required an additional payment.<ref name="Alpert p. 21">{{harvnb|Alpert|1964|ps=.|page=21}}</ref> Scattered across the fairground were 5,300 trees, 3,500 benches, 1,400 telephones, and 60 mailboxes.<ref name="Rhoades 2014 k912">{{cite web |last=Rhoades |first=Liz |date=April 17, 2014 |title=Fifty years ago a fair opened in Queens |url=https://www.qchron.com/editions/queenswide/fifty-years-ago-a-fair-opened-in-queens/article_90ff09cb-2f1c-545e-bc28-091f01cc6104.html |access-date=May 30, 2024 |website=Queens Chronicle}}</ref><ref name="Travelers p. 4">{{harvnb|The Travelers Insurance Companies|1965|page=4|ps=.}}</ref> There were also bank branches, picnic areas, and restrooms.<ref name="Travelers p. 4" /> Accessible bathrooms, wheelchair rental stands, and Braille guidebooks were provided for disabled visitors.<ref name="nyt-1964-04-26">{{Cite news |date=1964-04-26 |title=Wheel Chairs at Fair; Many Pavilions Easily Accessible To the Physically Handicapped |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/26/archives/wheel-chairs-at-fair-many-pavilions-easily-accessible-to-the.html |access-date=2024-05-30 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> About one-tenth of the exhibits charged an additional fee, though most pavilions were free to enter.<ref name="p179446275" /><ref name="p9136836842">{{cite news |last=Mayer |first=Robert |date=17 Oct 1963 |title=Cash Vital If You Plan Trip to Fair |work=Newsday |page=15 |issn=2574-5298 |id={{ProQuest|913683684}}}}</ref> There were also several hotels nearby,<ref name="p1326218806" /> albeit few campgrounds.<ref name="nyt-1964-03-22">{{Cite news |date=1964-03-22 |title=Few Campsites Near World's Fair |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/03/22/archives/few-campsites-near-worlds-fair.html |access-date=2024-05-31 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> A spokesman for the 1964 fair said the exposition was supposed to be "cultural and sophisticated",<ref name="nyt-1962-04-29">{{Cite news |last=Talese |first=Gay |date=1962-04-29 |title=Fair Takes Shape on Office Charts; Meadow Itself Shows Only Dirt Mounds and Debris |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1962/04/29/archives/fair-takes-shape-on-office-charts-meadow-itself-shows-only-dirt.html |access-date=2024-05-25 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and Deegan claimed that the exposition would be the "greatest single event in history".<ref name="nyt-1962-09-13" /><ref name="p1325994848a">{{cite news |last=Rogers |first=John G. |date=13 Sep 1962 |title=For the World's Fair, Superlatives |work=New York Herald Tribune |page=17 |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1325994848}}}}</ref> |
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A recreation of a nook of a medieval [[Belgium|Belgian]] village proved very popular. Fairgoers were treated to the "Bel-Gem Brussels Waffle"—a combination of [[waffle]], strawberries and whipped cream, sold by a Brussels couple, Maurice Vermersch and his wife.<ref>[https://theworld.org/stories/2014-04-22/it-was-1964-worlds-fair-when-americans-fell-love-belgian-waffles It was the 1964 World's Fair when Americans fell in love with Belgian waffles], theworld.org (PBS), April 22, 2014</ref> |
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=== Pavilions === |
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Fairgoers could also enjoy sampling sandwiches from around the world at the popular [[7-Up International Sandwich Garden]] pavilion, which featured an innovative fiberglass [[Seven Up]] Tower.<ref>''[[The New York Times]]''. September 29, 1964. p. 21.</ref><ref>''[[The New York Times]]''. May 31, 1964. p. R1.</ref> In addition to complimentary 7-Up beverages, a menu offered varied culinary delights for sale representing the cuisines of sixteen countries. While dining, visitors enjoyed live performances on four circular stages from various instrumentalists, which included a five piece musical ensemble, the 7-Up Continental Band.<ref>''[[The New York Times]]''. September 12, 1964. p. 21.</ref><ref>''[[The New York Times]]''. October 16, 1964. p. 31.</ref> The dining pods featured furnishings designed by the futuristic Finnish-American architect [[Eero Saarinen]] and were enclosed by twenty-four futuristic fiberglass domes that were topped by a commanding clock tower that soared more than {{convert|107|ft}} above the pavilion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldsfairphotos.com/nywf64/seven-up.htm |title=Seven-Up |website=www.worldsfairphotos.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nywf64.com/sevup05.shtml |title=1964 New York World's Fair 1965 – Attractions – Seven Up – Page Five |website=www.nywf64.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.westland.net/ny64fair/map-docs/sevenup.htm |title=1964 World's Fair – Seven-Up |website=www.westland.net}}</ref> |
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{{Main|List of 1964 New York World's Fair pavilions}} |
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[[File:Wisconsin Pavilion, Neillsville.jpg|thumb|The Wisconsin Pavilion, which has since been relocated to Wisconsin]] |
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The different sections were designed in various architectural styles.<ref name="nyt-1964-04-22_Phillips" /><ref name="Samuel p. 99">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=.|page=99}}</ref><ref name="p179539708">{{cite news |last=Barry |first=Edward |date=26 July 1964 |title=The Wonderful World of Art: A Gigantic Work of Art--That's New York's World's Fair |work=Chicago Tribune |page=N4 |issn=1085-6706 |id={{ProQuest|179539708}}}}</ref> Some pavilions used experimental designs.<ref name="p115672730">{{cite news |date=2 Feb 1964 |title=New Techniques Are Found Scarce In Fair Buildings |work=The New York Times |page=R1 |issn=0362-4331 |id={{ProQuest|115672730}}}}</ref> For the most part, structures were designed so they could be demolished easily after the fair and rebuilt elsewhere.<ref name="p510706863">{{cite news |last=Hornaday |first=Mary |date=23 Apr 1965 |title=What happens when the fair is over?: Demolition set Buildings to remain Monorail considered Space subsidy sought |work=The Christian Science Monitor |page=5 |issn=0882-7729 |id={{ProQuest|510706863}}}}</ref> Anyone could rent exhibition space if they could afford to rent the land and pay for their pavilion.<ref name="Beckerman 2024 c752" /><ref name="Tirella p. 205">{{harvnb|Tirella|2013|ps=.|page=205}}</ref> Thus, the space was dominated by large corporations.<ref name="Beckerman 2024 c752">{{cite web |last=Beckerman |first=Jim |date=April 9, 2024 |title=History of Waffles: How the NY World's Fair novelty became breakfast |url=https://www.northjersey.com/story/entertainment/dining/2024/04/09/where-did-waffles-come-from-when-how-invented/72989686007/ |access-date=May 27, 2024 |website=Bergen Record}}</ref> Private companies spent a combined $300 million on their pavilions,<ref name="Samuel p. 98" /> and companies such as [[General Motors]] and [[Ford Motor Company]] spent tens of millions of dollars apiece.<ref name="p132940186" /><ref name="Samuel p. 98">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=.|page=98}}</ref> |
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Twenty-three state pavilions were built.<ref name="p510487114">{{cite news |last=Hornaday |first=Mary |date=23 Sep 1963 |title=New York World's Fair Takes Tangible Form: One Pavilion Completed |work=The Christian Science Monitor |page=9 |issn=0882-7729 |id={{ProQuest|510487114}}}}</ref><ref name="Tirella p. 47">{{harvnb|Tirella|2013|ps=.|page=47}}</ref> The fair included exhibits from [[Alaska]], [[Florida]], [[Hawaii]], [[Illinois]], [[Louisiana]], [[Maryland]], [[Minnesota]], [[Missouri]], [[Montana]], [[New Jersey]], [[New York (state)|New York]], [[Oklahoma]], [[Tennessee]], [[Texas]], [[West Virginia]], [[Wisconsin]], and the six states in [[New England]].<ref name="nyt-1963-09-09" /> In addition, New York City had its own pavilion, as did the neighborhood of [[Hollywood, Los Angeles]].<ref name="Stern (1995) p. 1039">{{harvnb|Stern|Mellins|Fishman|1995|ps=.|p=1039}}</ref> Nineteen of the state pavilions were in the federal and state section,<ref name="Samuel p. 128">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=.|page=128}}</ref> and three of the other four state pavilions were clustered around Meadow Lake at the southern end of the fair.<ref name="p510487114" /> None of the state governments had to pay rent for the pavilion.<ref name="Samuel p. 128" /><ref name="p141780100">{{cite news |date=25 Jul 1963 |title=20 States Balk at World's Fair |work=The Washington Post, Times Herald |page=F8 |issn=0190-8286 |id={{ProQuest|141780100}}}}</ref> State governments still had to pay for their own pavilions, and 20 states and Washington, D.C., did not pay for exhibits at the fair.<ref name="p141780100" /> |
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[[File:Berlin Pavilion.jpg|thumbnail|200px|West Berlin Pavilion, by Hans Wehrhahn]] |
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There were 45 pavilions in the International Area, most of which featured foreign countries' exhibits.<ref name="Alpert p. 22" /> Sources disagree on whether 65<ref name="Samuel p. 124">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=.|page=124}}</ref> or 66 nations set up exhibits.<ref name="nyt-1964-04-22" /><ref name="Samuel p. 149" /> Including nations represented by a particular region{{Efn|For example, West Germany, which was represented by West Berlin}} the fair featured attractions from 80 countries.<ref name="Alpert p. 22" /><ref name="Tirella p. 202">{{harvnb|Tirella|2013|ps=.|page=202}}</ref> Foreign nations rented the land from the WFC,<ref name="Nicoletta p. 503">{{harvnb|Nicoletta|2010|ps=.|page=503}}</ref> and they also paid for lodging, food, and other expenses for their staff.<ref name="nyt-1964-04-20">{{Cite news |last=Trumbull |first=Robert |date=1964-04-20 |title=Fair Personnel Lead Double Life; Foreign Pavilions Contrast Sharply With New York |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/20/archives/fair-personnel-lead-double-life-foreign-pavilions-contrast-sharply.html |access-date=2024-05-31 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Many nations from Asia, Africa, and Central and South America, though relatively few from Europe, exhibited at the fair.<ref name="nyt-1962-12-02" /><ref name="p1283415626">{{Cite news |last=Gray |first=Beverly |date=25 Jan 1964 |title=So It Will Soon Be Heigh-Ho, Everyone, Come to the New York World's Fair! |work=The Globe and Mail |page=21 |id={{Pq|1283415626}}}}</ref><ref name="Tirella p. 202" /> Other countries boycotted the fair because the BIE had not approved it.<ref name="p1032412420">{{cite magazine |date=Feb 22, 1961 |title=No Endorsement by lnt'l Expositions Bureau Hits N.Y. 1964 World's Fair |magazine=Variety |page=1 |volume=221 |issue=13 |id={{ProQuest|1032412420}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |last=Freeman |first=Ira Henry |date=1961-02-18 |title=3 Nations Decline to Join Fair Here; Britain, France and Italy Cite Exhibit Treaty – Private Shows Are Possible |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1961/02/18/archives/3-nations-decline-to-join-fair-here-britain-france-and-italy-cite.html |access-date=2024-05-24 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Some BIE members did host unofficial exhibits or were represented by private companies' exhibits,<ref name="p1336636161">{{cite news |last=Higgins |first=Marguerite |date=3 Mar 1961 |title=20 Nations to Have Pavilions at Fair |work=New York Herald Tribune |page=6 |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1336636161}}}}</ref><ref name="Newsweek 1964a p. 44">{{harvnb|Newsweek|1964a|page=44|ps=.}}</ref> and several countries were represented solely by an industry exhibit.<ref name="p1522492960" /> Still other countries were represented by regional pavilions, such as those for the Caribbean and Africa.<ref name="Tirella pp. 202–203">{{harvnb|Tirella|2013|ps=.|pages=202–203}}</ref> Many of the international pavilions also sold merchandise.<ref name="Samuel pp. 104–105">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=.|pages=104–105}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1964-04-22 |title=Pavilions to Sell Unusual Wares; Items From Many Lands Are Available for Shoppers |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/22/archives/pavilions-to-sell-unusual-wares-items-from-many-lands-are-available.html |access-date=2024-06-03 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |postscript=none}}; {{Cite book |last=Carlton |first=Helen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ikkEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA18 |title=A Bazaar of Bizarre Bargains |date=July 17, 1964 |publisher=Time Inc |page=18 |issn=0024-3019 |access-date=June 3, 2024}}</ref> |
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Emerging African nations displayed their wares in the Africa Pavilion. Controversy broke out when the [[Jordan]]ian pavilion displayed a mural emphasizing the plight of the [[Palestinian people]]. The Jordanians also donated an [[Column of Jerash|ancient column]] which still remains at the former fair site.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/flushing-meadows-corona-park/monuments/812 |title=Flushing Meadows Corona Park Monuments – Column of Jerash |publisher=NYC Parks |access-date=September 4, 2022}}</ref> |
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The Industrial Area had 43 pavilions in total,<ref name="Alpert p. 22">{{harvnb|Alpert|1964|ps=.|page=22}}</ref> representing nearly 350 American companies.<ref name="Newsweek 1964a p. 43">{{harvnb|Newsweek|1964a|page=43|ps=.}}</ref> Corporations also rented land from the WFC, except for religious organizations, which were given the land for free.<ref name="Nicoletta p. 503" /> Large firms such as [[Bell Telephone Company]], [[DuPont]], [[IBM]], [[Kodak]], [[RCA]], [[The Travelers Companies]], and [[US Royal Tires]], participated.<ref name="Tirella p. 47" /><ref name="p132775520">{{cite news |last=Schmedel |first=Scott R. |date=9 May 1962 |title=GM Plans Costliest Pavilion for New York World's Fair of '64–65: Company Undecided on Contents; Fair Officials Hope the Plan Will Spur Leasing of Space |work=The Wall Street Journal |page=9 |issn=0099-9660 |id={{ProQuest|132775520}}}}</ref> The 1964 fair included few companies in the food, chemical, tobacco, cosmetic, or pharmaceutical industries.<ref name="nyt-1963-09-09" /> Transportation companies, such as car manufacturers [[Chrysler]], [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]], and [[General Motors]],<ref name="Tirella p. 47" /><ref name="Wood pp. 10–11">{{harvnb|Wood|1964|ps=.|pages=10–11}}</ref> displayed products in the Transportation Area section of the fairground.<ref name="Robbins 2014 m690" /> Several of the industry pavilions offered free merchandise or other sponsorships,<ref name="nyt-1964-08-16" /><ref name="Samuel pp. 101–102">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=.|pages=101–102}}</ref> which often succeeded in attracting customers.<ref name="p132905305" /> Moses also provided about {{Convert|7|acre}} for religious groups and invited every major sect of [[Christianity]] to the fair.<ref name="Samuel p. 21">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=.|page=21}}</ref> Eight religious pavilions were built,<ref name="nyt-1964-04-224">{{Cite news |date=1964-04-22 |title=Religion Present Throughout Fair; 8 Pavilions Add Depth to Spirit of Carnival |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/22/archives/religion-present-throughout-fair-8-pavilions-add-depth-to-spirit-of.html |access-date=2024-05-30 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> each of which was staffed by volunteers.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1964-07-20 |title=Church Pavilions Use Volunteers; 250 Serving in 8 Exhibits at Fair in Leisure Time |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/07/20/archives/church-pavilions-use-volunteers-250-serving-in-8-exhibits-at-fair.html |access-date=2024-05-30 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Some exhibits were never built but were displayed on official maps, causing confusion among visitors.<ref name="nyt-1964-08-11">{{Cite news |date=1964-08-11 |title=Visitors at the Fair Seek Sights Not to Be Seen |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/08/11/archives/visitors-at-the-fair-seek-sights-not-to-be-seen.html |access-date=2024-06-03 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> |
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The city of [[West Berlin]], a [[Cold War]] hot-spot, hosted a popular exhibit in a pavilion that was designed by Hans Wehrhahn.<ref>{{cite web |title=West Berlin Pavilion by Hans Wehrhahn |url=http://www.wehrhahn-architekten.com/kleine-bauten/pavillon_weltausstellung-88}}</ref> |
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=== Amusement === |
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In addition to pavilions, the Lake Area included several rides and attractions during 1964.<ref name="Travelers p. 19">{{harvnb|The Travelers Insurance Companies|1965|page=19|ps=.}}</ref> There was a circus operated by [[John Ringling North]],<ref name="nyt-1962-02-07">{{Cite news |date=1962-02-07 |title=Continental-Style Circus Signed for '64 World's Fair |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1962/02/07/archives/continentalstyle-circus-signed-for-64-worlds-fair.html |access-date=2024-05-26 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="p2293396739">{{Cite news |date=24 Feb 1962 |title=World's Fair Will Have Circus Acts |work=New York Amsterdam News |page=15 |id={{proQuest|2293396739}}}}</ref> which performed in a 5,000-seat tent.<ref name="nyt-1962-02-07" /> Nearby was a wax museum.<ref name="Samuel p. 21" /><ref name="p510513528" /> The amusement area also included attractions such as a children's play area, puppet show, and porpoise show.<ref name="p510513528" /> A lake cruise traveled off the shore of Meadow Lake,<ref name="p226822636">{{Cite news |date=2 Feb 1963 |title=Fair Lake Area To Have Fla., Hawaii Exhibits |work=New York Amsterdam News |page=26 |id={{proQuest|226822636}}}}</ref> and an early [[Log flume (ride)|log flume]] ride was also installed at the fair.<ref name="Rhoades 2014 k912" /><ref name="Log Flume Ride w118">{{cite web |date=December 27, 2022 |title=Log Flume Ride |url=https://www.worldsfairphotos.com/nywf64/log-flume.htm |access-date=May 30, 2024 |website=The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair}}</ref> There was a 10,000-seat outdoor theater in the amusement area as well.<ref name="Newsweek 1964a p. 44" /> The [[Flushing Meadows Carousel]] was formed through the combination of two Coney Island carousels.<ref name="Queens Gazette w424">{{cite web |date=June 5, 2013 |title=Flushing Meadows-Corona Park Carousel Rides Again |url=https://www.qgazette.com/articles/flushing-meadows-corona-park-carousel-rides-again/ |access-date=May 21, 2024 |website=Queens Gazette |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |date=March 7, 2012 |title=You Spin Me Right Round, Baby, Right Round Like a Carousel ... |url=http://www.thirteen.org/metrofocus/2012/03/you-spin-me-right-round-baby-right-round-like-a-carousel/ |access-date=April 3, 2017 |work=[[WNET]]}}</ref> The Florida pavilion took over much of the Lake Area in 1965,<ref name="Samuel pp. 67–68" /><ref name="nyt-1965-03-03">{{Cite news |last=Alden |first=Robert |date=1965-03-03 |title=Free Water Show Planned at Fair; Florida Will Present Skiing in Amphitheater -- Moses Predicts Big Success |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/03/03/archives/free-water-show-planned-at-fair-florida-will-present-skiing-in.html |access-date=2024-06-04 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and two amusement areas called Carnival and Continental Park were added at that time.<ref name="p133045801" /> Outside the Lake Area were the Fiesta Playground<ref name="p510789503" /> and the Sculpture Continuum Playground.<ref name="Weitekamp l955">{{cite web |last=Weitekamp |first=Rossana |date=April 22, 2015 |title=Saviors of the Chunkies |url=https://www.liherald.com/stories/saviors-of-the-chunkies,66293 |access-date=June 1, 2024 |website=Herald Community Newspapers}}</ref> |
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=== Transportation === |
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On April 21, 1965, as part of the opening ceremonies for the second season of the 1964–1965 New York World's Fair, Ethiopian long-distance runners [[Abebe Bikila]] and [[Mamo Wolde]] participated in an exclusive ceremonial half marathon.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/04/22/archives/lo-a-magic-city-awakens-and-wizard-rejoices-people-flock-in-to-the.html |title=Lo, a Magic City Awakens and Wizard Rejoices... |last=Phillips |first=Mccandlish |date=April 22, 1965 |newspaper=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331 |url-access=subscription|access-date=January 26, 2017}}</ref> They ran from the [[Arsenal (Central Park)|Arsenal]] in [[Central Park]] at 64th Street & [[Fifth Avenue]] in [[Manhattan]] to the [[Singer Bowl]] at the fair.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/04/21/archives/the-fair-resumes-today-with-many-new-exhibits-the-worlds-fair.html |title=The Fair Resumes Today With Many New Exhibits... |last=Alden |first=Robert |date=April 4, 1965 |newspaper=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331 |url-access=subscription|access-date=January 26, 2017}}</ref> They carried with them a parchment scroll with greetings from [[Haile Selassie]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/04/15/archives/ethiopia-marathon-star-here-for-fair.html |title=Ethiopia Marathon Star Here for Fair |last=Jones |first=Theodore |date=April 4, 1965 |newspaper=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331 |url-access=subscription|access-date=January 26, 2017}}</ref> |
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{{For|exhibits by transportation companies at the fair|List of 1964 New York World's Fair pavilions#Transportation pavilions}}[[File:6405 NY World's Fair 9 1964 (51190488249).jpg|thumb|Monorail at the 1964 fair]] |
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Within the Lake Area, the [[American Machine and Foundry Company]] (AMF) constructed a monorail with two {{Convert|4000|ft|m|-long|adj=mid}} loops.<ref name="p141825692">{{cite news |date=23 July 1963 |title=AMF Plans Monorail at New York World's Fair |work=The Washington Post, Times Herald |page=A21 |issn=0190-8286 |id={{ProQuest|141825692}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite magazine |date=Jul 29, 1963 |title=AMF takes flyer on monorail: The company, building its first monorail at the World's Fair, has plans for world-wide selling |work=Railway Age |page=68 |volume=155 |issue=5 |id={{Pq|882954650}}}}</ref><ref name="p142599694">{{cite news |date=6 Sep 1965 |title=Bid to Sell World's Fair Monorail Brings Enthusiastic Response: Decision Data Help Wanted |work=The Washington Post, Times Herald |page=D5 |issn=0190-8286 |id={{ProQuest|142599694}}}}</ref> The line was a [[suspended monorail]]<ref name="nyt-1963-05-08">{{Cite news |date=1963-05-08 |title=World's Fair to Get 3-Million Monorail System; Train to Run Around Lake Port Body Building to Get Restaurant and Club |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1963/05/08/archives/worlds-fair-to-get-3million-monorail-system-train-to-run-around.html |access-date=2024-05-22 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="p141825692" /> with seven 80-passenger trains, each two cars long.<ref name="p142599694" /> Another transport attraction at the fair was the [[Skyride (Six Flags Great Adventure)|Swiss Sky Ride]], a ski lift or [[Gondola lift|aerial gondola]] running {{Convert|1875|ft}} between the Korean and Swiss pavilions,<ref name="Swiss Sky Ride z801">{{cite web |date=December 27, 2022 |title=Swiss Sky Ride |url=https://www.worldsfairphotos.com/nywf64/swiss-sky-ride.htm |access-date=May 22, 2024 |website=The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair}}</ref> which was sponsored by the Swiss government.<ref name="Stern (1995) p. 1043">{{harvnb|Stern|Mellins|Fishman|1995|ps=.|p=1043}}</ref> During the 1964 season, visitors could rent one of 147 [[Greyhound Lines|Greyhound]] Escorters, driven by chauffeurs. In addition, 61 Glide-a-Ride trolleys served the fairground during both seasons.<ref name="p116821150">{{cite news |date=21 Apr 1965 |title=3-wheeled 'Bugs' Gone This Year: but Glide-a-train and Bus Transport Will Be Back |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/04/21/archives/3wheeled-bugs-gone-this-year-but-glideatrain-and-bus-transport-will.html |access-date=2024-06-04 |work=The New York Times |page=37 |issn=0362-4331 |id={{ProQuest|116821150}}}}</ref><ref name="p510781727">{{cite news |last=Hornaday |first=Mary |date=21 Apr 1965 |title=N.Y. World's Fair offers thrilling 'college courses': Chinese splendor Space rendezvous Visits by astronauts |work=The Christian Science Monitor |page=4 |issn=0882-7729 |id={{ProQuest|510781727}}}}</ref> |
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The fairground was accessed by numerous highways on [[Long Island]], which had been upgraded to provide access to the fair.<ref name="p510487114" /><ref name="Samuel p. 13; Tirella p. 44">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=|page=13}}; {{harvnb|Tirella|2013|ps=.|page=44}}</ref> An expanded [[World's Fair Marina]] provided access via [[Flushing Bay]].<ref name="p510487114" /><ref name="p1327587313">{{cite news |date=12 June 1961 |title=Fair to Make More Room For Boatmen: Flushing Marina Plan To Cost $4,300,000 |work=New York Herald Tribune |page=17 |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1327587313}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |date=1961-06-12 |title=Marina for Excursion Boats and 800 Yachts Planned at World's Fair |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1961/06/12/archives/marina-for-excursion-boats-and-800-yachts-planned-at-worlds-fair.html |access-date=2024-05-24 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> There was a short-lived ferry service to Manhattan,<ref name="Samuel p. 41" /> as well as other ferry routes to various ports in New York and New Jersey.<ref name="nyt-1964-05-03">{{Cite news |date=1964-05-03 |title=32‐M.P.H. Hydrofoils in Fleet That Shuttles to Flushing Bay |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/05/03/archives/32mph-hydrofoils-in-fleet-that-shuttles-to-flushing-bay.html |access-date=2024-05-31 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> A helicopter shuttle ran to the [[MetLife Building|Pan Am Building]] and [[Downtown Manhattan Heliport|Lower Manhattan heliports]].<ref name="p371626341">{{Cite news |date=18 Apr 1964 |title=Transportation To The 'Fair' |work=New Pittsburgh Courier |page=1 |id={{Pq|371626341}}}}</ref> Local buses, airport [[shuttle bus]]es, [[New York City Subway|the subway]], and the LIRR all stopped near the fairground.<ref name="p371626341" /> The [[R33S (New York City Subway car)|R33S]] and [[R36 (New York City Subway car)|R36WF]] subway cars were constructed for the [[7 (New York City Subway service)|7 route]], which ran to the [[Mets–Willets Point station (IRT Flushing Line)|Willets Point]] station near the fair.<ref name="p510513528">{{cite news |last=Kursh |first=Harvey |date=3 Mar 1964 |title=World's Fair: Big, Big, Big!: Lots of Edification |work=The Christian Science Monitor |page=16 |issn=0882-7729 |id={{ProQuest|510513528}}}}</ref> Although [[IND World's Fair Line|a dedicated subway line]] had served the 1939 fair,<ref name=":4" /> no such route was built for 1964.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last1=Cunningham |first1=Joseph |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fg4KAQAAMAAJ&q=world%27s+fair+railroad |title=A History of the New York City Subway System |last2=DeHart |first2=Leonard O. |date=1993 |publisher=J. Schmidt, R. Giglio, and K. Lang |pages=27, 83 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Samuel p. 41">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=.|page=41}}</ref> A luxury bus service carried "distinguished guests" to and from the fair.<ref name="p1616075167">{{Cite news |date=30 June 1961 |title=You'll Ride In High Style At World's Fair |work=The Atlanta Constitution |page=29 |id={{Pq|1616075167}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |date=1961-06-29 |title=De Luxe Transport For Footsore Due At World's Fair |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1961/06/29/archives/de-luxe-transport-for-footsore-due-at-worlds-fair.html |access-date=2024-05-24 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> There were 20,000 parking spaces,<ref name="Rhoades 2014 k912" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=1964-02-16 |title=Wiley Outlines Traffic at Fair; Remote‐Controlled Signs to Help With Parking |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/02/16/archives/wiley-outlines-traffic-at-fair-remotecontrolled-signs-to-help-with.html |access-date=2024-05-31 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and shuttle buses transported people from the parking lots to the main gate.<ref name="Alpert p. 21" /> |
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==Federal and state exhibits== |
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===United States Pavilion=== |
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The United States Pavilion was titled "Challenge to Greatness", and focused on President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]'s "[[Great Society]]" proposals. The main show in the multimillion-dollar pavilion was a 15-minute ride through a filmed presentation of American history. Visitors seated in moving grandstands rode past movie screens that slid in, out, and above the path of the traveling audience. |
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=== Other features === |
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Elsewhere, there were tributes to the late [[President of the United States|President]] [[John F. Kennedy]], who had broken ground for the pavilion in December 1962 but had been assassinated in November 1963 before the fair opened. |
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[[File:255-CC-65-HC-223, front.jpg|thumb|Space Park, as it appeared in December 1963 before its official opening]] |
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The fairground had nine fountains and eleven reflecting pools.<ref name="p1636074933" /><ref name="Rhoades 2014 k912" /> Placed at the center of the fair was the [[Unisphere]], which was constructed by [[American Bridge Company]].<ref name="Stern (1995) p. 1032">{{harvnb|Stern|Mellins|Fishman|1995|ps=.|p=1032}}</ref><ref name="AR 1964">{{cite magazine |last=Schmertz |first=Mildred F. |date=July 1964 |title=Architecture at the New York World's Fair |url=https://usmodernist.org/AR/AR-1964-07.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727215444/https://usmodernist.org/AR/AR-1964-07.pdf |archive-date=July 27, 2020 |access-date=July 27, 2020 |journal=Architectural Record |page=150 |volume=136}}</ref> Weighing {{convert|700,000|lb|0}},<ref name="Stern (1995) p. 1032" /><ref name="NYCL p. 4">{{Cite report |url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/1925.pdf |title=The Unisphere |date=May 16, 1995 |publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]] |page=4 |ref={{harvid|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1995}}}}</ref> the globe was created to symbolize "man's achievements on a shrinking globe in an expanding universe".<ref name="Stern (1995) pp. 1032–1033">{{harvnb|Stern|Mellins|Fishman|1995|ps=.|pp=1032–1033}}</ref> At the far east end of Flushing Meadows Park, the Fountain of the Planets (Pool of Industry) could spray water up to {{convert|625|ft}} high,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Stewart |first=Barbara |date=2000-08-29 |title=Back-of-the-Park Treatment For Fountain of the Planets |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/08/29/nyregion/back-of-the-park-treatment-for-fountain-of-the-planets.html |access-date=2024-05-24 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and there were nighttime fireworks displays.<ref name="Fountains d056">{{cite web |date=December 27, 2022 |title=Fountains |url=https://www.worldsfairphotos.com/nywf64/fountains.htm |access-date=May 24, 2024 |website=The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair}}</ref> The Unisphere and Fountain of the Planets are connected via the Fountain of the Fairs.<ref name="Parry 2020 p831">{{cite web |last=Parry |first=Bill |date=October 29, 2020 |title=City completes $6.8 million restoration of fountains at Flushing Meadows Corona Park – QNS |url=https://qns.com/2020/10/city-completes-6-8-million-restoration-of-fountains-at-flushing-meadows-corona-park/ |access-date=May 24, 2024 |website=QNS}}</ref> Several other fountains were placed throughout the grounds.<ref name="Fountains d056" /> |
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The fairground had {{Cvt|28|mi}},<ref name="p142281829" /> {{cvt|39|mi}},<ref name="Alpert p. 21" />{{efn|{{harvnb|Alpert|1964|page=21}}, cited the fair as having {{convert|14|mi}} of roads and {{convert|25|mi}} of paths.}} or {{Cvt|40|mi}} of paths.<ref name="nyt-1964-04-225" /> There were also numerous plazas.<ref name="p1522492960" /> Throughout the fairground were information booths operated by Greyhound Bus.<ref name="Alpert p. 21" /> Near the northern end of the fairground was a [[customs]] building,<ref name="p1335979864">{{cite news |date=18 May 1962 |title=For N. Y. World's Fair—Special Customs Building |work=New York Herald Tribune |page=12 |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1335979864}}}}</ref> where customs officials examined items bound for the fair's international pavilions and concessionaires.<ref name="nyt-1964-05-05">{{Cite news |date=1964-05-05 |title=Customs Agents Find Job Hectic; All Imports for Fair Must Be Checked on Arrival |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/05/05/archives/customs-agents-find-job-hectic-all-imports-for-fair-must-be-checked.html |access-date=2024-06-03 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> There was also a press building next to the [[Grand Central Parkway]], with a reporters' bullpen, offices for major news agencies, a press conference room, and offices.<ref name="nyt-1963-05-05" /><ref name="p1326035027">{{cite news |last=Chapman |first=Ralph |date=23 Aug 1962 |title=For World Fair Newsmen: Ground Broken for Press Building |work=New York Herald Tribune |page=10 |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1326035027}}}}</ref> On the fairground was the 22-room Atomedic Hospital, which was staffed 24 hours a day, in addition to five first-aid stations.<ref name="nyt-1964-11-01" /> About 300 [[closed-circuit television]]s were installed across the fairground,<ref name="p179446275" /><ref name="p510513528" /> and a film studio for independent filmmakers was also built.<ref name="p1670945912">{{cite magazine |date=Jul 8, 1963 |title=Multi-Level Studio For World's Fair |magazine=Boxoffice |pages=E-1 |volume=83 |issue=11 |id={{ProQuest|1670945912}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |last=Archer |first=Eugene |date=1963-07-03 |title=Real Film Studio Planned for Fair; Visitors to Flushing Could See Movies Being Made $1,000,000 Project German Films Scheduled 'Leopard' Coming Aug. 12 'Iguana' Roles Assigned |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1963/07/03/archives/real-film-studio-planned-for-fair-visitors-to-flushing-could-see.html |access-date=2024-05-30 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Pinkerton matrons operated a lost-child bureau with activities and games for lost children.<ref name="p913675642">{{cite news |last=Herzig |first=Doris |date=24 Sep 1964 |title=Fair Bureau Is Lost Child's Haven |work=Newsday |page=69 |issn=2574-5298 |id={{ProQuest|913675642}}}}</ref> |
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The pavilion displayed a painting by the Belgian artist [[Luc-Peter Crombé]], a semi-religious presentation of three young men challenging flames.<ref>{{cite news |date=June 8, 1964 |title=Luc Crombé op W.T. te New York bekroond|trans-title=Luc Crombé awarded on W.T. in New York |language=nl |work=Gazet van Antwerpen |location=Belgium}}</ref> |
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== Culture == |
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==== Civil rights protests ==== |
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=== Cuisine === |
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The [[Congress of Racial Equality]] (CORE) organized a protest during the World's Fair. About 700 protestors participated; of those, 300 were arrested.<ref name="demnow">{{Cite web |title=Protesting the 1964 World's Fair: Activists Recall Effort to Highlight Civil Rights, Labor Struggles |url=http://www.democracynow.org/2014/4/25/protesting_the_1964_world_s_fair |access-date=March 21, 2022 |website=Democracy Now! |language=en}}</ref> Demonstrators used [[walkie-talkie]]s to communicate during the protest.<ref name="demnow" /> Protestors demanded that the Civil Rights Act be passed and criticized the lack of inclusive hiring for the World's Fair.<ref name="demnow" /> During President Johnson's speech, demonstrators shouted "Jim Crow must go!" and "Freedom now!" and jeered as he outlined his plans for the Great Society.<ref name="Tirella" /> The mayor of New York later publicly apologized on behalf of the city.<ref name="Tirella" /> |
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{{Main|Food at the 1964 New York World's Fair}} |
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The restaurant had a large number of eateries.<ref name="p179446275" /><ref name="p168622358">{{cite news |last=Hulse |first=Jerry |date=28 June 1964 |title=How to Stay Flush at Flushing Meadows |work=Los Angeles Times |pages=B8 |issn=0458-3035 |id={{ProQuest|168622358}}}}</ref> When the fair opened, it had 110 to 114 eateries, including 61 within pavilions.<ref name="Alpert p. 21" /><ref name="Samuel p. 153">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=.|page=153}}</ref> The World's Fair had 31 standalone restaurants operated by the Brass Rail firm (including 6 specialty restaurants and 25 fine-dining restaurants).<ref name="p226732966">{{Cite news |date=9 May 1964 |title=Highlights Of New York World's Fair |work=New York Amsterdam News |page=21 |id={{proQuest|226732966}}}}</ref> [[Restaurant Associates]] was supposed to have operated several restaurants at the World's Fair, but its contract was canceled because of a dispute over signage,<ref name="p1014831447">{{cite magazine |date=9 Aug 1961 |title=Vaudeville: World's Fair-RA Deal KO'd by Tiff Over Signs |magazine=Variety |page=48 |volume=223 |issue=11 |id={{ProQuest|1014831447}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |date=1961-08-03 |title=Food Concern Ends Contract With Fair |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1961/08/03/archives/food-concern-ends-contract-with-fair.html |access-date=2024-05-24 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and the Brass Rail instead received the contract.<ref name="Alpert p. 21" /><ref name="p1327520914">{{cite news |date=8 Sep 1961 |title=Brass Rail Gets Contract to Feed Visitors to Fair |work=New York Herald Tribune |page=19 |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1327520914}}}}</ref> Brass Rail's restaurants were designed by [[Victor Lundy]]<ref name="nyt-1964-04-223">{{Cite news |date=1964-04-22 |title=Architecture:Chaos of Good, Bad and Joyful; Grotesque Contrasts, Wholly Unplanned, Give Fair Charm; Few Ideas Are New—State Pavilion Is Star of Show |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/22/archives/architecturechaos-of-good-bad-and-joyful-grotesque-contrasts-wholly.html |access-date=2024-05-27 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and were shaped like bunches of white balloons.<ref name="Brass Rail i988">{{cite web |date=December 27, 2022 |title=Brass Rail snack bars |url=https://www.worldsfairphotos.com/nywf64/brass-rail.htm |access-date=May 27, 2024 |website=The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair}}</ref> For the 1965 season, the fair had 198 restaurants,<ref name="nyt-1965-04-21" /><ref name="Samuel p. 65" /> and many meals cost 99 cents because any food below $1 could not be taxed.<ref name="nyt-1965-05-17">{{Cite news |last=Alden |first=Robert |date=1965-05-17 |title=Food is Cheaper at Fair This Year; Several Restaurants Open for Budget-Minded Visitor |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/05/17/archives/food-is-cheaper-at-fair-this-year-several-restaurants-open-for.html |access-date=2024-06-04 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Brewers spent millions of dollars convincing exhibitors to sell their beers.<ref name="nyt-1964-04-24">{{Cite news |date=1964-04-24 |title=Food and Drink Makers Invest Heavily at Fair |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/24/archives/food-and-drink-makers-invest-heavily-at-fair-change-in-law-helps.html |access-date=2024-06-04 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> |
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More radically, [[Louis Lomax]], of the Brooklyn chapter of CORE, had proposed a "stall-in"; 500 drivers would go to the fair and stop or deliberately run out of gas on the way there, creating a traffic jam.<ref name="Tirella">{{Cite web |last=Tirella |first=Joseph |date=April 22, 2014 |title=Fifty Years Ago Today, Rogue Civil Rights Activists Tried to Ruin Robert Moses' Greatest Triumph |url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2014/04/cores-1964-stall-in-the-planned-civil-rights-protest-that-kept-thousands-away-from-the-worlds-fair-in-new-york.html |access-date=March 21, 2022 |website=Slate Magazine |language=en}}</ref><ref name="NYT19640422">{{Cite news |date=April 22, 1964 |title=Drivers Take Up Positions To Block Roads at 7 A.M. |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/22/archives/drivers-take-up-positions-to-block-roads-at-7-am.html |access-date=March 23, 2022 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Because it would clog the highways, it would also have been a protest against [[Robert Moses]] and his newly renovated traffic networks.<ref name="Tirella" /> [[Henry Barnes (traffic engineer)|Henry A. Barnes]], the New York City Traffic Commissioner, made it illegal to intentionally run out of gas on a New York roadway.<ref name="Tirella" /> Tactics such as using emergency brakes to stop subways and releasing rats during Johnson's speech were also proposed.<ref name="demnow" /> [[James Farmer]], who was the national chair of CORE at the time, suspended the group.<ref name="Tirella" /> [[Martin Luther King Jr.|Martin Luther King, Jr.]] wrote a letter stating that he did not support the stall-in as a tactic, but also would not condemn it. He wrote: "Which is worse, a 'Stall-In' at the World's Fair or a 'Stall-In' in the United States Senate? The former merely ties up the traffic of a single city. But the latter seeks to tie up the traffic of history, and endanger the psychological lives of twenty million people".<ref name="Tirella" /> Despite a ''New York Times'' article stating that "the stall is on",<ref name="NYT19640422" /> only a few drivers actually showed up.<ref name="Tirella" /> Isaiah Brunson, chair of the Brooklyn chapter, promised future protests, but went into hiding a few days later.<ref name="Tirella" /> |
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Foods sold at the fair included [[Belgian waffle|Belgian waffles]], [[7 Up]] drinks, [[Dumpling|dumplings]], [[pizza]], [[Taco|tacos]], [[kimchi]], [[Turkish coffee]], [[tandoori chicken]], and [[hummus]]. Many of these foods became popular in New York City and in the U.S. after the fair closed.<ref name="Smith2015">{{cite book |last=Smith |first=Andrew F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NNieCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA651 |title=Savoring Gotham: A Food Lover's Companion to New York City |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-19-939702-0 |page=651 |access-date=June 1, 2024}}</ref><ref name="Levy t903">{{cite web |last=Levy |first=Nicole |date=April 26, 2018 |title=1964 World’s Fair introduced New Yorkers to Belgian waffles and falafel |url=https://www.amny.com/lifestyle/eat-and-drink/world-s-fair-food-1-18258740/ |access-date=June 4, 2024 |website=amNewYork}}</ref> The Thailand pavilion included North America's first Thai restaurant, while the Malaysia pavilion served [[Tiger Beer]] and [[satay]].<ref name="Van Esterik">{{cite book |last=Van Esterik |first=Penny |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gn7DEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA93 |title=Food Culture in Southeast Asia |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-313-34420-6 |series=Food Culture around the World |page=93 |access-date=June 3, 2024}}</ref> |
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===United States Space Park=== |
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[[File:255-CC-65-HC-223, front.jpg|thumb|upright|Space Park, as it appeared in December 1963 before its official opening]] |
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=== Performances === |
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A {{convert|2|acre|ha|adj=on}} United States Space Park was sponsored by [[NASA]], the [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]] and the fair. Exhibits included a [[Thor-Delta]] rocket, an Atlas booster rocket with a [[Project Mercury|Mercury]] capsule, a [[Titan II GLV|Titan II]] booster with a [[Project Gemini|Gemini]] capsule, and a full-scale model of the aft skirt and five giant [[F-1 (rocket engine)|F-1]] engines of the [[S-IC|first stage]] of a [[Saturn V]] (as would be used in U.S. [[Apollo program]] moon launches). On display at ground level were ''[[Aurora 7]]'', the Mercury capsule flown by [[Scott Carpenter]] on the second American-crewed orbital flight; full-scale models of an [[X-15]] aircraft, an [[RM-81 Agena|Agena upper stage]]; a Gemini spacecraft; an Apollo [[Apollo Command/Service Module|Command/Service Module]], and a [[Lunar Module|Lunar Excursion Module]]. Replicas of uncrewed spacecraft included lunar probe [[Ranger 7]]; [[Mariner 2]] and [[Mariner 4]]; [[Syncom]], [[Telstar|Telstar 1]], and [[Project Echo#Echo 2|Echo 2]] communications satellites; [[Explorer 1]] and [[Explorer 16]]; and [[Tiros]] and [[Nimbus program|Nimbus]] weather satellites.<ref>[http://www.westland.net/ny64fair/map-docs/technology.htm "Showcasing Technology at the 1964–1965 New York World's Fair"], Stanton, Jeffrey (2006)</ref> |
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[[File:NY_World's_Fair_'64_-_Les_Poupees_de_Paris_(ut)_-_Flickr_-_PLCjr.jpg|thumb|A puppet show building at the fair]] |
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There were more than 30 entertainment events at the fair.<ref name="nyt-1963-06-14">{{Cite news |last=Gardner |first=Paul |date=1963-06-14 |title=World's Fair Planning to Offer More Than 30 Entertainments |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1963/06/14/archives/worlds-fair-planning-to-offer-more-than-30-entertainments.html |access-date=2024-05-26 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Moses disdained carnival-style attractions,<ref name="p1326872094a">{{cite news |last=Chapman |first=Ralph |date=20 Mar 1961 |title=Moses Bars Crude, Cheap 'Fun' at Fair: Retorts to Critical Article in 'Variety' |work=New York Herald Tribune |page=18 |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1326872094}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite journal |last=Moses |first=Michael Valdez |date=2010-12-16 |title=Modernists as Critics |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199545445.013.0009 |journal=Oxford Handbooks Online |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199545445.013.0009}}</ref><ref name="Tirella pp. 236–237">{{harvnb|Tirella|2013|ps=.|pages=236–237}}</ref> saying that there would be "no whiskered women, tattooed giants, nudes on ice. [...] The appeal of a world's fair should not be entirely below the Adam's apple."<ref name="p1283415626" /> As the WFC's president, Moses also reserved the right to ban any project from the fair.<ref name="Tirella p. 2112">{{harvnb|Tirella|2013|ps=.|page=211}}</ref> Shows that appealed to [[prurient interest]]s, like seminude dancing, were thus ruled out.<ref name="Samuel p. 21" /><ref name="p913666728">{{cite news |last=Chaimowitz |first=Len |date=29 June 1962 |title=Here's What WON'T Be at '64 World's Fair |work=Newsday |page=3C |issn=2574-5298 |id={{ProQuest|913666728}}}}</ref> An exception was an adult-only musical puppet show, ''[[Les Poupées de Paris]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1964-05-16 |title=At the Fair: ‘Les Poupees de Paris’; Lavish Show Has Lots of Gallic Bounce |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/05/16/archives/at-the-fair-les-poupees-de-paris-lavish-show-has-lots-of-gallic.html |access-date=2024-06-03 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The lack of adult shows may have contributed to the amusement area's unpopularity in 1964.<ref name="Tirella pp. 236–237" /> The ban on adult shows was relaxed in 1965; a [[striptease]] show in the Louisiana pavilion lasted two performances before it was canceled.<ref name="Samuel p. 75" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Dougherty |first=Philip H. |date=1965-05-08 |title=A Stripper Lasts 2 Shows at Fair; She Gets Down to a Bikini, But Won't Be Back |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/05/08/archives/a-stripper-lasts-2-shows-at-fair-she-gets-down-to-a-bikini-but-wont.html |access-date=2024-06-04 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> |
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Musical and theatrical performances took place at several pavilions, and there were fireworks and water shows at the Pool of Industry.<ref name="nyt-1963-06-14" /> Among the theatrical shows were the [[revue]]s ''To Broadway With Love'',<ref>{{Cite news |date=1964-04-30 |title=Theater: Tribute to Musical Comedies; 'Broadway With Love' Opens at the Fair |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/30/archives/theater-tribute-to-musical-comedies-broadway-with-love-opens-at-the.html |access-date=2024-05-31 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="Samuel p. 48; Tirella p. 235">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=|page=48}}; {{harvnb|Tirella|2013|ps=.|page=235}}</ref> ''Wonder World'' (which lasted two months),<ref name="Samuel pp. 47–48" /><ref name="nyt-1964-07-06">{{Cite news |date=1964-07-06 |title=Holiday Crowds Disappoint Fair; 'Wonder World' Closes and Ice Show Posts Notice |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/07/06/archives/holiday-crowds-disappoint-fair-wonder-world-closes-and-ice-show.html |access-date=2024-06-01 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and ''Summer Time Revue''.<ref name="nyt-1964-07-19">{{Cite news |date=1964-07-19 |title=Fair's Lake Area Gets a New Show; 20‐Man Operation Replaces Defunct 'Wonder World' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/07/19/archives/fairs-lake-area-gets-a-new-show-20man-operation-replaces-defunct.html |access-date=2024-06-01 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> [[DuPont]] presented a musical revue in its own pavilion, ''[[The Wonderful World of Chemistry]]''.<ref name="CY p. 96">{{harvnb|Cotter|Young|2008|ps=.|page=96}}</ref> A controversial [[minstrel show]] in the Louisiana pavilion was canceled after two days.<ref name="Samuel p. 48; Tirella p. 235" /><ref name="Gan e936">{{cite web |last=Gan |first=Vicky |date=April 28, 2014 |title=The Story Behind the Failed Minstrel Show at the 1964 World's Fair |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/minstrel-show-1964-worlds-fair-180951239/ |access-date=May 31, 2024 |website=Smithsonian Magazine}}</ref> International pavilions, such as the African, Indonesia, and Spain pavilions, also hosted dance and other live shows.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1964-06-15 |title=Ethnic Dances Abound for Visitors to Fair; Spanish and African Pavilions Afford Widest Choice |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/06/15/archives/ethnic-dances-abound-for-visitors-to-fair-spanish-and-african.html |access-date=2024-06-01 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> |
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===New York State Pavilion=== |
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{{main|New York State Pavilion}} |
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New York played host to the fair at its six-million-dollar open-air pavilion called the "Tent of Tomorrow". Designed by famed modernist architect [[Philip Johnson]], the 350-feet-by-250-feet (107 × 76 m) pavilion was supported by sixteen 100-feet-high (30-metre) concrete columns, from which a 50,000-square-foot (4,600 m<sup>2</sup>) roof of polychrome tiles was suspended. Complementing the pavilion were the fair's three [[observation tower]]s, two of which had cafeterias in their in-the-round observation-deck crowns.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Flushing Meadows Corona Park Highlights – New York State Pavilion : NYC Parks |url=https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/flushing-meadows-corona-park/highlights/12632 |access-date=March 23, 2022 |website=www.nycgovparks.org}}</ref> The pavilion's main floor, used for local art and industry displays including a {{convert|26|ft|m|abbr=off|adj=on}} scale reproduction of the [[New York State Power Authority]]'s St. Lawrence hydroelectric plant, comprised a 9,000-square-foot (800 m<sup>2</sup>) [[terrazzo]] replica of the official [[Texaco]] highway map of New York State, displaying the map's cities, towns, routes and Texaco gas stations in 567 mosaic panels.<ref name="cbs-nys-pav">{{cite web|url=http://newyork.cbslocal.com/2014/03/25/long-shuttered-n-y-state-pavilion-in-queens-to-reopen-for-3-hours-next-month/ |title=Long-Shuttered N.Y. State Pavilion In Queens To Reopen For 3 Hours Next Month |date=March 25, 2014}}</ref> |
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Sporting events, such as wrestling, boxing, gymnastics, fencing, judo, and weightlifting, took place at the fair.<ref name="p510513528" /> Some of these events were presented as part of the [[1964 Summer Olympics]] tryouts in New York City.<ref name="p1326912528">{{cite news |last=Marsh |first=Irving T. |date=21 Jun 1962 |title=New York Gets Olympic Trials: World's Fair Site for Tryouts |work=New York Herald Tribune |page=23 |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1326912528}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |date=1962-06-21 |title=Olympic Tryouts to Be Held Here; World's Fair and City Will Serve as Hosts in 1964 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1962/06/21/archives/olympic-tryouts-to-be-held-here-worlds-fair-and-city-will-serve-as.html |access-date=2024-05-26 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The ''Dick Button's Ice-Travaganza'' ice-skating show was hosted at the [[New York City Pavilion]].<ref name="nyt-1963-06-14" /><ref name="p913683684">{{cite news |last=Mayer |first=Robert |date=24 Dec 1963 |title=Cash Vital If You Plan Trip to Fair |work=Newsday |page=4 |issn=2574-5298 |id={{ProQuest|913683684}}}}</ref> An Auto Thrill Show was hosted in the Transportation Area.<ref name="nyt-1964-04-05">{{Cite news |date=1964-04-05 |title=Big 3's World's Fair Costs Will Reach $110 Million |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/05/archives/big-3s-worlds-fair-costs-will-reach-110-million.html |access-date=2024-05-26 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> A parade traveled across the fairground every day,<ref name="p2293396739" /> and there were fireworks and water shows at the Pool of Industry.<ref name="nyt-1963-06-14" /> Some shows, like ''To Broadway With Love'' and the ''Ice-Travaganza'', closed within a few months of the fair's opening.<ref name="nyt-1964-07-27" /> |
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===Other state pavilions=== |
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[[File:Wisconsin Pavilion.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Wisconsin Pavilion]]]] |
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[[Wisconsin]] exhibited the "World's Largest Cheese". [[Florida]] brought a [[dolphin show]], [[flamingo]]s, a talented [[cockatoo]] from [[Miami]]'s [[Parrot Jungle]], and water skiers to New York. [[Oklahoma]] gave weary fairgoers a restful park to relax in. [[Missouri]] displayed the state's space-related industries. Visitors could dine at [[Hawaii]]'s "Five Volcanoes" restaurant. |
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=== Music and film === |
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The fairground itself did not emphasize music, although a "World's Fair Festival" did take place at [[Lincoln Center]] in Manhattan.<ref name="p142182543">{{cite news |last=Rich |first=Alan |date=2 Aug 1964 |title=World's Fair Unfair to Music |work=The Washington Post, Times Herald |page=G1 |issn=0190-8286 |id={{ProQuest|142182543}}}}</ref> Popular and classical music was broadcast from 800 lampposts on the fairground.<ref name="p1286252120">{{cite magazine |date=Jul 4, 1964 |title=800 Lampposts Sources for World's Fair Background Music |magazine=The Billboard |pages=55 |volume=76 |issue=27 |id={{ProQuest|1286252120}}}}</ref> The fair also had an official band: [[Cities Service]]'s World's Band of America, a 50-piece ensemble headed by conductor [[Paul Lavalle]].<ref name="nyt-1964-04-23">{{Cite news |date=1964-04-23 |title=Music: A Listener's Fill; Fair Has an Official Band, Many Other Ensembles and a Brand‐New Suite |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/23/archives/music-a-listeners-fill-fair-has-an-official-band-many-other.html |access-date=2024-06-03 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Other ensembles performed throughout the fair, including [[Guy Lombardo]], the [[United States Marine Band]],<ref name="nyt-1964-04-23" /> and the [[United States Navy Steel Band]].<ref name="Martin 2017 f838">{{cite book |last=Martin |first=Andrew R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G2olDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA82 |title=Steelpan Ambassadors: The US Navy Steel Band, 1957–1999 |publisher=University Press of Mississippi |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-4968-1243-8 |series=Caribbean Studies Series |page=82}}</ref> During 1964, the amusement area hosted rock-and-roll concerts that were popular among local youth; Moses, who abhorred the genre, canceled these concerts when he learned about them.<ref name="Tirella pp. 240–241">{{harvnb|Tirella|2013|ps=.|pages=240–241}}</ref> |
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At the New York City pavilion, the ''[[Panorama of the City of New York]]'' (a huge scale model of the city) was on display, complete with a simulated helicopter ride around the metropolis for easy viewing.<ref name="Leuthner">{{cite web |last=Leuthner |first=Stuart |title=Small World |url=http://www.americanheritage.com/content/small-world |work=American Heritage |publisher=American Heritage Publishing Company |access-date=May 1, 2012}}</ref> Left over from the 1939 Fair, this building had been used partially as a recreational public [[roller skating rink]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Young |first=Michelle |date=August 30, 2016 |title=10 NYC Remnants of the 1939 World's Fair at Flushing Meadows-Corona Park – Page 3 of 10 |url=https://untappedcities.com/2016/08/30/remnants-of-the-1939-worlds-fair-at-flushing-meadows-corona-park/ |access-date=December 7, 2023 |website=Untapped New York |language=en-US}}</ref> |
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The fairground contained about 40 theaters, most of which were housed within pavilions. Fifty films were produced for these pavilions.<ref name="nyt-1964-04-22_Shepard">{{Cite news |last=Shepard |first=Richard F. |date=1964-04-22 |title=Show Biz and Big Biz Are Offering Entertainment |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/22/archives/show-biz-and-big-biz-are-offering-entertainment.html |access-date=2024-05-31 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> There were several religious films including ''[[Parable (film)|Parable]]'' at the Protestant and Orthodox pavilion;<ref name="Tirella p. 211">{{harvnb|Tirella|2013|ps=.|page=211}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1964-05-15 |title='Parable Movie' Splits Fairgoers; Film at Protestant Pavilion Proves Puzzling to Some |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/05/15/archives/parable-movie-splits-fairgoers-film-at-protestant-pavilion-proves.html |access-date=2024-06-01 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> ''[[Man in the 5th Dimension]]'' at the Billy Graham pavilion;<ref>{{cite book |last=Finstuen |first=Andrew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wDskDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA200 |title=Billy Graham: American Pilgrim |last2=Wacker |first2=Grant |last3=Wills |first3=Anne Blue |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2017 |isbn=978-0-19-068353-5 |page=200 |access-date=June 1, 2024}}</ref> and ''[[Man's Search for Happiness]]'' at the LDS pavilion.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hunter |first=J. Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wEPPEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA21 |title=Mormons and Popular Culture: The Global Influence of an American Phenomenon [2 volumes] |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-313-39168-2 |page=21 |access-date=June 1, 2024}}</ref> The Johnson's Wax pavilion screened a film titled ''[[To Be Alive!]]'', which later won [[Academy Award for Best Documentary (Short Subject)|an Academy Award]].<ref name="CY p. 61" /> The WFC also produced a film promoting the fair in seven languages in 1964.<ref name="p154993218">{{cite news |date=13 Sep 1964 |title=World's Fair Film Produced |work=Los Angeles Times |pages=H10 |issn=0458-3035 |id={{ProQuest|154993218}}}}</ref> |
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===Bourbon Street Pavilion=== |
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[[File:Bourbon Street.jpg|thumb|upright|Bourbon Street Pavilion]] |
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[[Louisiana]] had a pavilion called "Louisiana's Bourbon Street" (later renamed to just "[[Bourbon Street]]"), which was inspired by [[New Orleans]]' [[French Quarter]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Nywf64.com |title=Bourbon Street ... at nywf64.com |url=http://www.nywf64.com/boustr01.shtml |access-date=June 11, 2012}}</ref> It started off with financial trouble, not being able to complete its construction and subsequently filing for bankruptcy. A private company, called Pavilion Property, bought up the assets and assumed its debts. This prompted [[List of Governors of Louisiana|Louisiana Governor]] [[John McKeithen]] to sever all ties and withdraw state's sanction, leaving the pavilion completely to private enterprise. |
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=== Art and artifacts === |
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Special media attention was given to a racially integrated [[minstrel show]] that was intended to be a satirical anti-bigotry review,{{citation needed|date=August 2022}} called "America, Be Seated", and produced by [[Mike Todd, Jr.|Mike Todd Jr.]] During the opening of the fair, several civil rights protests were staged by members of the [[National Association for the Advancement of Colored People|NAACP]], who believed that the "minstrel-style" show was demeaning to [[African-American]]s.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}} |
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Originally, the WFC made no effort to coordinate art exhibitions at the 1964 World's Fair, and Moses did not wish to subsidize art exhibits on the fairground.<ref name="Nicoletta p. 503" /> Moses did not want to pay for an art pavilion himself.<ref name="nyt-1964-03-02">{{Cite news |date=1964-03-02 |title=Art Societies Say Moses Vetoed Plan for Major Exhibit at Fair; Fear of a Controversy Over Contemporary Works Seen by Backers of ldea |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/03/02/archives/art-societies-say-moses-vetoed-plan-for-major-exhibit-at-fair-fear.html |access-date=2024-05-30 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="Tirella pp. 97–98">{{harvnb|Tirella|2013|ps=.|pages=97–98}}</ref> After commentators spoke about the lack of art at the fair, Moses changed his mind, allowing states to display art in their own pavilions.<ref name="Nicoletta pp. 503–504">{{harvnb|Nicoletta|2010|ps=.|pages=503–504}}</ref> For example, ten pop artists designed art for the [[New York State Pavilion]]'s Theaterama.<ref name="Goldberger 2014">{{cite web |last=Goldberger |first=Paul |date=April 22, 2014 |title=What Will Become of New York's Most Beautiful Ruin? |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/culture/2014/04/new-york-state-pavilion-reopen |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610010930/https://www.vanityfair.com/culture/2014/04/new-york-state-pavilion-reopen |archive-date=June 10, 2023 |access-date=May 12, 2024 |website=Vanity Fair}}</ref><ref name="Stern (1995) p. 1036">{{harvnb|Stern|Mellins|Fishman|1995|ps=.|p=1036}}</ref> The Fine Arts pavilion displayed 250 contemporary artists' work.<ref name="p179539708" /><ref name="nyt-1964-05-13">{{Cite news |date=1964-05-13 |title=Pavilion at Fair to Show Fine Art; Former Argentine Unit to Display American Works |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/05/13/archives/pavilion-at-fair-to-show-fine-art-former-argentine-unit-to-display.html |access-date=2024-06-02 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> |
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Foreign nations displayed art and artifacts at the fair as well.<ref name="p1282792724">{{Cite news |date=22 Nov 1963 |title=Important Role for Arts In N.Y. World's Fair Plan |work=The Globe and Mail |page=B3 |id={{pq|1282792724}}}}</ref> Spain displayed works from artists such as [[Francisco Goya]], [[El Greco]], [[Joan Miró]], [[Pablo Picasso]], and [[Diego Velázquez]].<ref name="Tirella p. 202" /><ref name="Rhoades 2014 j066">{{cite web |last=Rhoades |first=Liz |date=May 15, 2014 |title=Wide range of art at '64 World's Fair |url=https://www.qchron.com/editions/queenswide/wide-range-of-art-at-64-world-s-fair/article_05a5ef3c-c28a-58d8-a1f7-79de2c5290a4.html |access-date=May 26, 2024 |website=Queens Chronicle}}</ref> The United Arab Republic displayed artifacts from several historical eras;<ref>{{Cite news |date=1964-01-25 |title=Fair to Get Touch of Ancient Egypt; Collection of Treasures to Be Sent by U. A. R. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/01/25/archives/fair-to-get-touch-of-ancient-egypt-collection-of-treasures-to-be.html |access-date=2024-05-31 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> the Sudan pavilion displayed a 1,300-year-old Madonna fresco;<ref>{{Cite news |date=1964-06-26 |title=Sudan's Madonna Damaged at Fair; Cracks in Ancient Fresco Force Closing of Hall |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/06/26/archives/sudans-madonna-damaged-at-fair-cracks-in-ancient-fresco-force.html |access-date=2024-06-03 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> the Jordan pavilion showcased the [[Dead Sea Scrolls]]; and the Republic of China pavilion displayed Chinese jade.<ref name="p1282792724" /> The Mexico pavilion displayed art during the 1965 season as well.<ref name="nyt-1965-05-26">{{cite news |date=May 26, 1965 |title=Art From Mexico is Shown at Fair; Rivera Painting and Carving by Aztecs on Display |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/05/26/archives/art-from-mexico-is-shown-at-fair-rivera-painting-and-carving-by.html |access-date=June 3, 2024 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> |
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The pavilion included ten theater restaurants, which served a variety of [[Louisiana Creole cuisine|Creole food]], a [[Jazz|Jazz club]] called "Jazzland" which hosted live jazz artists,<ref>{{cite news |title=Jazz Club at World's Fair |newspaper=Billboard |date=March 21, 1964 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BCIEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA38 |access-date=June 9, 2012}}</ref> miniature [[New Orleans Mardi Gras|Mardi Gras parades]], a teenage dancing venue, a voodoo shop, and a doll museum. Due to the presence of the various bars, the pavilion was especially popular at night. Notable [[go-go dancer]] [[Candy Johnson]] headlined a show at a venue called "Gay New Orleans Nightclub". |
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There were 95 sculptures at the fair,<ref name="Rhoades 2014 k912" /> including five permanent sculptures.<ref name="Rhoades 2014 j066" /> Four of the sculptures remain in Flushing Meadows-Corona Park: ''Forms in Transit'' by [[Theodore Roszak (artist)|Theodore Roszak]], ''Freedom of the Human Spirit'' by [[Marshall Fredericks]], ''Free Form'' by [[José de Rivera]], and ''[[Rocket Thrower]]'' by [[Donald De Lue]].<ref name="Rhoades 2014 j066" /> Another sculpture, ''Armillary Sphere'' by [[Paul Manship]], was vandalized, and the remaining pieces stolen in 1980.<ref name="Rhoades 2014 j066" /><ref name="Colangelo 2014 k247">{{cite web |last=Colangelo |first=Lisa L. |date=June 24, 2014 |title=Two rare World's Fair sculptures once stolen from Flushing Meadows Corona Park are part of a new exhibit at the Arsenal Gallery in Central Park |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/2014/06/24/two-rare-worlds-fair-sculptures-once-stolen-from-flushing-meadows-corona-park-are-part-of-a-new-exhibit-at-the-arsenal-gallery-in-central-park/ |access-date=May 26, 2024 |website=New York Daily News}}</ref> The non-permanent sculptures included [[Pietà (Michelangelo)|''Pietà'']] by [[Michelangelo]], at the Vatican pavilion,<ref name="p1282792724" /><ref name="Rhoades 2014 j066" /> which was one of the fair's most popular exhibits.<ref name="Tirella p. 48">{{harvnb|Tirella|2013|ps=.|page=48}}</ref> |
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<ref>{{cite book |author=Lisanti, Tom |title=Drive-In Dream Girls: A Galaxy of B-Movie Starlets of the Sixties |publisher=Mcfarland & Co Inc Pub |date=March 2003 |pages=40, 270 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hwFbcgV_LDgC&pg=PA270 |access-date=June 9, 2012 |isbn=978-0-7864-1575-5}}</ref> Near the closure of the fair, the pavilion was reported to have achieved the highest gross income of any single commercial pavilion at the fair.<ref name="Cotter Young" />{{rp|77}} |
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=== Consumer products === |
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<ref name="End of the Innocence">{{cite book |author=Samuel, Lawrence R. |title=The End of the Innocence: The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair |publisher=[[Syracuse University Press]] |date=August 1, 2010 |pages=27, 34, 48, 74, 130, 164 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PF05Yq5aibgC&pg=PA48 |access-date=June 9, 2012 |isbn=978-0-8156-0956-8}}</ref> |
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The 1964 World's Fair showcased many consumer products.<ref name="Spokesman u062" /><ref name="Bonanos 2014 v186">{{cite web |last=Bonanos |first=Christopher |date=April 22, 2014 |title=10 Innovations From the 1964–65 World’s Fair That Didn’t Work Out (and 5 That Did) |url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2014/04/near-miss-inventions-from-the-64-worlds-fair.html |access-date=June 4, 2024 |website=Intelligencer}}</ref> For example, [[color television]] was popularized at the fair.<ref name="nyt-2014-04-18">{{Cite news |last=McGrath |first=Charles |date=2014-04-18 |title=The Fair to End All Fairs |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/20/nyregion/the-fair-to-end-all-fairs.html |access-date=2024-05-27 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The [[Ford Mustang]] was launched shortly before it was displayed at the fair,<ref name="Bonanos 2014 v186" /> and technologies such as [[Picturephone]]s and IBM computers also were introduced there.<ref name="Tirella pp. 201–202">{{harvnb|Tirella|2013|ps=.|pages=201–202}}</ref><ref name="CBS News 2014">{{cite web |date=April 22, 2014 |title=1964 World's Fair: Visions of the future |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/1964-worlds-fair-visions-of-the-future/2/ |access-date=June 4, 2024 |website=CBS News}}</ref> Other innovations never became popular, such as [[thermonuclear fusion]] power plants, undersea hotels, underground houses,<ref name="Bonanos 2014 v186" /> jet packs, and [[Corfam]] synthetic leather.<ref name="Rhoades 2014 o150">{{cite web |last=Rhoades |first=Liz |date=June 12, 2014 |title=Legacies abound from World’s Fair |url=https://www.qchron.com/editions/queenswide/legacies-abound-from-world-s-fair/article_61ebaee2-25bc-525e-882b-be1fc4d7f5d1.html |access-date=June 4, 2024 |website=Queens Chronicle}}</ref> |
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== Operation == |
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<<ref>{{cite book |title=Ebony |publisher=Johnson Publishing Company |date=June 1964 |page=170 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iC8yxuzqfi4C&pg=PA170 |access-date=June 9, 2012}}</ref> |
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=== 1964 season === |
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<ref>{{cite book |title=Jet |publisher=Johnson Publishing Company |date=May 28, 1964 |page=56 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FMEDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA56 |access-date=June 9, 2012}}</ref> |
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[[File:6405_NY_World's_Fair_3_1964_(51190488619).jpg|alt=A black-and-white picture of the fairground, looking south from the Unisphere toward the New York State Pavilion|thumb|Looking south from the [[Unisphere]] toward the [[New York State Pavilion]]]] |
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In its first week, the fair recorded nearly a million visitors,<ref name="Samuel p. 38">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=.|page=38}}</ref> and during the first month, the fair saw 150,000 daily visitors (60 percent of initial projections).<ref name="p168563620">{{cite news |date=24 May 1964 |title=World's Fair Plagued by Lack of Customers |work=Los Angeles Times |pages=D18 |issn=0458-3035 |id={{ProQuest|168563620}}}}</ref> Famous and wealthy visitors, including government officials and heads of state, visited the fairground.<ref name="Samuel pp. 39–40">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=.|pages=39–40}}</ref><ref name="Tirella pp. 207–208">{{harvnb|Tirella|2013|ps=.|pages=207–208}}</ref> Several problems arose through the course of the fair.<ref name="Samuel p. 422" /><ref name="p914374708">{{cite news |last=Schwartz |first=Jock |date=30 Sep 1964 |title=The Fair: Review and Preview |work=Newsday |page=1C |issn=2574-5298 |id={{ProQuest|914374708}}}}</ref> Disputes occurred over labor unions,<ref name="Samuel p. 422" /><ref name="nyt-1964-06-27">{{Cite news |date=1964-06-27 |title=Fair Moves to Counter Bad Publicity |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/06/27/archives/fair-moves-to-counter-bad-publicity.html |access-date=2024-06-01 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> maintenance fees,<ref name="Samuel p. 422" /><ref name="p179492570">{{cite news |date=22 June 1964 |title=Labor Costs Stir Storm at World's Fair: World's Fair Labor Costs Stir Up Storm |work=Chicago Tribune |page=1 |issn=1085-6706 |id={{ProQuest|179492570}}}}</ref> and a mural in the Jordan pavilion.<ref name="p964283452">{{cite news |date=10 July 1964 |title=Jordan Pavilion Wins Legal Fight on Mural |work=Newsday |page=11 |issn=2574-5298 |id={{ProQuest|964283452}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |date=1964-07-10 |title=Court Dismisses 2 Suits Against Jordan Mural; Finds No Legal Basis to Ban Work at Fair Attacked as Derogatory to Israel |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/07/10/archives/court-dismisses-2-suits-against-jordan-mural-finds-no-legal-basis.html |access-date=2024-06-02 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="Samuel pp. 53–54">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=.|pages=53–54}}</ref> Thefts and breakdowns also occurred regularly.<ref name="Samuel pp. 45–46">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=.|pages=45–46}}</ref> Exhibitors complained about high rental rates and insufficient maintenance of the fairground.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1964-06-22 |title=High Costs Anger Pavilions at Fair; Protest Planned; Official to Hear Complaints of Industrial Group on Maintenance Rates |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/06/22/archives/high-costs-ange-pavilions-at-fair-protest-planned-official-to-hear.html |access-date=2024-06-03 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The Lake Amusement Area was especially unprofitable;<ref name="nyt-1964-08-01" /><ref name="Tirella pp. 235–236">{{harvnb|Tirella|2013|ps=.|pages=235–236}}</ref> it had few attractions and could not be easily accessed.<ref name="p168563620" /><ref name="Samuel pp. 46–47">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=.|pages=46–47}}</ref> Many of the most popular exhibits charged an additional fee, and visitors often did not bring enough money for food or for higher-priced exhibits.<ref name="Samuel p. 49">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=.|page=49}}</ref> The WFC unsuccessfully attempted to entice visitors by offering discounts to taxi drivers and improving fairground lighting,<ref name="Samuel pp. 46–47" /> and the WFC was planning promotional campaigns by the end of June.<ref name="nyt-1964-06-27" /> The [[J. Walter Thompson]] Company advertised the fair in New York City–area media.<ref name="nyt-1964-08-07">{{Cite news |date=1964-08-07 |title='Parable' Draws Crowds at Fair; Disputed Film Helps to Pay for Protestant Center |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/08/07/archives/parable-draws-crowds-at-fair-disputed-film-helps-to-pay-for.html |access-date=2024-06-03 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> |
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By mid-1964, some exhibitors had gone out of business,<ref name="Tirella pp. 235–236" /><ref name="Samuel pp. 47–48">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=.|pages=47–48}}</ref> including the two largest shows in the Lake Amusement Area.<ref name="nyt-1964-07-27">{{Cite news |date=1964-07-27 |title=Last 2 Big Shows at Fair Go Dark; ‘Ice‐Travaganza’ and Texas Pavilion Crowds Scarce |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/07/27/archives/last-2-big-shows-at-fair-go-dark-icetravaganza-and-texas-pavilion.html |access-date=2024-06-02 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Employees, especially the 4,000 college students who worked the fair, faced [[occupational burnout]].<ref name="Samuel pp. 50–51">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=.|pages=50–51}}</ref> Despite the troubles, the WFC was able to buy back one-quarter of its promissory notes in mid-1964,<ref name="p132943218">{{cite news |date=30 June 1964 |title=World's Fair Will Pay Off Some Notes Ahead of Time |work=The Wall Street Journal |page=6 |issn=0099-9660 |id={{ProQuest|132943218}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |date=1964-06-30 |title=25% Of Fair's Debt to Be Paid Early; Reduction Aug. 1 Attributed to Advance Sale of Tickets |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/06/30/archives/25-of-fairs-debt-to-be-paid-early-reduction-aug-1-attributed-to.html |access-date=2024-06-01 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="Samuel p. 54">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=.|page=54}}</ref> and exhibitors publicly downplayed their grievances with the WFC to attract visitors.<ref name="nyt-1964-07-04">{{Cite news |date=1964-07-04 |title=Bad News Upsets Fair's Exhibitors; They Are Shifting Attitude on Their Own Complaints |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/07/04/archives/bad-news-upsets-fairs-exhibitors-they-are-shifting-attitude-on.html |access-date=2024-06-02 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The industrial and international pavilions were profitable compared with the amusement area,<ref name="p132905305">{{cite news |last=Schmedel |first=Scott R. |date=23 Sep 1964 |title=World's Fair Payoff: Corporate Exhibitors Score Triumphs Though Festival Has Problems |work=The Wall Street Journal |page=1 |issn=0099-9660 |id={{ProQuest|132905305}}}}</ref><ref name="p1565178184">{{cite magazine |date=Jul 14, 1964 |title=Lights Are Shining at The Fair For Foreign Exhibitors There |magazine=Women's Wear Daily |pages=17 |volume=109 |issue=9 |id={{ProQuest|1565178184}}}}</ref> and Moses said he was unbothered by the Amusement Area's financial troubles.<ref name="nyt-1964-08-01">{{Cite news |date=1964-08-01 |title=Moses Shrugs Off Low Crowds And folding Shows at the Fair |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/08/01/archives/moses-shrugs-off-low-crowds-and-folding-shows-at-the-fair.html |access-date=2024-06-03 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The fair had recorded 13.4 million visitors at the season's midpoint in July 1964.<ref name="nyt-1964-07-21">{{Cite news |date=1964-07-21 |title=News Analysis; Fair's Halfway Mark; Attendance Is Below Expectations but Visitors and Bondholders Are Happy |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/07/21/archives/news-analysis-fairs-halfway-mark-attendance-is-below-expectations.html |access-date=2024-06-02 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="p548447209">{{cite news |date=22 July 1964 |title=Failure, Success Mixed In $Billion World's Fair |work=The Hartford Courant |page=2 |issn=1047-4153 |id={{ProQuest|548447209}}}}</ref> The fair recorded 5.8 million visitors that August, the highest of any month during the 1964 season.<ref name="Samuel pp. 56–57">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=.|pages=56–57}}</ref><ref name="nyt-1964-08-31">{{Cite news |date=1964-08-31 |title=Fair Attendance Climbs in August; 5.8 Million Paid Admissions Expected by Tomorrow |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/08/31/archives/fair-attendance-climbs-in-august-58-million-paid-admissions.html |access-date=2024-06-03 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Nearly half of visitors came from the New York City area,<ref name="Samuel pp. 56–57" /> and would-be visitors expressed fears about crime and unrest.<ref name="Samuel pp. 56–57; Tirella pp. 234–235">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=|pages=56–57}}; {{harvnb|Tirella|2013|ps=.|pages=234–235}}</ref> Attendance declined significantly in September,<ref name="p132905305" /><ref name="p548447209" /> when children returned to school.<ref name="Samuel p. 57">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=.|page=57}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1964-09-12 |title=Post‐Labor Day Doldrums Bring Sudden End to Fair's Long Lines |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/09/12/archives/postlabor-day-doldrums-bring-sudden-end-to-fairs-long-lines.html |access-date=2024-06-03 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In response, Moses complained that journalists were tarnishing the fair's reputation<ref name="Samuel p. 57" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=1964-09-15 |title=Moses Upbraids Foes of the Fair; ‘Sharpshooters’ Attacked in Address to Publishers |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/09/15/archives/moses-upbraids-foes-of-the-fair-sharpshooters-attacked-in-address.html |access-date=2024-06-03 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and accused them of suppressing attendance.<ref name="Samuel p. 57" /><ref name="p115617892">{{cite news |last=Long |first=Tania |date=15 Oct 1964 |title=Moses Says Press Harmed the Fair: 'Tricks' of Journalism Are Blamed for Cut in Crowds |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/10/16/archives/fair-planning-for-65-season-as-it-approaches-hibernation.html |access-date=2024-06-03 |work=The New York Times |page=18 |issn=0362-4331 |id={{ProQuest|115617892}}}}</ref> An exhibitors' committee made several recommendations for increasing attendance, but Moses rejected nearly all the suggestions.<ref name="Tirella p. 268">{{harvnb|Tirella|2013|ps=.|page=268}}</ref> |
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<ref>{{cite book |title=Jet |publisher=Johnson Publishing Company |date=May 7, 1964 |page=15 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZMEDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA15 |access-date=June 9, 2012}}</ref> |
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The fair closed for the season on October 18, 1964.<ref>{{Cite news |date=October 19, 1964 |title=Young Employes Say Farewells Gather to Reminisce on Six Months at Fair — Few Expecting to Return |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/10/19/archives/young-employes-say-farewells-gather-to-reminisce-on-six-months-at.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240516194354/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/10/19/archives/young-employes-say-farewells-gather-to-reminisce-on-six-months-at.html |archive-date=May 16, 2024 |access-date=May 16, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |postscript=none}}; {{cite news |last=Cassidy |first=Joseph |date=October 19, 1964 |title=Fair's Last Day Draws Crowd |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-fairs-last-day-draws-crowd/147511723/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240516195531/https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-fairs-last-day-draws-crowd/147511723/ |archive-date=May 16, 2024 |access-date=May 16, 2024 |work=New York Daily News |pages=67 |via=newspapers.com |issn=2692-1251}}</ref><ref name="p510663645">{{cite news |last=Hornaday |first=Mary |date=19 Oct 1964 |title=N.Y. World's Fair Closes on Gay Note: Financial Arrangement |work=The Christian Science Monitor |page=7 |issn=0882-7729 |id={{ProQuest|510663645}}}}</ref> There had been 33 million visitors, including 27 million who paid admission.<ref name="p510663645" /><ref name="p962979014">{{cite magazine |date=Oct 21, 1964 |title=N.Y. World's Fair: Fair's 27,100,000 Gate NSG; 'Wait 'til Next Year' |magazine=Variety |pages=62, 66 |volume=236 |issue=9 |id={{ProQuest|962979014}}}}</ref> Several reasons were cited for the reduced attendance figures, including crime fears, long queues, and high prices.<ref name="p115545985">{{cite news |last=Alden |first=Robert |date=18 Oct 1964 |title=Fair Appraises Its First Season And Finds It Relatively Good |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/10/18/archives/fair-appraises-its-first-season-and-finds-it-relatively-good-major.html |access-date=2024-06-03 |work=The New York Times |page=83 |issn=0362-4331 |id={{ProQuest|115545985}}}}</ref> Additionally, the WFC had paid several contractors much more than they should have.<ref name="p914436877">{{cite news |last=Caro |first=Robert A. |date=15 Mar 1965 |title=Portent for the Fair: 1 Wrong Move: Newsday Closeup |work=Newsday |page=5 |issn=2574-5298 |id={{ProQuest|914436877}}}}</ref> Moses had projected a $53 million surplus, but the surplus stood at only $12.6 million at season's end, barely enough to pay back the city government.<ref name="nyt-1964-10-14">{{Cite news |date=1964-10-14 |title=Fair's 1964 Profit Below Estimate; Costs Found High; Attendance Also Cuts Net to Indicated $12.6 Million—Moses Is Hopeful |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/10/14/archives/fairs-1964-profit-below-estimate-costs-found-high-attendance-also.html |access-date=2024-05-23 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="Samuel p. 58">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=.|page=58}}</ref> The WFC reduced its estimated total profit for both seasons to $30 million.<ref name="p962979014" /> Still, many industrial pavilions had long queues and tens of thousands of daily visitors,<ref name="p132905305" /><ref name="p115545985" /> and the [[General Motors]] and [[Vatican City|Vatican]] pavilions each saw more than 10 million visitors during 1964.<ref name="Samuel p. 54" /> ''The New York Times'' reported that many international exhibitors were pleased with the fair but wanted someone else to operate it.<ref name="nyt-1964-10-19">{{Cite news |date=1964-10-19 |title=Exhibitors Hoping For Many Changes In Second Season |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/10/19/archives/exhibitors-hoping-for-many-changes-in-second-season.html |access-date=2024-05-31 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> |
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<ref>{{cite news |title=America Be Seated out of World Fair |newspaper=Washington Afro-American |date=May 12, 1964 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2238&dat=19640512&id=X5YlAAAAIBAJ&pg=4198,1805813 |access-date=June 9, 2012}}</ref> |
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=== Off-season === |
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<ref>{{cite news |title=Have You Seen 'America, Be Seated' |newspaper=The Morning Record |date=April 10, 1964 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2512&dat=19640410&id=sKFIAAAAIBAJ&pg=2284,4902147 |access-date=June 9, 2012}}</ref> |
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Exhibitors were obligated to maintain and guard their pavilions during the off-season.<ref name="p962978940">{{cite magazine |last=Frederick |first=Robert B. |date=Oct 21, 1964 |title=N. Y. World's Fair: Hibernating N. Y. Fair Eyes Finale Anni; Seeks New Face for Fun ... |magazine=Variety |page=62 |volume=236 |issue=9 |id={{ProQuest|962978940}}}}</ref><ref name="p115597479" /> Ahead of the 1965 season, the WFC planned to spend $1.3 million on renovations,<ref name="p510663645" /><ref name="p115597479">{{cite news |last=Long |first=Tania |date=16 Oct 1964 |title=Fair Planning for '65 Season As It Approaches Hibernation |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/10/16/archives/fair-planning-for-65-season-as-it-approaches-hibernation.html |access-date=2024-06-03 |work=The New York Times |page=31 |issn=0362-4331 |id={{ProQuest|115597479}}}}</ref> and 3,000 workers began [[Winterization|winterizing]] the fairground in November 1964.<ref name="p913625981">{{cite news |last=Wiemer |first=Robert |date=30 Nov 1964 |title=Fair Is Anything But Fair As It Awaits Snow |work=Newsday |page=11 |issn=2574-5298 |id={{ProQuest|913625981}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |date=1964-11-23 |title=Fair Buttoning Up for Winter Cold; Maintenance Carried On in Silent Surroundings of 600‐Acre Ghost Town |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/11/23/archives/fair-buttoning-up-for-winter-cold-maintenance-carried-on-in-silent.html |access-date=2024-06-03 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The WFC planned to create a promotional film and advertisements for the fair,<ref name="p132932541">{{cite news |last=Schmedel |first=Scott R. |date=14 Oct 1964 |title=World's Fair Slates Some Changes to Lift Attendance Next Year |work=The Wall Street Journal |page=11 |issn=0099-9660 |id={{ProQuest|132932541}}}}</ref> and it kept some of the paths and fountains illuminated.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1964-09-29 |title=Fair Acts to Keep Light in Window; Pavilions Urged to Continue Signs During Off Season |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/09/29/archives/fair-acts-to-keep-light-in-window-pavilions-urged-to-continue-signs.html |access-date=2024-06-03 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Thomas Deegan said several existing pavilions would be renovated, and a dozen new restaurants would be added.<ref name="nyt-1964-11-17">{{Cite news |date=1964-11-17 |title=World's Fair Plans Sportsmens' Show And a Farm Exhibit |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/11/17/archives/worlds-fair-plans-sportsmens-show-and-a-farm-exhibit.html |access-date=2024-06-03 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="Samuel p. 59">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=.|page=59}}</ref> WFC officials claimed that attendance would rise during 1965,<ref name="Samuel p. 58" /><ref name="Tirella p. 270">{{harvnb|Tirella|2013|ps=.|page=270}}</ref> anticipating 37.5 million visitors during that season.<ref name="p914436877" /> The prediction was unrealistic: previous world's fairs typically had fewer visitors during their second season,<ref name="Samuel p. 58" /> and no new pavilions were being planned.<ref name="Tirella p. 270" /><ref name="p962978940" /> Nonetheless, the fair would become unprofitable if it failed to reach its attendance goal.<ref name="p9144368772">{{cite news |last=Caro |first=Robert A. |date=15 Mar 1965 |title=Portent for the Fair: 1 Wrong Move: Newsday Closeup |work=Newsday |page=5 |issn=2574-5298 |id={{ProQuest|914436877}}}}</ref> |
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Moses told Mayor Wagner in November 1964 that the WFC might not be able to repay the $24 million from the city.<ref name="Samuel p. 59" /><ref name="p1505734743">{{cite magazine |date=Nov 25, 1964 |title=N.Y.C. Holds The Bag for $24-Mil. On World's Fair |magazine=Variety |pages=1, 20 |volume=237 |issue=1 |id={{ProQuest|1505734743}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |last=Knowles |first=Clayton |date=1964-11-24 |title=City Not Counting on Fair's Money |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/11/24/city-not-counting-on-fairs-money.html |access-date=2024-06-03 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In January 1965, several of the WFC's financial advisors quit after bitter arguments over finances,<ref name="p133056052">{{cite news |date=19 Jan 1965 |title=Five Top Bankers Quit World's Fair Group, Score Financial Policy: First National City President Says New York Fair Needs Substantial Funds by April 22 |work=The Wall Street Journal |page=8 |issn=0099-9660 |id={{ProQuest|133056052}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |last=Devlin |first=John C. |date=1965-01-19 |title=5 Bank Advisers to Fair Quit in Financial Dispute; 5 Banker Advisers to Fair Resign in Dispute Over Finances |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/01/19/archives/5-bank-advisers-to-fair-quit-in-financial-dispute-5-banker-advisers.html |access-date=2024-06-03 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="Samuel p. 70; Tirella pp. 274–275">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=|page=70}}; {{harvnb|Tirella|2013|ps=.|pages=274–275}}</ref> and the WFC requested $3.5 million to reopen the fair.<ref name="Samuel p. 70; Tirella pp. 274–275" /><ref name="p510690042">{{cite news |date=23 Jan 1965 |title=New York World's Fair Seeks $3.5 Million: 'Brighter Show' |work=The Christian Science Monitor |page=3 |issn=0882-7729 |id={{ProQuest|510690042}}}}</ref> City controller [[Abraham Beame]] began auditing the WFC,<ref name="Samuel p. 71; Tirella p. 276">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=|page=71}}; {{harvnb|Tirella|2013|ps=.|page=276}}</ref><ref name="p133044216">{{cite news |date=27 Jan 1965 |title=New York World's Fair Doesn't Hope to Repay $24 Million City Spent |work=The Wall Street Journal |page=9 |issn=0099-9660 |id={{ProQuest|133044216}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |last=Alden |first=Robert |date=1965-01-27 |title=Fair Unable to Repay City Or Finance Queens Parks; But Moses Says Notes Will Be Redeemed -- Beame Orders Audit -- $4 Million Is Sought to Prepare for April Opening |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/01/27/archives/fair-unable-to-repay-city-or-finance-queens-parks-but-moses-says.html |access-date=2024-06-03 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and Deegan's public-relations firm (which had received $300,000 annually for four years) was fired.<ref name="Tirella p. 276">{{harvnb|Tirella|2013|ps=.|page=276}}</ref><ref name="p142498793">{{cite news |date=31 Jan 1965 |title=Firm Pulls Out of Fair in Latest Foul-Up |work=The Washington Post, Times Herald |page=B10 |issn=0190-8286 |id={{ProQuest|142498793}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |date=1965-01-29 |title=Deegan Company Leaves the Fair; Publicity Concern Is Headed by Exhibition Executive |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/01/29/archives/deegan-company-leaves-the-fair-publicity-concern-is-headed-by.html |access-date=2024-06-03 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The WFC's internal audit had found a $17.5 million deficit,<ref name="p133063089">{{cite news |date=8 Feb 1965 |title=World's Fair Corp. Had $17,540,100 Loss in 1964, Audited Report Shows: Executive Tells Holders of Notes Of Efforts to Reduce Costs, Boost Attendance This Year |work=The Wall Street Journal |page=7 |issn=0099-9660 |id={{ProQuest|133063089}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |last=Alden |first=Robert |date=1965-02-06 |title=World's Fair Had Deficit Of $17,540,100 in 1964; Audited Report Puts Cash on Hand at $629,063 on Dec. 31 -- Official Cites Drastic Cuts in Costs for 1965 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/02/06/archives/worlds-fair-had-deficit-of-17540100-in-1964-audited-report-puts.html |access-date=2024-06-04 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> but Beame's audit was delayed for several months due to lawsuits.<ref name="Samuel p. 71; Tirella p. 276" /><ref name="p133027787">{{cite news |date=21 May 1965 |title=Top New York Court Rules World's Fair Open Records |work=The Wall Street Journal |page=14 |issn=0099-9660 |id={{ProQuest|133027787}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |last=Times |first=R. w Apple Jr special To the New York |date=1965-05-21 |title=Beame's Demand for Audit at Fair Upheld by Court |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/05/21/archives/beames-demand-for-audit-at-fair-upheld-by-court-appeals-bench.html |access-date=2024-06-04 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> By February 1965, at least fourteen exhibitors from the 1964 season had declared bankruptcy.<ref name="Samuel p. 65">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=.|page=65}}</ref><ref name="nyt-1965-02-13">{{Cite news |last=Phalon |first=Richard |date=1965-02-13 |title=The World's Fair: a Fiscal Scrutiny; 14 Bankruptcy Pleas Filed Since Opening in April |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/02/13/archives/the-worlds-fair-a-fiscal-scrutiny-14-bankruptcy-pleas-filed-since.html |access-date=2024-05-23 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> [[Franklin National Bank]] offered to lend the WFC $3.5 million,<ref name="Tirella p. 276" /><ref name="p914425535">{{cite news |date=10 Feb 1965 |title=Fair Banks on Franklin For $3.5 Million Loan |work=Newsday |page=15 |issn=2574-5298 |id={{ProQuest|914425535}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |last=Alden |first=Robert |date=1965-02-09 |title=L.I. Bank Plans to Lend Fair $3.5 Million Needed to Open; Head of Franklin National Says He Will Do All He Can To Help Second Season |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/02/09/archives/li-bank-plans-to-lend-fair-35-million-needed-to-open-head-of.html |access-date=2024-06-04 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> but the WFC indicated that it needed only $1 million.<ref name="p133042754">{{cite news |date=25 Feb 1965 |title=New York World's Fair Cuts Immediate Need For Cash to $1 Million: Executive Committee Expresses Confidence in President Moses; Efforts to Remove Him Go On |work=The Wall Street Journal |page=7 |issn=0099-9660 |id={{ProQuest|133042754}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |last=Alden |first=Robert |date=1965-02-25 |title=Fair Executives Divided on Moses; He Gets Vote of Confidence, but 6 Abstain, Including the Mayor's 3 Men |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/02/25/archives/fair-executives-divided-on-moses-he-gets-vote-of-confidence-but-6.html |access-date=2024-06-04 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Though city officials wanted to oust Moses as the WFC's president,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Alden |first=Robert |date=1965-02-18 |title=Top-level Talks on Fair Consider Replacing Moses; Mayor and Governor Join Parleys -- A Better Image Sought for Exposition |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/02/18/archives/toplevel-talks-on-fair-consider-replacing-moses-mayor-and-governor.html |access-date=2024-06-04 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> he ultimately retained his position.<ref name="p133042754" /><ref name="Tirella pp. 277–278">{{harvnb|Tirella|2013|ps=.|pages=277–278}}</ref> When Moses said he would spend $6.4 million to renovate Flushing Meadows Park before repaying debts,<ref name="Samuel pp. 71–72; Tirella p. 278">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=|pages=63–64}}; {{harvnb|Tirella|2013|ps=.|page=278}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Alden |first=Robert |date=1965-02-15 |title=Fair's Priorities Revised by Moses; He Says Rebuilding Parks Comes Before Repaying Noteholders and City |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/02/15/archives/fairs-priorities-revised-by-moses-he-says-rebuilding-parks-comes-be.html |access-date=2024-06-04 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> the WFC's finance chairman resigned.<ref name="Samuel pp. 71–72; Tirella p. 278" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Illson |first=Murray |date=1965-02-24 |title=Fair Aide Resigns, Assailing Moses on Fund Proposal; McLaughlin Says He Seeks to Shift $6.4 Million From Triborough Authority Fair Aide Quits in Dispute With Moses |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/02/24/archives/fair-aide-resigns-assailing-moses-on-fund-proposal-mclaughlin-says.html |access-date=2024-06-04 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Two [[Marine Midland Bank]] branches provided a $1 million loan to the WFC that March,<ref name="p133065529">{{cite news |date=15 Mar 1965 |title=New York World's Fair Gets $1 Million Loan; Indonesia Pulls Pavilion: Moses Sees Financing by 2 Banks More Than Adequate for Needs Through Reopening on April 21 |work=The Wall Street Journal |page=12 |issn=0099-9660 |id={{ProQuest|133065529}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |last=Alden |first=Robert |date=1965-03-13 |title=2 Banks Lend Fair $1 Million Needed To Open '65 Season |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/03/13/archives/2-banks-lend-fair-1-million-needed-to-open-65-season-fair-announces.html |access-date=2024-06-04 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="Samuel p. 73">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=.|page=73}}</ref> which the WFC repaid two months later.<ref name="p133044234">{{cite news |date=20 May 1965 |title=World's Fair Announces Repayment in Advance Of $1 Million Bank Loan: Moses Says Fair Corp. Is Current With Creditors, Expects Gains In Attendance, Which Trails '64 |work=The Wall Street Journal |page=10 |issn=0099-9660 |id={{ProQuest|133044234}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |last=Alden |first=Robert |date=1965-05-20 |title=Fair Repays Loan Of $1 Million Early |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/05/20/archives/fair-repays-loan-of-1-million-early-the-fair-repays-1-million-loan.html |access-date=2024-06-04 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="p914383744">{{cite news |date=20 May 1965 |title=Fair Paying Its Debts |work=Newsday |page=11 |issn=2574-5298 |id={{ProQuest|914383744}}}}</ref> |
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<ref>{{cite web |title=Photos of Louisiana/Bourbon Street pavillion |url=http://www.worldsfairphotos.com/nywf64/louisiana.htm |access-date=June 9, 2012}}</ref>--> |
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Meanwhile, during the off-season, several exhibitors renovated and modified their pavilions,<ref name="Samuel p. 65" /><ref name="p548738120">{{cite news |last=Brown |first=Murray J. |date=28 Mar 1965 |title=Fair Re-opens Soon; Some Changes Made |work=The Hartford Courant |page=33A |issn=1047-4153 |id={{ProQuest|548738120}}}}</ref> spending over $7 million in total.<ref name="nyt-1965-04-21">{{Cite news |last=Schumach |first=Murray |date=1965-04-21 |title=$7 Million Spent in Improvements; History and Space Exhibits Added -- More Restaurants |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/04/21/archives/7-million-spent-in-improvements-history-and-space-exhibits-added.html |access-date=2024-06-04 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> At least fifty exhibits were upgraded,<ref name="p510789503">{{cite news |last=Kursh |first=Harry |date=13 Apr 1965 |title=World's Fair reopens April 21 |work=The Christian Science Monitor |page=13 |issn=0882-7729 |id={{ProQuest|510789503}}}}</ref> and five major attractions were added,<ref name="p133045801">{{cite news |date=19 Apr 1965 |title=World's Fair Reopens Wednesday, Seeking To Lure More Visitors: New Exhibits Part of Attempt To Better 1964's Attendance, But Admission Cost Is Higher |work=The Wall Street Journal |page=15 |issn=0099-9660 |id={{ProQuest|133045801}}}}</ref> along with free entertainments and science demonstrations.<ref name="p5107817272">{{cite news |last=Hornaday |first=Mary |date=21 Apr 1965 |title=N.Y. World's Fair offers thrilling 'college courses': Chinese splendor Space rendezvous Visits by astronauts |work=The Christian Science Monitor |page=4 |issn=0882-7729 |id={{ProQuest|510781727}}}}</ref> New artwork and films were added to several pavilions.<ref name="nyt-1965-07-20">{{Cite news |last=Alden |first=Robert |date=1965-07-20 |title=Seasoned Fairgoers Seek Out New -- and Old -- Sleeper Exhibits; Having Seen All the Hit Shows They Turn Up Interesting Ones They Have Missed |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/07/20/archives/seasoned-fairgoers-seek-out-new-and-old-sleeper-exhibits-having.html |access-date=2024-06-04 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The struggling Lake Amusement Area became the Lake Area.<ref name="p179713143">{{cite news |last=Joseph |first=Richard |date=24 Jan 1965 |title=World's Fair Closed for Winter, But It's Still Busy: Officials Polishing Extravaganza |work=Chicago Tribune |page=H3 |issn=1085-6706 |id={{ProQuest|179713143}}}}</ref><ref name="Samuel pp. 67–68">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=.|pages=67–68}}</ref> The WFC asked the [[New York City Transit Authority]] to increase subway service to the fair, and 26 exhibitors collaborated on a promotional campaign.<ref name="Samuel pp. 63–64; Tirella p. 273">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=|pages=63–64}}; {{harvnb|Tirella|2013|ps=.|page=273}}</ref> Fifty-three exhibitors proposed that the first week of the 1965 season be called Fair Festival Week,<ref name="Samuel p. 73" /><ref name="nyt-1965-02-05">{{Cite news |last=Alden |first=Robert |date=1965-02-05 |title=Fair's Exhibitors Plan a Campaign; Ask City for 'Festival Week' to Improve Prospects |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/02/05/archives/fairs-exhibitors-plan-a-campaign-ask-city-for-festival-week-to.html |access-date=2024-06-04 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> to which Wagner agreed.<ref name="p116827402">{{cite news |last=Alden |first=Robert |date=7 Apr 1965 |title=Mayor Predicts Success for Fair: Proclaims Festival Week for Second Season Opening |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/04/07/archives/mayor-predicts-success-for-fair-proclaims-festival-week-for-second.html |access-date=2024-06-03 |work=The New York Times |page=32 |issn=0362-4331 |id={{ProQuest|116827402}}}}</ref> The WFC produced a promotional film, ''To the Fair'',<ref name="Samuel pp. 63–64">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=.|pages=63–64}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Carlson |first=Walter |date=1965-01-31 |title=Advertising: A Fair in Search of Promotion; World's Fair Seeks to Publicize Plans for New Season Promotional Moves Are Being Made in Several Areas |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/01/31/archives/advertising-a-fair-in-search-of-promotion-worlds-fair-seeks-to.html |access-date=2024-06-03 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and individual exhibitors also produced their own films.<ref name="Samuel pp. 63–64" /><ref name="p133042063">{{cite news |last=Schmedel |first=Scott R. |date=1 Mar 1965 |title=Troubled World's Fair Gets Help on Publicity From Big Exhibitors |work=The Wall Street Journal |page=1 |issn=0099-9660 |id={{ProQuest|133042063}}}}</ref> To reduce its debts, the WFC decreased its budget for the 1965 season and fired some employees.<ref name="nyt-1965-04-212">{{Cite news |last=Benjamin |first=Philip |date=1965-04-21 |title=Remedy for Debt: Belt-tightening; Budget and Staff Are Cut After a Hard Winter |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/04/21/archives/remedy-for-debt-belttightening-budget-and-staff-are-cut-after-a.html |access-date=2024-06-04 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> |
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==American industry== |
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Many of the large U.S. corporations built pavilions to demonstrate their wares, vision, and corporate cultures. |
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=== |
=== 1965 season === |
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[[File:Berlin Pavilion.jpg|thumb|West Berlin pavilion]] |
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[[File:GM Concept Car 1964 NY World's Fair.jpg|thumbnail|Concept car inside the General Motors Pavilion]] |
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More than 150,000 people attended the reopening of the fair on April 21, 1965.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Alden |first=Robert |date=April 22, 1965 |title=158,000 Open the Fair's Second Year; Paid Admissions Are 3 Times More Than First Day's in '64 158,000, Half of Them Children, Attend World's Fair on Crisp, Sunny Opening Day |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/04/22/archives/158000-open-the-fairs-second-year-paid-admissions-are-3-times-more.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240516213745/https://www.nytimes.com/1965/04/22/archives/158000-open-the-fairs-second-year-paid-admissions-are-3-times-more.html |archive-date=May 16, 2024 |access-date=May 16, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |postscript=none}}; {{cite news |last=O'Neill |first=Maureen |date=April 22, 1965 |title=The Natives Return—They're Hardy Lot |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-suffolk-edition-the-natives-re/147516845/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240516213738/https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-suffolk-edition-the-natives-re/147516845/ |archive-date=May 16, 2024 |access-date=May 16, 2024 |work=Newsday |pages=91 |via=newspapers.com |issn=2574-5298}}</ref><ref name="Samuel pp. 73–74">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=.|pages=73–74}}</ref> Ethiopian long-distance runners [[Abebe Bikila]] and [[Mamo Wolde]] participated in a ceremonial [[half marathon]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Phillips |first=McCandlish |date=1965-04-22 |title=Lo, a Magic City Awakens and Wizard Rejoices; People Flock in to the Music of Clicking Turnstiles But for a Moment a Cannon Seems to Fire at Them |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/04/22/archives/lo-a-magic-city-awakens-and-wizard-rejoices-people-flock-in-to-the.html |access-date=2024-05-31 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> running from [[Central Park]] in Manhattan to [[Singer Bowl]] at the fairground.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Alden |first=Robert |date=1965-04-21 |title=The Fair Resumes Today With Many New Exhibits |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/04/21/archives/the-fair-resumes-today-with-many-new-exhibits-the-worlds-fair.html |access-date=2024-05-31 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In contrast to 1964, there were no protests when the fair reopened,<ref name="Samuel pp. 73–74" /> and almost all exhibits were completed on time.<ref name="p1017114843">{{cite magazine |date=Apr 28, 1965 |title=Vaudeville: Delayed Openings Of Some Exhibs At World's Fair |magazine=Variety |pages=53 |volume=238 |issue=10 |id={{ProQuest|1017114843}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |date=21 Apr 1965 |title=Show's Ready -- Except For New Exhibits |work=Newsday |page=3 |issn=2574-5298 |id={{ProQuest|914422823}}}}</ref> For the 1965 season, adult admission fees were raised to $2.50 ({{Inflation|US|2.50|1965|r=2|fmt=eq|cursign=$}}).<ref name="nyt19650113" /><ref name="p510690042" /><ref name="Samuel pp. 63–64; Tirella p. 273" /> During the first 20 days of the 1965 season, attendance declined 22 percent compared with the same time period in 1964,<ref name="p155183856">{{cite news |date=11 May 1965 |title=World's Fair Attendance Still Falling |work=Los Angeles Times |pages=2 |issn=0458-3035 |id={{ProQuest|155183856}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |last=Alden |first=Robert |date=1965-05-11 |title=Fair Attendance Is 22% Lower Than in First 20 Days Last Year |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/05/11/archives/fair-attendance-is-22-lower-than-in-first-20-days-last-year-fair.html |access-date=2024-06-04 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> putting many exhibitors in danger of bankruptcy.<ref name="nyt-1965-05-13">{{Cite news |last=Alden |first=Robert |date=1965-05-13 |title=Fair's Financial Woes; Experts Say Debts Are Reaching Critical Stage as Attendance Lags |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/05/13/archives/fairs-financial-woes-experts-say-debts-are-reaching-critical-stage.html |access-date=2024-06-04 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In addition, fewer visitors were paying at the gates, as more than half of visitors carried advance tickets.<ref name="nyt-1965-05-13" /> Exhibitors requested that admission fees be reduced<ref name="p914383744" /><ref name="p914454238">{{cite news |date=7 May 1965 |title=People Want Cut in Fair Admission Price |work=Newsday |page=4 |issn=2574-5298 |id={{ProQuest|914454238}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |date=1965-05-06 |title=Pavilions Ask Cut in Fair Admission; International Group Calls for Immediate Action |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/05/06/archives/pavilions-ask-gut-in-fair-admission-international-group-calls-for.html |access-date=2024-05-23 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and that a reduced-price evening admission ticket be sold.<ref name="Samuel p. 75">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=.|page=75}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Alden |first=Robert |date=1965-03-23 |title=Lower Night Fee at Fair Debated; More Directors Press for Cut in Admission Charge |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/03/23/archives/lower-night-fee-at-fair-debated-more-directors-press-for-cut-in.html |access-date=2024-06-04 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Moses refused both proposals,<ref name="Samuel p. 75" /><ref name="p914441233">{{cite news |date=28 May 1965 |title=Pennyweight Fight: Exhibitors vs. Fair |work=Newsday |page=5 |issn=2574-5298 |id={{ProQuest|914441233}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |last=Alden |first=Robert |date=1965-05-28 |title=Fair Bars a Cut in Its $2.50 Price; Some Foreign Concessions Threaten Boycott in Face of Lagging Attendance |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/05/28/archives/fair-bars-a-cut-in-its-250-price-some-foreign-concessions-threaten.html |access-date=2024-05-23 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and several exhibitors threatened to close their pavilions before reneging.<ref name="Samuel p. 75" /><ref name="nyt-1965-05-29">{{Cite news |last=Dougherty |first=Philip H. |date=1965-05-29 |title=Foreign Exhibits Bar Fair Closings; They Agree Not to Protest Over Rebuff on Price Cut |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/05/29/archives/foreign-exhibits-bar-fair-closings-they-agree-not-to-protest-over.html |access-date=2024-06-04 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> |
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Industries played a major role at the [[1939 New York World's Fair|New York World's Fair of 1939–1940]] by hosting huge, elaborate exhibits. Many of them returned to the New York World's Fair of 1964–1965 with even more elaborate versions of the shows that they had presented 25 years earlier. The most notable of these was [[General Motors Corporation]] whose [[Futurama (New York World's Fair)#Legacy|Futurama II]] proved to be the fair's most popular exhibit, in which visitors seated in moving chairs glided past elaborately detailed miniature 3D model scenery showing what life might be like in the "near-future". Nearly 26 million people took the journey into the future during the fair's two-year run. |
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At the beginning of the 1965 season, there were issues such as race-related protests,<ref name="Samuel pp. 76–77; Tirella pp. 294–295">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=|pages=76–77}}; {{harvnb|Tirella|2013|ps=.|pages=294–295}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1965-04-26 |title=100 CORE Pickets at Fair Challenged by Youths |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/04/26/archives/100-core-pickets-at-fair-challenged-by-youths-100-core-pickets-in.html |access-date=2024-06-04 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Vietnam War protests,<ref name="Samuel p. 78" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Dougherty |first=Philip H. |date=1965-06-06 |title=Fairgoers Ignore a Peace Protest; Students Giving Pamphlets on Vietnam Are Unnoticed |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/06/06/archives/fairgoers-ignore-a-peace-protest-students-giving-pamphlets-on.html |access-date=2024-06-04 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> a controveiet over a racially insensitive s song,<ref name="Samuel pp. 76–77; Tirella pp. 294–295" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=1965-06-02 |title=N.A.A.C.P. Wins Bid To Have 'Dem' Taken From Pavilion Song |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/06/02/archives/naacp-wins-bid-to-have-dem-taken-from-pavilion-song.html |access-date=2024-06-04 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and disputes between Jewish and Arab exhibitors.<ref name="Samuel pp. 76–77; Tirella pp. 294–295" /><ref name="nyt-1965-05-02">{{Cite news |last=Long |first=Tania |date=1965-05-02 |title=Fair Arabs Spurn Kosher Luncheon; U.S.-Israeli Pavilion Pickets Confronted With Food Offer |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/05/02/archives/fair-arabs-spurn-kosher-luncheon-usisraeli-pavilion-pickets.html |access-date=2024-06-04 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Vandalism also increased due to the reduced police presence,<ref name="p155207539">{{cite news |last=Ferretti |first=Fred |date=31 May 1965 |title=Vandalism Increases at New York World's Fair: Economies Result in Police Cut, Rise in Violence, Rowdyism, Reporter Says |work=Los Angeles Times |pages=10 |issn=0458-3035 |id={{ProQuest|155207539}}}}</ref> and a fairgoer was killed that May.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dougherty |first=Philip H. |date=1965-05-23 |title=Two Boys Arrested at Fair |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/05/23/archives/two-boys-arrested-at-fair-fairgoer-is-slain-outside-pavilion.html |access-date=2024-06-04 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="Samuel p. 78">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=.|page=78}}</ref> WFC officials also tried to invalidate their January 1964 agreement for disbursing the fair's profits,<ref name="nyt-1965-05-212" /> and exhibitors continued to lose money due to lower-than-expected attendance.<ref name="p1017117090">{{cite magazine |date=Jun 2, 1965 |title=World's Fair Exhibs Still Jittery Despite Memorial Weekend Spurt |magazine=Variety |pages=1, 71 |volume=239 |issue=2 |id={{ProQuest|1017117090}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |last=Alden |first=Robert |date=1965-06-01 |title=Fair Exhibitors Still in the Red; More Jammed Days Needed to Bring in the Profits |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/06/01/archives/fair-exhibitors-still-in-the-red-more-jammed-days-needed-to-bring.html |access-date=2024-06-04 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Comparatively few visitors attended during evenings,<ref name="p1557057345">{{Cite news |last=Alden |first=Robert |date=29 June 1965 |title=Crowds Desert World's Fair at Night |work=The Atlanta Constitution |page=30 |id={{Pq|1557057345}}}}</ref> but the WFC again rejected a proposal for discounted evening admission in July 1965.<ref name="p133000948">{{cite news |date=9 July 1965 |title=New York World's Fair Panel Rejects Admission-Price Cut |work=The Wall Street Journal |page=4 |issn=0099-9660 |id={{ProQuest|133000948}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |last=Alden |first=Robert |date=1965-07-09 |title=Fair Rejects Bid to Cut $2.50 Fee; Motion by Screvane Urging $1 Admission in Evening Is Soundly Defeated |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/07/09/archives/fair-rejects-bid-to-cut-250-fee-motion-by-screvane-urging-1.html |access-date=2024-06-04 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Despite increased attendance in mid-1965, the fair continued to record decreased revenue compared with 1964.<ref name="p180065924">{{cite news |date=2 Jul 1965 |title=World's Fair Attendance Rises Sharply |work=Chicago Tribune |page=B17 |issn=1085-6706 |id={{ProQuest|180065924}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |last=Alden |first=Robert |date=1965-08-02 |title=Fair Attendance Shows Sharp Rise; But Total Is Still 27% Below '64 Figure |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/08/02/archives/fair-attendance-shows-sharp-rise-but-total-is-still-27-below-64.html |access-date=2024-06-04 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Many exhibitors recorded substantial losses from the costs of their pavilions.<ref name="nyt-1965-08-16">{{Cite news |last=Alden |first=Robert |date=1965-08-16 |title=Industries Wary of Future Fairs; Major Exhibitors Here Point to High Costs of Pavilions |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/08/16/archives/industries-wary-of-future-fairs-major-exhibitors-here-point-to-high.html |access-date=2024-06-04 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> By August 1965, the WFC was devising plans to clear the fairground after the fair,<ref name="nyt-1965-08-01">{{Cite news |last=Alden |first=Robert |date=1965-08-01 |title=Anybody Can Have Fair Pavilion Free |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/08/01/archives/anybody-can-have-fair-pavilion-free-pavilions-at-fair-are-offered.html |access-date=2024-06-04 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="p914378034">{{cite news |last=Johnson |first=Thomas A. |last2=Schwartz |first2=Jack |date=3 Aug 1965 |title=Fair Pavilions For Sale Free (Pretty Nearly) |work=Newsday |page=4 |issn=2574-5298 |id={{ProQuest|914378034}}}}</ref> though 13 exhibitors had declared bankruptcy and could not afford to demolish or move their pavilions.<ref name="nyt-1965-08-11">{{Cite news |last=Alden |first=Robert |date=1965-08-11 |title=A Legacy of Fair: Unwanted Relics; Exhibitors Are Required to Raze Pavilions, but 13 Have Gone Bankrupt |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/08/11/archives/a-legacy-of-fair-unwanted-relics-exhibitors-are-required-to-raze.html |access-date=2024-06-04 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> |
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===IBM=== |
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The [[IBM]] Corporation had a popular pavilion, where a giant 500-seat grandstand called the "People Wall" was pushed by [[hydraulic ram]]s high up into an [[ellipsoidal]] theater designed by [[Eero Saarinen]]. There, a film by [[Charles and Ray Eames]] titled ''Think'' was shown on fourteen projectors on nine screens, illuminating the workings of [[Boolean logic|computer logic]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blog.barbican.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/eamesibm_gall2.jpg|title = Read, Watch & Listen | Barbican}}</ref> At ground level beneath the theater, visitors could explore ''[[Mathematica: A World of Numbers... and Beyond]]'' (an exhibit of mathematical models and curiosities) and view the ''Mathematics Peep Show'' (a series of short films illustrating basic mathematical concepts).<ref>{{cite web |last=IBM Labs |title=Free iPad App from IBM Reinvents Iconic '60s Era Exhibit on History of Mathematics |url=http://ibmresearchnews.blogspot.com/2012/04/free-ipad-app-from-ibm-reinvents-iconic.html |work=IBM Research |publisher=IBM Corporation |access-date=July 19, 2013 |date=April 5, 2012}}</ref> |
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Beame's interim report, published at the end of August, found that the WFC had squandered money by not awarding contracts through [[Competitive bid|competitive bidding]] and by spending nearly all of its funds on expenses incurred before and during 1964.<ref name="p915310376">{{cite news |date=31 Aug 1965 |title=Beame Raps Fair's Fiscal Policies |work=Newsday |page=1 |issn=2574-5298 |id={{ProQuest|915310376}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |last=Alden |first=Robert |date=1965-09-01 |title=World's Fair Mismanaged, Beame Charges in Report; Says Audit Shows 'Poor Planning' and 'Improper Payments' -- Moses Scoffs at Controller's 'Political Comment' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/09/01/archives/worlds-fair-mismanaged-beame-charges-in-report-says-audit-shows.html |access-date=2024-06-04 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="Samuel p. 79">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=.|page=79}}</ref> Despite Moses's denials of wrongdoing,<ref name="Samuel pp. 79–80; Tirella p. 313">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=|pages=79–80}}; {{harvnb|Tirella|2013|ps=.|page=313}}</ref> Queens district attorney [[Frank D. O'Connor]] opened a criminal inquiry into the WFC shortly afterward.<ref name="p915182149">{{cite news |date=2 Sep 1965 |title=O'Connor Joins the Let's-Probe-Fair Club |work=Newsday |page=98 |issn=2574-5298 |id={{ProQuest|915182149}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |last=Alden |first=Robert |date=1965-09-02 |title=O'Connor Orders Inquiry Into the Fair |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/09/02/archives/oconnor-orders-inquiry-into-the-fair.html |access-date=2024-06-04 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Moses also installed highway signs promoting the fair and refused to remove them, even after city traffic commissioner [[Henry A. Barnes]] called the signs a safety hazard.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1965-09-11 |title=Barnes Withdraws In Battle of Signs But Is Still Fighting |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/09/11/archives/barnes-withdraws-in-battle-of-signs-but-is-still-fighting.html |access-date=2024-06-04 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="Samuel pp. 78–79; Tirella p. 313">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=|pages=78–79}}; {{harvnb|Tirella|2013|ps=.|page=313}}</ref> By mid-September, estimates of the fair's total attendance had been reduced from 70 to 50 million.<ref name="p914412921">{{cite news |last=O'Neill |first=Maureen |date=21 Sep 1965 |title=Big Weekend Turnout Too Late to Save Fair |work=Newsday |page=21 |issn=2574-5298 |id={{ProQuest|914412921}}}}</ref> [[Pope Paul VI]] visited the fair on October 4, 1965, during the first-ever papal visit to the United States.<ref>{{cite web |last=Glass |first=Andrew |date=October 4, 1965 |title=Pope Paul VI visits the U.S., Oct. 4, 1965 |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2012/10/this-day-in-politics-081968 |access-date=June 4, 2024 |website=POLITICO}}</ref> Toward the end of the 1965 season, there was a sustained increase in attendance,<ref name="Samuel p. 82" /><ref name="p964248996a">{{cite news |last=O'Neill |first=Maureen |last2=Smith |first2=Edward G. |date=11 Oct 1965 |title=Now the Fair's In; That's the Way It Goes: The Last-Minute Rush Is On at the World's Fair |work=Newsday |page=4 |issn=2574-5298 |id={{ProQuest|964248996}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |last=Alden |first=Robert |date=1965-10-11 |title=Record Crowds Rush to the Fair; New Attendance Mark Set As Sunday's Closing Nears |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/10/11/archives/record-crowds-rush-to-the-fair-new-attendance-mark-set-as-sundays.html |access-date=2024-06-04 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and exhibitors worried that overcrowding would create a bad impression.<ref name="nyt-1965-10-13">{{Cite news |last=Alden |first=Robert |date=1965-10-13 |title=Fair So Crowded Managers Worry; Pavilions Fear Long Waits in Final Days Stir Ill Will Instead of Goodwill |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/10/13/archives/fair-so-crowded-managers-worry-pavilions-fear-long-waits-in-final.html |access-date=2024-06-04 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> |
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===Bell System=== |
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The [[Bell System]] (prior to [[Bell system divestiture|its break up into regional companies]]) hosted a 15-minute ride in moving armchairs depicting the history of communications in dioramas and film named ''Ride of Communications''. Other Bell exhibits included the [[Picturephone]] as well as a demonstration of the [[computer modem]]. |
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The fair ended on October 17, 1965,<ref name="p914444914">{{cite news |last=Abrams |first=Arnold |last2=Smith |first2=Edward G. |date=October 18, 1965 |title=Drunks and Vandals Close the Fair: They Dig the World's Fair on Its Last Day |work=Newsday |page=1 |issn=2574-5298 |id={{ProQuest|914444914}} |postscript=none}}; {{cite news |last=Alden |first=Robert |date=October 18, 1965 |title=Vandalism Mars Last Day Of the Two-Year Exposition; Weeping Children, Sad Employes and Vandalism Abound as World's Fair Closes |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/10/18/archives/vandalism-mars-last-day-of-the-twoyear-exposition-weeping-children.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240516215354/https://www.nytimes.com/1965/10/18/archives/vandalism-mars-last-day-of-the-twoyear-exposition-weeping-children.html |archive-date=May 16, 2024 |access-date=May 16, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="Samuel p. 83; Tirella pp. 320–321">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=|page=83}}; {{harvnb|Tirella|2013|ps=.|pages=320–321}}</ref> setting an all-time attendance record of 446,953 on its last day.<ref name="Samuel p. 83; Tirella pp. 320–321" /><ref name="p155292449">{{cite news |date=18 Oct 1965 |title=World's Fair Closes as Financial Flop |work=Los Angeles Times |pages=12 |issn=0458-3035 |id={{ProQuest|155292449}}}}</ref> The fair's final day was chaotic, with reports of vandalism and theft.<ref name="p914444914" /><ref name="p155292449" /> In total, the fair had recorded 51,607,448 admissions,<ref name="p155292449" /><ref name="Samuel p. 83">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=.|page=83}}</ref> seven million more than the 1939 fair and ten million more than [[Expo 58]].<ref name="Samuel p. 83"/><ref name=nyt-1965-10-17b>{{Cite news|last=Alden|first=Robert|date=1965-10-17|title=Despite Controversies, Attendance Passes All Other Expositions; World's Fair, Closing Today, to Establish Record With More Than 51 Million Visitors in 2 Years|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/10/17/archives/despite-controversies-attendance-passes-all-other-expositions.html|access-date=2024-06-05|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The GM and Vatican pavilions had been the most popular.<ref name="nyt-1965-10-17b" /> Nonetheless, the fair had a deficit of up to $40 million at the time of closure.<ref name="p1523533780">{{cite magazine |date=Oct 15, 1965 |title=Color Ny World's Fair Red To Cool Tune Of $40 Million |magazine=Women's Wear Daily |pages=8 |volume=111 |issue=75 |id={{ProQuest|1523533780}}}}</ref> ''The New York Times'' wrote that the fair had underperformed expectations in part because of Moses's stubborn attitude and refusal to take advice.<ref name="nyt-1965-10-17b" /> |
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===Westinghouse=== |
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[[File:Westinghouse 1964 exhibit.gif|thumb|upright|Westinghouse Pavilion]] |
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The [[Westinghouse Electric Corporation (1886)|Westinghouse Corporation]] planted a second [[time capsule]] next to an earlier 1939 version; today both [[Westinghouse Time Capsules]] are marked by a monument southwest of the Unisphere which is to be opened in the year 6939.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/flushing-meadows-corona-park/monuments/1552 |title=Flushing Meadows Corona Park Monuments – Time Capsule II Marker : NYC Parks |website=www.nycgovparks.org|access-date=October 26, 2019}}</ref> Some of its contents were a [[1965 Official Guide New York World's Fair|World's Fair Guidebook]], an [[electric toothbrush]], [[credit card]]s (relatively new at the time), and a 50-star [[United States flag]]. |
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== |
==Aftermath== |
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The [[Sinclair Oil Corporation]] sponsored "Dinoland", featuring life-size replicas of nine different [[dinosaur]]s, including the corporation's signature [[Brontosaurus]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Sinclair ... at nywf64.com |url=http://nywf64.com/sinclair06.shtml |publisher=nywf64.com |access-date=August 5, 2014}}</ref> The statues were created by [[Louis Paul Jonas]] Studios in [[Hudson, New York]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Sinclair's New York World's Fair (1964–65) "Dinoland" Pavilion |url=https://www.sinclairoil.com/history/worlds_fair_01.html |publisher=Sinclair Oil Corporation |access-date=August 5, 2014|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808062326/https://www.sinclairoil.com/history/worlds_fair_01.html |archive-date=August 8, 2014}}</ref><ref name="Dinoland1">(1) {{cite web |title=Sinclair at the New York World's Fair |work=1960s |url=https://www.sinclairoil.com/history/1960.html |publisher=[[Sinclair Oil Corporation]] |access-date=July 5, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505133148/https://www.sinclairoil.com/history/1960.html |archive-date=May 5, 2016}}<br />(2) {{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410041139/http://aoghs.org/oil-almanac/sinclair-dinosaur/ |archive-date=April 10, 2016 |url=http://aoghs.org/oil-almanac/sinclair-dinosaur/ |title=Dinosaur Fever – Sinclair's Icon |work=Petroleum History Almanac |publisher=American Oil & Gas Historical Society |location=Washington, D.C. |year=2016 |access-date=July 2, 2016}}<br />(3) {{cite web |publisher=Frank J. Leskovitz |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305024647/http://gombessa.tripod.com/scienceleadstheway/id32.html |archive-date=March 5, 2016 |url=http://gombessa.tripod.com/scienceleadstheway/id32.html |title=Sinclair Dinoland: New York World's Fair 1964–65 |work=Science Leads the Way |year=2016 |access-date=July 2, 2016}}</ref> They also contained a "space age" gas station with orbiting gas pumps shaped like rockets,<ref>[https://www.hemmings.com/blog/2016/06/15/midweek-matinee-sinclair-at-the-worlds-fair-1965/ "Midweek Matinee: Sinclair at the World's Fair, 1965", by Ed Heys (Hemmings Motor News; June 15th, 2016)]</ref> and a marine fuel station in the vicinity of the World's Fair Marina.<ref>[https://dissolve.com/video/Sinclair-created-floating-service-station-marina-royalty-free-stock-video-footage/001-D378-37-006 Sinclair created a floating service station at the marina at the New York World's Fair (RetroFootage; Dissolve)]</ref> |
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=== Demolition and site use === |
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===Ford=== |
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Moses predicted that the WFC would have to spend $11.6 million to clear the site.<ref name="p914444455a">{{cite news |last=O'Neill |first=Maureen |date=18 Oct 1965 |title=It Was Great Fun, But Not for Investors |work=Newsday |page=5 |issn=2574-5298 |id={{ProQuest|914444455}}}}</ref> He recommended that most pavilions be demolished after the fair ended.<ref name="Newsday 1965">{{cite news |date=March 4, 1965 |title=Moses Taps 2 Pavilions for Long Run |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-suffolk-edition-moses-taps-2-p/147513573/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240516194356/https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-suffolk-edition-moses-taps-2-p/147513573/ |archive-date=May 16, 2024 |access-date=May 16, 2024 |work=Newsday |page=4 |via=newspapers.com |issn=2574-5298 |id={{ProQuest|914411421}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |last=Alden |first=Robert |date=March 5, 1965 |title=Pavilions Listed for Future Uses; Moses Suggests Demolition of Many Noted Structures |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/03/05/archives/pavilions-listed-for-future-uses-moses-suggests-demolition-of-many.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240516194355/https://www.nytimes.com/1965/03/05/archives/pavilions-listed-for-future-uses-moses-suggests-demolition-of-many.html |archive-date=May 16, 2024 |access-date=May 16, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> By mid-1965, the WFC proposed preserving 19 structures,<ref name="p510830485" /><ref name="nyt-1965-08-01" /> while the remaining pavilions were offered to anyone who could afford to relocate it.<ref name="nyt-1965-08-01" /><ref name="p914378034" /> Several exhibitors chose to sell off their buildings due to the high cost of demolition,<ref name="Samuel p. 82">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=.|page=82}}</ref> including U.S. Steel and Thailand.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dougherty |first=Philip H. |date=1965-06-26 |title=For Sale at Fair: Tire Ahd Temple; Ferris Wheel and Exhibit of Thailand Seek Buyers |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/06/26/archives/for-sale-at-fair-tire-ahd-temple-ferris-wheel-and-exhibit-of.html |access-date=2024-06-03 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In other cases, exhibitors sold off the contents of their pavilions,<ref name="Samuel p. 81">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=.|page=81}}</ref> or people offered to salvage specific parts of pavilions.<ref name="nyt-1965-08-15" /> Any other buildings had to be demolished within 90 days of the fair's closure.<ref name="p510706863" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Knowles |first=Clayton |date=October 19, 1965 |title=City May Get U.S. and State Pavilions |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/10/19/archives/city-may-get-us-and-state-pavilions.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518173504/https://www.nytimes.com/1965/10/19/archives/city-may-get-us-and-state-pavilions.html |archive-date=May 18, 2024 |access-date=May 16, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="Samuel p. 84">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=.|page=84}}</ref>Most pavilions were demolished and dumped into Flushing Bay.<ref name="p133005094">{{cite news |last=Feinstein |first=Selwyn |date=14 Oct 1965 |title=Wreckers to Enter World's Fair Monday In Smashing Finale to Controversial Show |work=The Wall Street Journal |page=32 |issn=0099-9660 |id={{ProQuest|133005094}}}}</ref> Demolition began the day after the fair closed;<ref name="Samuel p. 84" /> by November, the site was filled with "rubbish and rats".<ref name="nyt-1965-11-28">{{Cite news |last=Brody |first=Jane E. |date=1965-11-28 |title=Rubbish and Rats Plague Fair Site; Workmen Combine Cleanup With Tear-Down Operation |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/11/28/archives/rubbish-and-rats-plague-fair-site-workmen-combine-cleanup-with.html |access-date=2024-06-03 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> |
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The [[Ford Motor Company]] introduced the Ford Mustang automobile to the public at its pavilion on April 17, 1964. The Ford pavilion featured the "Magic Skyway" ride, in which guests rode in Ford, Mercury, and Lincoln convertibles past scenes featuring [[dinosaur]]s and [[Caveman|cavemen]], concluding with a futuristic cityscape.<ref name="thehenryford.org">{{cite web |url=http://blog.thehenryford.org/2014/05/ford-meets-disney-at-the-magic-skyway/ |title=Ford Meets Disney at the Magic Skyway – Blog – The Henry Ford |website=blog.thehenryford.org}}</ref> The vehicles used were the [[Ford Mustang (first generation)|Mustang]], [[Ford Galaxie#1964|Galaxie]], [[Ford Thunderbird (fourth generation)|Thunderbird]], [[Ford Falcon (North America)#Second generation (1964–1965)|Falcon]], [[Mercury Park Lane#Second generation (1964–1968)|Mercury Park Lane]], [[Mercury Comet#Second generation (1964–1965)|Mercury Comet]] and [[Lincoln Continental]]. There were motorized wheels embedded in the track at intervals that would make contact with a metal plate attached to the bottom of each car, propelling it forward (a system that would later be reused on Disneyland's [[PeopleMover (Disneyland)|PeopleMover]]). After the Fair, the Audio-Animatronic dinosaurs would move to [[Disneyland]], becoming part of the [[Disneyland Railroad#Changes since 1960|Santa Fe & Disneyland Railroad]]'s "Primeval World" diorama in 1966,<ref name="thehenryford.org" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.yesterland.com/notgone.html |title=They Haven't Gone to Yesterland |website=www.yesterland.com}}</ref> while the vehicles were collected by Ford and sent to the Dearborn Headquarters where employees purchased the cars as used and at a discount. When the fair opened again for 1965, all-new vehicles were again used as convertibles only. |
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Moses also suggested that the [[Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority]] spend $6.3 million to convert the fairground into a park.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Alden |first=Robert |date=1965-08-19 |title=Moses Gives Plan on Fair Site Work; He Tells Executive Board Triborough Authority Will Undertake Revamping |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/08/19/archives/moses-gives-plan-on-fair-site-work-he-tells-executive-board.html |access-date=2024-06-04 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The city government took over Flushing Meadows Park from the WFC in June 1967,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Schumach |first1=Murray |date=June 4, 1967 |title=Moses Gives City Fair Site as Park; Flushing Meadows in Queens Becomes the 2d Biggest Recreation Area Here |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9F03E5D6123AE63ABC4C53DFB066838C679EDE&legacy=true |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171122062009/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9F03E5D6123AE63ABC4C53DFB066838C679EDE&legacy=true |archive-date=November 22, 2017 |access-date=March 28, 2017 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> though few improvements were made to the park for several years.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Weiss |first=Samuel |date=1972-09-10 |title=Future of the Fair Site Still Debated |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1972/09/10/archives/future-of-the-fair-site-still-debated.html |access-date=2024-06-04 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The paths and their names remained almost unchanged through the 21st century.<ref name="Columbia Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation 2015">{{cite web |date=May 3, 2015 |title=Flushing Meadows-Corona Park: Historic Preservation Studio |url=https://issuu.com/barrettreiter/docs/fmcp_hpstudioii2015_printedition_re |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401145529/https://issuu.com/barrettreiter/docs/fmcp_hpstudioii2015_printedition_re |archive-date=April 1, 2017 |access-date=March 31, 2017 |publisher=[[Columbia Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation]] |page=71}}</ref><!-- In the 1980s, there were proposals for an 1989 World's Fair on the Flushing Meadows site, marking the 1939 fair's 50th anniversary and the 1964 fair's 25th anniversary.<ref name="p535951001">{{Cite news |date=6 Apr 1981 |title=New Yorkers want '89 world's fair |work=The Sun |page=B6 |id={{pq|535951001}}}}</ref>--> |
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===DuPont=== |
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[[DuPont]] presented a musical review by composer [[Michael Brown (writer)|Michael Brown]] called ''[[The Wonderful World of Chemistry]]''. |
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=== Profitability and subsequent fairs === |
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===Parker Pen=== |
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Surplus revenue from the fair were to have been used for improving Flushing Meadows Park.<ref name="nyt-1960-11-04" /><ref name="p168511265" /> By the end of the fair, the WFC had defaulted on 60 percent of the bonds it had issued.<ref name="p914444455a" /><ref name="p270890325">{{Cite news |last=Alden |first=Robert |date=22 Dec 1965 |title=N.Y. World's Fair deep in debt, report cites bad management |work=The Globe and Mail |page=B2 |id={{Pq|270890325}}}}</ref> Many of the fair's restaurants [[Break-even (economics)|broke even]].<ref name="nyt-1965-10-14">{{Cite news |last=Alden |first=Robert |date=1965-10-14 |title=Restaurants at Fair Are Recouping 1964 Losses |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/10/14/archives/restaurants-at-fair-are-recouping-1964-losses.html |access-date=2024-06-04 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In part because of the 1964 fair's unprofitability, many industrial exhibitors were loath to sponsor major exhibits at Expo 67,<ref name="nyt-1965-06-25">{{Cite news |last=Alden |first=Robert |date=1965-06-25 |title=Fair's Costs Here Felt in Montreal; Exhibitors Show Reluctance to Sign Up for '67 Show |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/06/25/archives/fairs-costs-here-felt-in-montreal-exhibitors-show-reluctance-to.html |access-date=2024-06-04 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and two other American cities withdrew proposals for world's fairs in the 1960s and 1970s.<ref name="nyt-1965-08-16" /> Because of the "mistakes made in New York", Expo 67's organizers invested heavily in amusement attractions (which later became [[La Ronde (amusement park)|La Ronde]] amusement park), and they sought positive press coverage—a significant departure from Moses's approach.<ref name="p929686515">{{Cite news |last=Zel Lurie |first=Jesse |date=6 July 1965 |title=Montreal Expo Woos the press: Canadian World's Fair organizers learn from New York's mistakes |work=The Jerusalem Post |page=5 |id={{Pq|929686515}}}}</ref> |
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At the [[Parker Pen Company]]'s exhibit, a computer would make a match to an international [[penpal]]. |
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=== |
=== Remaining pavilions === |
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====Structures at Flushing Meadows–Corona Park==== |
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The [[Chunky (candy bar)|Chunky Candy Corporation]] put on what was a state-of-the-art, transparent display of candy manufacturing where visitors were able to view "all the steps in a highly automated process".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nywf64.com/chucan01.shtml |title=1964 New York World's Fair 1965 – Attractions – Chunky Candy – Page One |website=www.nywf64.com}}</ref> The Pavilion also included an interactive sculpture playground called "Sculpture Continuum", designed by [[Oliver O'Connor Barrett]]. |
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[[File:New York Worlds Fairgrounds.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of some remaining structures in Flushing Meadows in 2004, including the New York State Pavilion in the foreground and the Unisphere in the background]] |
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Preserved at the center of the park is the [[Unisphere]], which is a [[New York City designated landmark]].<ref>{{cite news|via=newspapers.com|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/38447505/|title=Unisphere nears landmark status|last=Avashti|first=Surabhi|date=May 15, 1995|work=New York Daily News|access-date=November 4, 2019|page=292|archive-date=January 23, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123222900/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/38447505/unisphere-nears-landmark-status/|url-status=live|postscript=none}}; {{Cite news|id={{ProQuest|430178599}} |title=Neighborhood Report: Flushing Meadows – Corona Park; Safe at Last |date=May 14, 1995 |page=13.8 |work=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The [[Column of Jerash]], an ancient column of Jordan, stands near the Unisphere,<ref name="Column of Jerash k278">{{cite web | title=Flushing Meadows Corona Park Monuments: Column of Jerash | website= NYC Parks | url=https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/flushing-meadows-corona-park/monuments/812 | access-date=May 20, 2024}}</ref> while a stone bench marking the site of the [[Vatican City|Vatican]] pavilion stands east of the main fountain.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Flushing Meadows Corona Park Monuments – Vatican Shrine |url=https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/flushing-meadows-corona-park/monuments/1623 |access-date=October 26, 2019 |website=NYC Parks}}</ref> Near the Unisphere is the New York City Pavilion, which hosts the [[Queens Museum]]<ref>{{Cite news|last=Cotter|first=Holland|date=November 7, 2013|title=A Local Place for a Global Neighborhood|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/08/arts/design/the-expanded-queens-museum-reopens.html|access-date=May 21, 2024|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="Spokesman u062">{{cite web |last=Harpaz |first=Beth J. |date=April 27, 2014 |title=Relics of the 1964 World's Fair reveal our fascination with outer space |url=https://www.spokesman.com/stories/2014/apr/27/relics-of-the-1964-worlds-fair-reveal-our/ |access-date=May 27, 2024 |website=Spokesman |agency=The Associated Press}}</ref> and continues to display ''[[Panorama of the City of New York]]'', created for the 1964 fair.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kilgannon|first=Corey|date=February 2, 2007|title=On the Town, Sized Down, Jazzed Up|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/02/arts/design/02pano.html|access-date=May 21, 2024|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Also nearby is the [[New York State Pavilion]], which is largely unused {{as of|2024|lc=y}};<ref>{{cite web |last=Chayes |first=Matthew |date=April 27, 2024 |title=Restoration aims to restore luster of decaying 1964 World's Fair pavilion |url=https://www.newsday.com/news/new-york/1964-worlds-fair-nuvob91o |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429135330/https://www.newsday.com/news/new-york/1964-worlds-fair-nuvob91o |archive-date=April 29, 2024 |access-date=April 29, 2024 |website=Newsday |issn=2574-5298}}</ref> the State Pavilion's former Theaterama is used by the [[Queens Theatre in the Park]].<ref name="NYDN Queens Theatre">{{Cite news |last=Ruiz |first=Albor |date=July 21, 1997 |title=Swing Thru Latin America Via Fest |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/archives/boroughs/swing-latin-america-fest-article-1.774979 |access-date=April 5, 2017 |work=New York Daily News |language=en}}</ref> The U.S. Post Office pavilion became a skating rink,<ref>{{Cite news |date=March 3, 1978 |title=Skate Rink Gets Rolling in Flushing Meadows |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-skate-rink-gets-rolling-in-fl/147582518/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520144402/https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-skate-rink-gets-rolling-in-fl/147582518/ |archive-date=May 20, 2024 |access-date=May 17, 2024 |work=New York Daily News |pages=348 |via=newspapers.com |issn=2692-1251}}</ref> then a warehouse.<ref name="Post Office">{{cite web |date=December 27, 2022 |title=U.S. Post Office |url=https://www.worldsfairphotos.com/nywf64/post-office.htm |access-date=June 1, 2024 |website=The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair}}</ref> |
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In the northwestern part of the park, the [[New York Hall of Science]] was preserved as a museum<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1966/09/22/archives/hopeful-future-museum-but-citys-hall-of-science-still-retains-aura.html |title=Hopeful Future Museum; But City's Hall of Science Still Retains Aura Reminiscent of the World's Fair |date=September 22, 1966 |access-date=April 6, 2008 |first=Walter |last=Sullivan |work=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="Spokesman u062" /> and was expanded in 2004.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Rothstein|first=Edward|date=November 24, 2004|title=From Internet Arm Wrestling to the Magic of Math|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/11/24/arts/design/from-internet-arm-wrestling-to-the-magic-of-math.html|access-date=May 21, 2024|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The Hall of Science includes two rockets from the fair's Space Park.<ref name="Spokesman u062" /><ref name="Framework Appendix">{{cite book |title=Flushing Meadows Corona Park Strategic Framework Plan |author=Quennell Rothschild & Partners |author2=Smith-Miller + Hawkinson Architects |chapter=Appendix: The History of Flushing Meadows Corona Park |url=https://www.nycgovparks.org/sub_your_park/vt_flushing_meadows/presentation/07appendix.pdf |publisher=[[New York City Department of Parks and Recreation]] |access-date=November 12, 2017 |pages=53}}</ref> The World's Fair Building and Winston Churchill Tribute became the [[aviary]] for the [[Queens Zoo]].<ref name="nyt-1993-01-03">{{Cite news |last=Gray |first=Christopher |date=1993-01-03 |title=Streetscapes: The Queens Aviary; A Great Outside Interior Space |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/01/03/realestate/streetscapes-the-queens-aviary-a-great-outside-interior-space.html |access-date=2024-06-01 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="p511663957">{{cite news |date=July 8, 1974 |title=World Fair tarries at New York park site: Fixtures torn out |work=The Christian Science Monitor |page=3B |issn=0882-7729 |id={{ProQuest|511663957}}}}</ref> Nearby is the [[Flushing Meadows Carousel]].<ref name="Spokesman u062" /><ref name="Time Out New York q980">{{cite web | title=Flushing Meadows Carousel | website=Time Out New York Kids | date=July 3, 2012 | url=https://www.timeout.com/new-york-kids/attractions/flushing-meadows-carousel | access-date=May 21, 2024}}</ref> The Port Authority heliport and pavilion became [[Terrace on the Park]], a banquet hall.<ref name="Doda 2011 n715">{{cite web |last=Doda |first=Bob |date=September 9, 2011 |title=The 'Wow' Factor at Terrace on the Park |url=https://qns.com/2011/09/the-wow-factor-at-terrace-on-the-park/ |access-date=May 22, 2024 |website=QNS}}</ref><ref name="nyt-2014-04-16">{{Cite news |last=Dunlap |first=David W. |date=2014-04-16 |title=World's Fair Showed a Different Side of the Port Authority |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/17/nyregion/worlds-fair-brought-out-port-authoritys-whimsical-side.html |access-date=2024-05-27 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="Marzlock 2018">{{cite web |last=Marzlock |first=Ron |date=2018-08-16 |title=What was a heliport is now Terrace On The Park |url=https://www.qchron.com/qboro/i_have_often_walked/what-was-a-heliport-isnow-terrace-on-the-park/article_7cc67417-f091-5945-9a96-250f79f4ed45.html |access-date=May 22, 2024 |website=Queens Chronicle}}</ref> The [[World's Fair Marina]], built for the 1939 fair and expanded for the 1964 fair,<ref>{{Cite news |date=1964-04-17 |title=Pleasure Boat News; World's Fair Marina Has Space For Boat‐Owning Fans of Mets |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/17/archives/pleasure-boat-news-worlds-fair-marina-has-space-for-boatowning-fans.html |access-date=2024-05-23 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> still operates along Flushing Bay.<ref name="Marinas l738">{{cite web |title=Marinas : World's Fair Marina : NYC Parks |url=https://www.nycgovparks.org/facilities/marinas/13 |access-date=May 23, 2024 |website=New York City Department of Parks & Recreation}}</ref> A plaque marks the site of the Garden of Meditation.<ref>{{cite web |title=Flushing Meadows Corona Park Monuments |url=https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/flushing-meadows-corona-park/monuments/570 |access-date=June 1, 2024 |website=Garden of Meditation : NYC Parks}}</ref> Other buildings remained for several years before being demolished. The Travel and Transportation Pavilion was destroyed in 1967 after a failed conversion to a [[fire station]], and the Federal Pavilion was demolished in 1977 after extensive deterioration.<ref name="Cotter Young">{{Harvnb|Cotter|Young|2008|pages=55, 67|ps=.}}</ref><ref name="Columbia Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation 2015" /> The Aquacade amphitheater, originally built for the 1939 fair,<ref name="p511663957" /> also decayed extensively<ref name="New York Daily News h163">{{cite web |date=April 3, 1995 |title=Bid to Salvage Aquacade |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/1995/04/03/bid-to-salvage-aquacade/ |access-date=May 22, 2024 |website=New York Daily News |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |last=Holloway |first=Lynette |date=1995-06-06 |title=Love in the Ruins; Preservationists Fight to Save Crumbling Queens Aquacade |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/06/06/nyregion/love-in-the-ruins-preservationists-fight-to-save-crumbling-queens-aquacade.html |access-date=2024-05-22 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and was ultimately demolished in 1996.<ref name="Marzlock j896">{{cite web |last=Marzlock |first=Ron |date=March 22, 2012 |title=The fair's million-dollar Aquacade |url=https://www.qchron.com/qboro/i_have_often_walked/the-fair-s-million-dollar-aquacade/article_185ee7eb-bb73-52f4-84a3-b537ebba079a.html |access-date=May 22, 2024 |website=Queens Chronicle}}</ref> The [[Singer Bowl]] became a sports venue.<ref name="p511663957" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=February 28, 1971 |title=City to Repair Old Singer Bowl on Fair Grounds |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1971/02/28/archives/city-to-repair-old-singer-bowl-on-fair-grounds.html |access-date=May 20, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The [[Louis Armstrong Stadium (1978–2016)|Louis Armstrong Stadium]] replaced half of the Singer Bowl in 1977, while the remainder of the venue was preserved as a [[grandstand]],<ref name="Carpenter 2015 b724">{{cite web |last=Carpenter |first=Les |date=September 12, 2015 |title=Grand finale: US Open's irreplaceable Grandstand readies for the wrecking ball |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2015/sep/12/grand-finale-us-opens-irreplaceable-grandstand-readies-for-the-wrecking-ball |access-date=May 20, 2024 |website=the Guardian}}</ref> which was razed in 2016.<ref>{{cite web |date=August 27, 2018 |title=Janis and Jimi Jamming at the Singer Bowl |url=https://www.villagevoice.com/janis-and-jimi-jamming-at-the-singer-bowl/ |access-date=May 20, 2024 |website=The Village Voice}}</ref> |
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==Films== |
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[[File:Johnson Wax Pavilion.jpg|thumb|Original appearance of the Golden Rondelle at the 1964-65 World's Fair]] |
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The fair was also a showplace for independent films. One of the most noted was a religious film titled ''[[Parable (film)|Parable]]'' which showed at the [[Protestant]] Pavilion. It depicted humanity as a traveling circus and [[Jesus Christ]] as a clown.<ref>[[IMDbTitle:0320239|Parable (1964) – IMDb]]</ref> This marked the beginning of a new depiction of Jesus<ref name="artsandfaith.com">{{cite web |url=http://artsandfaith.com/index.php?showtopic=6350 |title=The films of Rolf Forsberg |publisher=Arts and Faith |access-date=August 21, 2010}}</ref> and was the inspiration for the 1971 musical ''[[Godspell]]''. ''Parable'' later went on to be honored at [[Cannes]], as well as the [[Edinburgh Film Festival]] and [[Venice Film Festival]].<ref name="artsandfaith.com" /> Another religious film was presented by evangelist [[Billy Graham]] called ''[[Man in the 5th Dimension]]''. It was shot in the [[70mm]] [[Todd-AO]] widescreen process for exclusive presentation in a specially designed theater equipped with audio equipment that enabled viewers to listen to the film in Chinese, French, German, Japanese, Russian, and Spanish.<ref>[http://www.in70mm.com/news/2005/5th_dimension/chapters/credits.htm "Man in the 5th Dimension"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525223201/http://www.in70mm.com/news/2005/5th_dimension/chapters/credits.htm |date=May 25, 2011}}. ''The 70mm Newsletter''.</ref> The 13-½ minute film ''[[Man's Search for Happiness]]'' was made for the [[Mormon]] Pavilion.<ref>[https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/ensign/1989/10/legacy-of-the-mormon-pavilion?lang=eng "Legacy of the Mormon Pavilion – Ensign October 1989"]. churchofjesuschrist.org. Retrieved April 4, 2012.</ref> |
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====Structures relocated==== |
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The surprise hit of the fair was a non-commercial movie short presented by the [[S. C. Johnson & Son]] company called ''[[To Be Alive!]]''. The film celebrated the joy of life found worldwide and in all cultures, and it won a special award from the [[New York Film Critics Circle]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nyfcc.com/awards/?cat=6 |title=Awards – New York Film Critics Circle – NYFCC |website=www.nyfcc.com}}</ref> and the 1966 [[Academy Award for Best Documentary (Short Subject)]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1966 |title=The 38th Academy Awards (1966) Nominees and Winners |access-date=May 5, 2016 |work=oscars.org}}</ref> The [[Golden Rondelle Theater]] designed for the movie's exhibition at the fair was later moved to the company's headquarters in [[Racine, Wisconsin]], where it remains in service today.<ref name="SCJ">{{cite web|title=The Golden Rondelle and SC Johnson Films|url=http://scjohnson.com/en/company/architecture/golden-rondelle.aspx|publisher=S. C. Johnson & Son|accessdate=July 1, 2015}}</ref> |
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[[File:Stone Mountain Carillon.jpg|alt=View of the former Coca-Coca Pavilion's carillon at Stone Mountain in Georgia|thumb|The Coca-Coca Pavilion's carillon was moved to Stone Mountain in Georgia.<ref name="Gay 2014 r987">{{cite web |last=Gay |first=Gale Horton |date=March 19, 2014 |title=Woods and hills are alive with music; 732-bell carillon is Stone Mountain Park's hidden treasure |url=https://thechampionnewspaper.com/woods-and-hills-are-alive-with-music-732-bell-carillon-is-stone-mountain-parks-hidden-treasure/ |access-date=May 23, 2024 |website=The Champion Newspaper}}</ref>]] |
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Other structures were relocated at the end of the fair.<ref name="p510830485">{{cite news |last=Hornaday |first=Mary |date=September 23, 1965 |title=World's Fair plans for closing curtain: Pavilions to move |work=The Christian Science Monitor |page=11 |issn=0882-7729 |id={{ProQuest|510830485}}}}</ref> Of the international exhibits, Austria's pavilion became a [[ski lodge]] in western New York;<ref>{{cite web | title=Fire destroys historic pavilion at Cockaigne | website=WBFO | date=January 25, 2011 | url=https://www.wbfo.org/2011-01-25/fire-destroys-historic-pavilion-at-cockaigne | access-date=June 3, 2024}}</ref> the Paris pavilion became a bowling alley in [[East Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania]];<ref name="Paris">{{cite web |date=December 27, 2022 |title=Paris |url=https://www.worldsfairphotos.com/nywf64/paris.htm |access-date=May 30, 2024 |website=The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair}}</ref> Malaysia's pavilion was donated to the [[University of Plano]];<ref name="JC 2020">{{cite book |last=Jacobs |first=Mary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OoLNDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA89 |title=Hidden History of Plano |last2=Campbell |first2=Jeff |publisher=History Press |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-4396-6935-8 |series=Hidden History |page=89}}</ref> Japan's pavilion went to [[Manhattanville College]];<ref>{{Cite news |date=1965-10-13 |title=Japan Giving Fair Pavilion to Manhattanville College |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/10/13/archives/japan-giving-fair-pavilion-to-manhattanville-college.html |access-date=2024-06-04 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and Spain's pavilion was relocated to a hotel in [[St. Louis, Missouri]].<ref name="Sage 2022 k210">{{cite web |date=September 17, 2022 |title=What was the Spanish Pavilion? |url=https://www.stlmag.com/history/st-louis-sage/what-was-the-spanish-pavilion/ |access-date=May 23, 2024 |website=St. Louis Magazine}}</ref> In the state area, the [[Wisconsin Pavilion]] became a radio station in [[Neillsville, Wisconsin]],<ref name="Mohr 2024 w896">{{cite web |last=Mohr |first=Toby |date=April 21, 2024 |title=1964 World's Fair Pavilion carrying on Wisconsin tradition 60 years later |url=https://www.wqow.com/news/1964-worlds-fair-pavilion-carrying-on-wisconsin-tradition-60-years-later/article_a8f5f4d2-0035-11ef-a870-4b5f4c152956.html |access-date=May 23, 2024 |website=WQOW}}</ref> and the New England Pavilion was moved to a mall in [[South Portland, Maine]].<ref name="Collins">{{cite news |last1=Collins |first1=Kate Irish |date=August 12, 2016 |title=South Portland's Maine Mall area to get another hotel |url=http://www.theforecaster.net/south-portlands-maine-mall-area-to-get-another-hotel/ |access-date=May 6, 2017 |work=The Forecaster}}</ref> The [[Golden Rondelle Theater]] was moved to the city of [[Racine, Wisconsin]].<ref name="Roberts 2024 a585">{{cite web |last=Roberts |first=Lee B. |date=May 16, 2024 |title=Golden Rondelle Theater is an architectural gem |url=https://journaltimes.com/lifestyles/treasures/golden-rondelle-theater-is-an-architectural-gem/article_c2163d68-1c3e-5c7f-bd7b-95ccb55451be.html |access-date=May 23, 2024 |website=Journal Times}}</ref> Of the religious pavilions, the Christian Science pavilion was moved to [[Poway, California]],<ref name="Pomerado News j350">{{cite web |date=May 17, 2006 |title=Unique Poway church to be torn town |url=https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/pomerado-news/sdpn-unique-poway-church-to-be-torn-town-2006may17-story.html |access-date=May 23, 2024 |website=Pomerado News}}</ref> while the Mormon pavilion became an LDS temple in [[Plainville, New York]].<ref name="Schwarting 1999 l992">{{cite web |last=Schwarting |first=Donna |date=1999-12-04 |title=Legacy of Mormon Pavilion recounted during rededication |url=https://www.thechurchnews.com/1999/12/4/23247486/legacy-of-mormon-pavilion-recounted-during-rededication/ |access-date=May 23, 2024 |website=Church News}}</ref> The [[United States Rubber Company|US Royal]] Ferris wheel became the [[Uniroyal Giant Tire]] in [[Allen Park, Michigan]].<ref name=":2">{{cite news |last=Patton |first=Phil |title=When Cars Ruled the World's Fair |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/13/automobiles/collectibles/when-cars-ruled-the-worlds-fair.html |access-date=April 12, 2014 |newspaper=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331 |date=April 11, 2014}}</ref><ref name="Brush2015">{{cite web |last=Brush |first=Mark |date=May 22, 2015 |title=Here's what it's like inside and on top of the Giant Uniroyal Tire |url=https://www.michiganpublic.org/offbeat/2015-05-22/heres-what-its-like-inside-and-on-top-of-the-giant-uniroyal-tire |access-date=May 27, 2024 |website=Michigan Public}}</ref> |
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In some cases, only part of a pavilion was preserved due to the high cost of preserving the full pavilion.<ref name=nyt-1965-08-15>{{Cite news|last=Alden|first=Robert|date=1965-08-15|title=Wreckers to Get Fair's Ornaments; Cost of Salvage Is Too High for Individual Sales|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/08/15/archives/wreckers-to-get-fairs-ornaments-cost-of-salvage-is-too-high-for.html|access-date=2024-06-04|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Part of the [[Vatican City|Vatican]] pavilion was moved to Saint Mary Mother of the Redeemer Church in [[Groton, Connecticut]],<ref name="Cedrone 2015 i789">{{cite web | last=Cedrone | first=Sarajane | title=Connecticut at the New York World's Fair | website=Connecticut Explored | date=October 7, 2015 | url=https://www.ctexplored.org/connecticut-at-the-new-york-worlds-fair/ | access-date=May 23, 2024}}</ref> while the [[Coca-Cola]] pavilion's carillon was moved to [[Stone Mountain]] near [[Atlanta]], Georgia.<ref name="Gay 2014 r987" /> The [[Railroad Museum of Long Island]] in [[Riverhead, New York]], inherited the LIRR pavilion's miniature railway,<ref name="x435">{{cite web |last=Criblez |first=David J. |date=August 20, 2018 |title=Railroad Festival comes to LI |url=https://www.newsday.com/entertainment/railroad-festival-riverhead-f55948 |access-date=May 24, 2024 |website=Newsday}}</ref> and the [[IBM]] pavilion's [[Mathematica: A World of Numbers... and Beyond|''Mathematica: A World of Numbers... and Beyond'']] exhibit is at the [[Henry Ford Museum of American Innovation]] in [[Dearborn, Michigan]].<ref name="Sharp 2017 w752">{{cite web |last=Sharp |first=Sarah Rose |date=November 9, 2017 |title=Henry Ford's 'Mathematica' makes math beautiful, fun and engaging |url=https://www.freep.com/story/entertainment/arts/2017/11/09/mathematica-exhibit-henry-ford-museum-math/841122001/ |access-date=May 23, 2024 |website=Detroit Free Press}}</ref> Travelers Insurance sent one ''Triumph of Man''exhibit to the [[COSI]] museum in [[Columbus, Ohio]].<ref name="p548934554">{{cite news |last=Gault |first=Webster |date=13 Oct 1965 |title=Columbus, Ohio, Given Travelers Fair Exhibit |work=The Hartford Courant |page=32 |issn=1047-4153 |id={{ProQuest|548934554}}}}</ref> Arches from the [[General Mills]] pavilion were sent to [[Warwick, Rhode Island]]; [[Huntsville, Ohio]]; and [[West Hempstead, New York]].<ref>For the Warwick arch, see {{cite web |date=September 26, 2016 |title=Repainted, the symbolic Rocky Point "arch" is unveiled |url=https://www.997wpro.com/2016/09/26/repainted-the-symbolic-rocky-point-arch-is-unveiled/ |access-date=June 1, 2024 |website=WPRO}} For the Huntsville arch, see {{cite web |last=Kuhar |first=Mark S. |date=May 1, 2011 |title=iQuarry: Ohio's Duff Quarry can operate its plant on the go with an iPad, and that's only one of its many creative ideas and innovations. |url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/iQuarry%3A+Ohio%27s+Duff+Quarry+can+operate+its+plant+on+the+go+with+an...-a0324205536 |access-date=June 1, 2024 |work=Rock Products |via=Free Online Library}} For the West Hempstead arch, see {{cite web |last=Grant |first=Nakeem |date=November 15, 2018 |title=Renovations completed at Cherry Valley Shopping Center in West Hempstead |url=https://www.liherald.com/stories/renovations-completed-at-cherry-valley-shopping-center-in-west-hempstead,109093 |access-date=June 1, 2024 |website=Herald Community Newspapers}}</ref> The dinosaur replicas from the [[Sinclair Oil Corporation|Sinclair Oil]] pavilion were also dispersed across the U.S.<ref name="Sinclair e177">{{cite web |date=December 27, 2022 |title=Sinclair |url=https://www.worldsfairphotos.com/nywf64/sinclair.htm |access-date=May 27, 2024 |website=The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair}}</ref> |
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==Disney influence== |
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[[File:Fountains, NY Worlds Fair '64.JPG|thumb|Fountains and a reflecting pool mark the approach to the Unisphere.]] |
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The fair is remembered as the venue that [[Walt Disney]] used to design and perfect his system of "[[Audio-Animatronics]]", in which electromechanical actuators and computers control the movement of lifelike robots to act out scenes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.magicalkingdoms.com/blog/2008/07/08/the-history-of-disneys-audio-animatronics/ |title=The History of Disney's Audio Animatronics |date=July 8, 2008}}</ref> [[Walt Disney Imagineering|WED Enterprises]] designed and created four shows at the fair: |
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* "Pepsi-Cola Presents Walt Disney's '[[It's a Small World]]'—a Salute to [[UNICEF]] and the World's Children" at the [[Pepsi-Cola]] pavilion: Animated dolls and animals frolicked in a spirit of international unity accompanying a boat ride around the world. The song was written by the [[Sherman Brothers]]. |
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* [[General Electric]] sponsored "Progressland" where audiences were seated in a series of ring-shaped revolving auditoriums called the "[[Carousel of Progress]]", where they viewed an audio-animatronic presentation of the historical progress of electrical technology in the home. The [[Sherman Brothers]] composed the theme song "[[There's a Great Big Beautiful Tomorrow]]" for this attraction. The highlight of the exhibit demonstrated a brief plasma "explosion" of controlled [[nuclear fusion]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nywf64.com/genele08.shtml|title=1964 New York World's Fair 1965 – Attractions – General Electric – Page Eight}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldsfairphotos.com/nywf64/general-electric-2.htm|title = The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair – General Electric}}</ref> |
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* [[Ford Motor Company]] presented "Ford's Magic Skyway", a WED Imagineering-designed pavilion which was the second-most popular exhibit at the fair. It featured 354 1964 and 1965 Ford, Mercury and Lincoln [[convertible]] vehicles with the engines, transmissions and gas tanks removed, including the all-new Mustang, in an early prototype of what became the [[PeopleMover]] ride system. Audience members entered the vehicles on the main platform as they moved slowly along the track. The ride moved the audience through scenes featuring life-sized, audio-animatronic dinosaurs and cavemen concluding with a diorama of a futuristic city. When the fair opened again in 1965, the vehicles were updated to 1965 models of the same convertible models. A video compilation was released using sketches from the original project. |
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* At the [[Illinois]] pavilion, a lifelike President [[Abraham Lincoln]] recited his famous speeches in "[[Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln]]", voiced by [[Royal Dano]]. |
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Several attractions at the 1964 fair became amusement park rides. The [[General Electric|GE]] pavilion's [[Walt Disney's Carousel of Progress|Progressland]] carousel was moved to the [[Magic Kingdom]] theme park at [[Walt Disney World]] in [[Bay Lake, Florida]];<ref name="Dunne Pilcher 2021 q579">{{cite web |last=Dunne |first=Samantha |last2=Pilcher |first2=Ken |date=September 27, 2021 |title='May the century begin:' History behind Walt Disney's Carousel of Progress |url=https://www.clickorlando.com/news/local/2021/09/27/may-the-century-begin-history-behind-walt-disneys-carousel-of-progress/ |access-date=May 23, 2024 |website=WKMG}}</ref> the [[It's a Small World]] ride was shipped to [[Disneyland]] in [[Anaheim, California]];<ref name="Designing Disney s986">{{cite web |date=April 22, 1964 |title=The 1964 New York World's Fair |url=https://www.designingdisney.com/parks/disneyland-paris/disneyland-park/fantasyland/designing-its-small-world-1964-new-york-worlds-fair/ |access-date=May 24, 2024 |website=Designing Disney}}</ref> and the [[Skyride (Six Flags Great Adventure)|Swiss Skyride]] was moved to [[Six Flags Great Adventure]] in [[Jackson Township, New Jersey]].<ref name="Davis 2014 y670">{{cite web |last=Davis |first=Mike |date=July 1, 2014 |title=Six Flags Great Adventure celebrates 40 years days before new thrill ride Zumanjaro opens |url=https://www.nj.com/mercer/2014/07/six_flags_great_adventure_celebrates_40th_anniversary_days_before_record-breaking_zumanjaro_opens.html |access-date=May 24, 2024 |website=nj}}</ref> The Belgian Village carousel became [[Carousel#1880–1889|Le Galopant]] at [[La Ronde (amusement park)|La Ronde]] in [[Montreal]], Quebec,<ref name="Berube 2017 e133">{{cite web |last=Bérubé |first=Martin |date=January 29, 2017 |title=Carrousel de la Ronde, le Galopant à 132 ans et ne fait pas son âge |trans-title=Carousel of La Ronde, the Galopant is 132 years old and does not look its age |url=https://proposmontreal.com/index.php/le-galopant-132-ans-de-carrousel/ |access-date=May 24, 2024 |website=ProposMontréal |language=fr}}</ref> though the ride no longer operates {{As of|2023|lc=y}}.<ref name="CBC 2023 k118">{{cite web |date=June 9, 2023 |title=After sitting unused for 4 years, historic Montreal carousel may never go round again |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/carousel-le-galopant-montreal-1.6871664 |access-date=May 24, 2024 |website=CBC}}</ref> |
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WED also created the {{convert|120|ft|m|adj=mid|-high}} ''Tower of the Four Winds'' which was located at the ''It's a Small World'' pavilion. In addition, costumed versions of Walt Disney's famous cartoon characters roamed around the fairgrounds and interacted with guests. After the fair, there was some discussion of [[The Walt Disney Company]] retaining these exhibits on-site and converting Flushing Meadows Park into an East Coast version of Disneyland, but this idea was abandoned. Instead, Disney relocated several of the exhibits to [[Disneyland Park (Anaheim)|Disneyland]] in [[Anaheim, California]], and subsequently replicated them at other Disney theme parks. [[Walt Disney World]] near [[Orlando, Florida]], which opened with [[Magic Kingdom]] in 1971, is essentially the realization of the original concept of an "East Coast Disneyland"; [[Epcot]], which opened in 1982, was designed as a permanent world's fair.<ref>{{cite web |last=Morison |first=Elting E. |title=What Went Wrong with Disney's Worlds Fair |url=http://www.americanheritage.com/content/what-went-wrong-disney%E2%80%99s-worlds-fair |work=American Heritage |publisher=American Heritage Publishing Company |access-date=May 1, 2012 |date=December 1983}}</ref> |
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== |
== Impact == |
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===Reception=== |
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The fair featured an official band, the [[Cities Service]]'s World's Band of America (C.S.W.F.B.A.) conducted by [[Paul Lavalle]]. It was a 50-piece group, operating seven days a week, on location 7 to 9 hours a day.<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 23, 1964 |title=Music: A Listener's Fill; Fair Has an Official Band, Many Other Ensembles and a Brand-New Suite |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/23/archives/music-a-listeners-fill-fair-has-an-official-band-many-other.html |access-date=March 21, 2022 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> They toured the fairgrounds on a 72-foot long bandwagon that went into a V-shape when performing. The opening day's big musical performance was Lavalle conducting a 94-piece orchestra in the world premiere of [[Ferde Grofé]]'s "World's Fair Suite" commissioned by [[Robert Moses]]. Moses had previously commissioned Grofé to compose the theme for his [[1939 New York World's Fair]]. Mr. Grofé was present, listening from a wheelchair, having suffered a stroke in 1961. His score was in five movements—"Unisphere", "International", "Fun at the Fair", "Pavilions of Industry" and "National". Numerous other ensembles performed throughout the fair, including [[Guy Lombardo]] and the [[United States Marine Band]].<ref>"Music: A listener's Fill" ''[[New York Times]]''. April 23, 1964. p. 31.</ref> |
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==== Contemporary ==== |
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==Amusement attractions== |
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Before the fair opened, ''[[The Washington Post]]'' called the fair a "mixed boon" to New York City because BIE members had boycotted the fair.<ref name="p141392737">{{cite news |date=20 Feb 1961 |title=World's Fair Mixed Boon To New York |work=The Washington Post, Times Herald |page=A3 |issn=0190-8286 |id={{ProQuest|141392737}}}}</ref> The differing architectural styles of the fair attracted criticism even before the official opening.<ref name="p132703509" /><ref name="Samuel p. 99" /> John Canaday of ''The New York Times'' wrote in 1961 that he would be surprised if the fair were not "a mess and disaster architecturally".<ref name="nyt-1961-07-30">{{Cite news |last=Canaday |first=John |date=1961-07-30 |title=The World's Fair; Architects and Critics See a Monster Developing for 1964–65 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1961/07/30/archives/the-worlds-fair-architects-and-critics-see-a-monster-developing-for.html |access-date=2024-05-24 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In late 1963, just before the fair opened, an [[Associated Press]] reporter wrote that the 1964 fair was "a big city cousin to the familiar county fair" but that it was also becoming one of the United States' most comprehensive exhibits of industries and businesses.<ref name="p1522492960" /> A British newspaper called the fair "a great big grown-up Disneyland".<ref name="Newsweek 1964a p. 43" /> |
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When the fair opened, ''Life'' and ''Ebony'' magazines called it one of mankind's largest expositions, and ''Newsweek'' wrote that the attractions and pavilions were "hard to resist".<ref name="Samuel p. 38" /> Several writers criticized the large number of industrial exhibits at the fair, and observers also complained about the wastefulness of the pavilions' temporary nature.<ref name="Samuel pp. 95–96">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=.|pages=95–96}}</ref> There was also negative commentary on the conflicting architectural styles.<ref name="Bernstein 2014">{{cite web |last=Bernstein |first=Fred A. |date=April 18, 2014 |title=Architects Remember the '64–65 World's Fair |url=https://www.architecturalrecord.com/articles/3121-architects-remember-the-64-65-worlds-fair |access-date=May 31, 2024 |website=Architectural Record}}</ref><ref name="Samuel p. 42; Tirella pp. 208–209">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=|page=42}}; {{harvnb|Tirella|2013|ps=.|pages=208–209}}</ref> [[Ada Louise Huxtable]] of ''[[The New York Times]]'' wrote that the fair was architecturally "grotesque",<ref name="Bernstein 2014" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=April 22, 1964 |title=Architecture:Chaos of Good, Bad and Joyful; Grotesque Contrasts, Wholly Unplanned, Give Fair Charm; Few Ideas Are New—State Pavilion Is Star of Show |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/22/archives/architecturechaos-of-good-bad-and-joyful-grotesque-contrasts-wholly.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240512191449/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/22/archives/architecturechaos-of-good-bad-and-joyful-grotesque-contrasts-wholly.html |archive-date=May 12, 2024 |access-date=May 12, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> while other critics lambasted the structures as befitting [[Coney Island]] or a [[street fair]].<ref name="Samuel p. 42">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=.|page=42}}</ref> The critic [[Vincent Scully Jr.]] derided the fair in a ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]'' magazine article, "If This Is Architecture, God Help Us".<ref name="Bernstein 2014" /><ref name="Samuel p. 42; Tirella pp. 208–209" /> Conversely, ''Time'' magazine wrote in June 1964 that the fair had "grace and substance" despite the presence of some "tacky" attractions,<ref name="Samuel p. 42" /><ref name="Time 1964 p823">{{cite web |date=June 5, 1964 |title=Fairs: The World of Already |url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,938607-1,00.html |access-date=May 30, 2024 |website=Time}}</ref> a sentiment repeated in [[The Atlanta Journal-Constitution|''The Atlanta Journal-Constitution'']].<ref name="p1636074933" /> The [[American Institute of Architects]] gave awards to several pavilions for "excellence in design".<ref>{{Cite news |date=1964-11-12 |title=Architects Praise 4 Pavilions at Fair |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/11/12/archives/architects-praise-4-pavilions-at-fair.html |access-date=2024-06-03 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> A ''[[Newsday]]'' reporter described the fair as "both garish and subtle, tawdry and tasteful, ephemeral and lasting".<ref name="p914374708" /> |
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One of the fair's major crowd-attracting and financial shortcomings was the absence of a [[Midway (fair)|midway]]. The fair's organizers were opposed on principle to the [[honky-tonk]] atmosphere engendered by midways, and this omission was another thing that had irked the BIE, which insisted that all officially sanctioned fairs have a midway. What amusements the fair actually hosted often failed to attract crowds. The Meadow Lake Amusement Area was not easily accessible, and officials objected to shows being advertised. |
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==== Retrospective ==== |
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Furthermore, although the Amusement Area was supposed to remain open for four hours after the exhibits closed at 10pm, the fair presented a fountain-and-fireworks show every night at 9:00 at the Pool of Industry. Fairgoers would see this show and then leave the fair rather than head to the Amusement Area, and few people remained on the fairgrounds by midnight. |
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A ''Bloomberg'' reporter wrote in 2013 that, although the 1964 World's Fair was ostensibly themed to "peace through understanding", it was dominated by its corporate exhibitors.<ref name="Byrnes 2013 o626">{{cite web |last=Byrnes |first=Mark |date=October 17, 2013 |title=New York's 1964 World's Fair Was Actually Something of a Failure |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-10-17/new-york-s-1964-world-s-fair-was-actually-something-of-a-failure |access-date=May 23, 2024 |website=Bloomberg.com}}</ref> For the fair's 50th anniversary, ''Smithsonian Magazine'' wrote that the fair's "limitless faith in material and social progress" had been counteracted by social upheaval in the U.S. that took place during the mid-1960s.<ref name="Abel 2014 v185">{{cite web |last=Abel |first=Allen |date=August 20, 2014 |title=The Great Big, Beautiful Tomorrow |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/air-space-magazine/great-big-beautiful-tomorrow-180952395/ |access-date=May 27, 2024 |website=Smithsonian Magazine}}</ref> |
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=== Influence === |
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The fair's big entertainment spectacles, including the ''Wonder World'' at the Meadow Lake Amphitheater, ''To Broadway with Love'' in the Texas Pavilion, and [[Dick Button]]'s ''Ice-travaganza'' in the New York City Pavilion, all were closed prematurely with heavy financial losses. It became apparent that fairgoers did not go to the fair to watch "entertainment" programs, especially as there was plenty of entertainment in Manhattan.<ref>"But Where's the Fun? Lost in a $7 Million Fiasco" ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]''. August 7, 1964. pp. 85–87.</ref> |
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The fair was credited with increasing [[tourism in New York City]] even before the formal opening.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1964-05-14 |title=Manhattan Still Remains the Attraction as the Tourists Start Pouring Into the City |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/05/14/archives/manhattan-still-remains-the-attraction-as-the-tourists-start.html |access-date=2024-05-31 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The city's hotels were often overcrowded during the fair's 1964 season, and garages were also overcrowded as well.<ref name="p533657040">{{Cite news |date=3 July 1964 |title=Fair City Has Number of Problems: New York Seen More Foul-up Than 'festival' in Some Ways |work=The Sun |page=3 |id={{pq|533657040}}}}</ref><ref name="Samuel p. 55" /> [[Broadway theater|Broadway theaters]] recorded increased ticket sales,<ref name="p533657040" /> as did other visitor attractions such as the [[Empire State Building]] and [[Radio City Music Hall]].<ref name="p115545985" /><ref name="Samuel p. 58" /> Though major department stores and restaurants saw increased business during the fair,<ref name="Samuel p. 55" /> other merchants reported no measurable impact on their business.<ref name="nyt-1964-07-03">{{Cite news |date=1964-07-03 |title=Fair No Big Boon to City's Business; Visitors Spend Little Here, Many Merchants Report |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/07/03/archives/fair-no-big-boon-to-citys-business-visitors-spend-little-here-many.html |access-date=2024-06-02 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> To avoid the crowds, many local residents also left the city during the fair.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1964-07-09 |title=The Talk of New York; Invasion of Kinsfolk; New Yorkers Are Erecting Defenses Against Hordes Arriving for the Fair |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/07/09/archives/the-talk-of-new-york-invasion-of-kinsfolk-new-yorkers-are-erecting.html |access-date=2024-06-02 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> At the end of the first season, the city's Convention and Visitors Bureau estimated that the city had earned $400 million due to the fair.<ref name="p132932541" /><ref name="nyt-1964-10-14" /> ''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]'' wrote in 1965 that the fair had only partially benefited the area's economy.<ref name="p510739085">{{cite news |last=Hornaday |first=Mary |date=14 Jul 1965 |title=New York: What kind of future?: Crime and crowding Budget soars Major problems noted |work=The Christian Science Monitor |page=1 |issn=0882-7729 |id={{ProQuest|510739085}}}}</ref> After the fair ended, ''The New York Times'' estimated that the fair had increased local restaurant profits by 8%, while stores in Midtown Manhattan had seen around 4% more profit.<ref name="nyt-1965-10-17b" /> |
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The fair helped popularize several consumer products such as Belgian waffles and the Ford Mustang.<ref name="Bonanos 2014 v186" /> The 1964 World's Fair included several exhibits and technologies that were later included in [[Disney parks]],<ref name="Antos 2020 e982">{{cite web |last=Antos |first=Jason D. |date=February 26, 2020 |title=How The 1964 World's Fair Influenced Walt Disney Explored In New Book |url=https://www.qgazette.com/articles/how-the-1964-worlds-fair-influenced-walt-disney-explored-in-new-book/ |access-date=May 24, 2024 |website=Queens Gazette}}</ref> such as [[Audio-Animatronics]].<ref name="nyt-2014-04-18" /> |
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A notable exception was a minor attraction, the ''[[Les Poupées de Paris]]'' (''The Dolls of Paris''), an adults-only [[musical theater|musical]] [[puppet]] show created, produced and directed by [[Sid and Marty Krofft]]. This show, modeled after the Paris revues ''[[Le Lido|Lido]]'' and ''[[Folies Bergère]]'', was heavily attended, and financially successful.<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,896379,00.html "Adults Only"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325021318/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C896379%2C00.html |date=March 25, 2012}} ''Time''</ref> |
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Some spectacles were staged for the newsreel cameras, such as a May 1964 demonstration by [[Bell Aerosystems]] where [[Bill Suitor]] ("Jetpackman") performed a 16-second flight, hopping over the "Court of the Presidents of the United States", the circular path surrounding the [[Unisphere]] fountain.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rocket Belt Man – (1964) at the New York World's Fair showing off the PERSONAL JETPACK !!! |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AzBrTIrlJYE |website=Youtube |access-date=January 31, 2020 |language=en}}</ref> |
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==Alleged financial mismanagement== |
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The fair ended in controversy over allegations of financial mismanagement. Controversy had plagued it during much of its two-year run. The Fair Corporation sold ''advanced'' tickets ahead of opening for each season, thus reflecting distorted profits compared to actual sales ''during'' the seasons. The receipts of advanced sales were booked entirely against the first season of the fair.<ref name="Caro" /> This made it appear that the fair had plenty of operating cash when, in fact, it was borrowing from the second season's gate to pay the bills. Before and during the 1964 season, the fair spent much money despite underwhelming attendance, below expectations. By the end of the 1964 season, Moses and the press began to realize that there would not be enough money to pay the bills, and accordingly the fair teetered on bankruptcy.<ref name="Caro" /> In March 1965, a group of bankers and politicians asked showman [[Billy Rose]] to take over the fair, which he declined, stating: "I'd rather be hit by a baseball bat", adding that "cancer in its last stages never attracted me very much".<ref name="End of the Innocence">{{cite book |author=Samuel, Lawrence R. |title=The End of the Innocence: The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair |publisher=[[Syracuse University Press]] |date=August 1, 2010 |pages=27, 34, 48, 74, 130, 164 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PF05Yq5aibgC&pg=PA48 |access-date=June 9, 2012 |isbn=978-0-8156-0956-8}} |
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</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Alden, Robert |title=Ford Fair Exhibit to Add Entrance; Will Let Visitors in Product Area but Not on Ride |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=March 16, 1965 |url=http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00916FA3B54177A93C4A81788D85F418685F9 |access-date=June 9, 2012}}</ref> |
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While the 1939–1940 New York World's Fair returned a generous 40 cents on the dollar to bond investors, bondholders for the 1964–1965 fair received nearly a 20% profit on their investment (19.2 cents on the dollar).<ref name="Caro" /> |
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==Reuse of site and structures== |
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===On-site structures=== |
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<!-- This section is ONLY for directly related developments at the ORIGINAL SITE of the World's Fair. --> |
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<!-- Cultural influences and fictional works should be mentioned in a later section --> |
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[[File:Unisphere-20100731.jpg|thumb|The [[Unisphere]] (2010)]] |
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New York City was left with a much-improved Flushing Meadows–Corona Park following the fair, with the government taking possession of the park from the Fair Corporation in June 1967.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Schumach|first1=Murray|title=MOSES GIVES CITY FAIR SITE AS PARK; Flushing Meadows in Queens Becomes the 2d Biggest Recreation Area Here|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9F03E5D6123AE63ABC4C53DFB066838C679EDE&legacy=true|access-date=March 28, 2017|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=June 4, 1967|archive-date=November 22, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171122062009/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9F03E5D6123AE63ABC4C53DFB066838C679EDE&legacy=true|url-status=live}}</ref> In the 21st century, the paths and their names remain almost unchanged from the days of the fair.<ref>{{cite web|title=Flushing Meadows-Corona Park: Historic Preservation Studio|url=https://issuu.com/barrettreiter/docs/fmcp_hpstudioii2015_printedition_re|publisher=[[Columbia Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation]]|access-date=March 31, 2017|date=May 3, 2015|archive-date=April 1, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401145529/https://issuu.com/barrettreiter/docs/fmcp_hpstudioii2015_printedition_re|url-status=live|page=71}}</ref> |
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The Unisphere stands at the center of the park as a symbol of "Man's Achievements on a Shrinking Globe in an Expanding Universe". The Unisphere has become the iconic sculptural feature of the park, as well as a symbol of the borough of [[Queens]] in general. It stands on the site formerly occupied by the [[Perisphere]] during the earlier 1939–1940 Fair.<ref>{{cite web |title=Unisphere |url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/lpc/downloads/pdf/reports/unisphere.pdf |publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]] |access-date=March 28, 2017 |date=May 16, 1995 |pages=1–3 |archive-date=March 1, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301085029/http://www.nyc.gov/html/lpc/downloads/pdf/reports/unisphere.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Framework Appendix" />{{rp|53}} |
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An ancient Roman column from [[Jordan]] still stands near the Unisphere.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.boweryboyshistory.com/2014/06/the-religious-controversy-behind-lonely.html |title=The religious controversy behind a lonely Roman column just standing around by itself in Flushing Meadows Park |last=Boys |first=Bowery |date=June 26, 2014 |website=The Bowery Boys: New York City History |language=en|access-date=October 26, 2019}}</ref> A stone bench marking the site of the [[Vatican City|Vatican]] pavilion also stands east of the main fountain.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/flushing-meadows-corona-park/monuments/1623 |title=Flushing Meadows Corona Park Monuments – Vatican Shrine : NYC Parks |website=www.nycgovparks.org|access-date=October 26, 2019}}</ref> |
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The [[New York Hall of Science]], founded during the 1964 World's Fair, operates in an expanded facility in its original location at the park's northern corner.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1966/09/22/archives/hopeful-future-museum-but-citys-hall-of-science-still-retains-aura.html |title=Hopeful Future Museum; But City's Hall of Science Still Retains Aura Reminiscent of the World's Fair |date=September 22, 1966 |access-date=April 6, 2008 |author=Walter Sullivan |work=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The Hall of Science anchors a Space Park exhibiting the rockets and vehicles used in America's early space exploration projects. The Space Park gradually deteriorated due to neglect, but in 2004 the surviving rockets were restored and placed back on display.<ref name="Framework Appendix">{{cite book |title=Flushing Meadows Corona Park Strategic Framework Plan |author=Quennell Rothschild & Partners |author2=Smith-Miller + Hawkinson Architects |chapter=Appendix: The History of Flushing Meadows Corona Park |url=https://www.nycgovparks.org/sub_your_park/vt_flushing_meadows/presentation/07appendix.pdf |publisher=[[New York City Department of Parks and Recreation]] |access-date=November 12, 2017 |pages=49–72}}</ref>{{rp|53}} |
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The carousel that was the centerpiece of Carousel Park in the Lake Amusement Area was relocated to the former Transportation Area outside of the Queens Zoo in the northwestern part of the park. It still operates as the [[Flushing Meadows Carousel]], and is now listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thirteen.org/metrofocus/2012/03/you-spin-me-right-round-baby-right-round-like-a-carousel/ |title=You Spin Me Right Round, Baby, Right Round Like a Carousel ... |date=March 7, 2012 |work=[[WNET]] |access-date=April 3, 2017}}</ref> |
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[[File:WorldFairTower1.jpg|thumb|upright|Ruins of the New York State Pavilion observatory towers in 2006]] |
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The [[New York State Pavilion]], constructed as the state's exhibit hall for the World's Fair, is also a prominent visible structure in the park, though most of it is unused. In 1993, the [[Queens Theatre in the Park]] took over the Circarama adjacent to the towers<ref name="NYDN Queens Theatre" /> and continues to operate there, using the ruined state pavilion as a storage depot.<ref name="NYDN Queens Theatre">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/archives/boroughs/swing-latin-america-fest-article-1.774979 |title=Swing Thru Latin America Via Fest |last=Ruiz |first=Albor |date=July 21, 1997 |work=NY Daily News|access-date=April 5, 2017 |language=en}}</ref><ref>"[http://nymag.com/listings/attraction/flushing_meadows_corona_park/ Flushing Meadows Corona Park] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508111245/https://nymag.com/listings/attraction/flushing_meadows_corona_park/ |date=May 8, 2021}}" New York Magazine, December 11, 2015</ref> The ruins were featured in the 1997 movie ''[[Men in Black (1997 film)|Men in Black]]''.<ref name="Curbed-MIB-WF">{{cite web |last=Rosenberg |first=Zoe |title=New York State Pavilion preservation effort gets funding infusion |website=Curbed NY |date=April 28, 2017 |url=https://ny.curbed.com/2017/4/28/15468644/new-york-state-pavilion-preservation-nyc | access-date=November 2, 2017}}</ref> The New York State Pavilion was listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]] in 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/listings/20100625.htm |title=National Register of Historic Places |date=June 25, 2010 |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref> In fall 2013, NYC Parks announced plans to restore the pavilion for $73 million,<ref name="cbs-nys-pav" /> and in 2015, the entire structure was repainted yellow.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/queens/ny-state-pavilion-3-million-facelift-free-article-1.2210973 |title=Iconic New York State Pavilion in Flushing Meadows Corona Park getting $3 million facelift – FOR FREE |date=May 5, 2015 |work=New York Daily News |publisher=NYDailyNews.com |last1=Colangelo |first1=Lisa L. |access-date=July 27, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Curbed-MIB-WF" /> |
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A pre-existing structure from the 1939 fair served as the temporary headquarters of the [[United Nations General Assembly]], and then became the New York City Pavilion in the 1964 fair. Afterwards, it was subdivided into the Queens Center for Art (now [[Queens Museum]]) and an ice-skating rink.<ref name="nyt 201311">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/08/arts/design/the-expanded-queens-museum-reopens.html?_r=0 |title=A Local Place for a Global Neighborhood |last=Cotter, Holland |date=November 7, 2013 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=May 2, 2015}}</ref> The Museum continues to display the scale model ''[[Panorama of the City of New York]]'', which is updated occasionally.<ref name="Leuthner" /> The Museum also has a large display of memorabilia from the two world's fairs, as well as an original 3D scale model of the entire 1964 World's Fair site. In April 2011, the Queens Museum started an expansion project that almost doubled its floor space, bringing the total to about {{convert|100,000|sqft|m2}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Queens Museum – New York City Building |url=http://www.queensmuseum.org/about/aboutbuilding-history |publisher=Queens Museum |access-date=February 1, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120115115029/http://www.queensmuseum.org/about/aboutbuilding-history |archive-date=January 15, 2012}}</ref> The space formerly occupied by the ice skating rink was incorporated into the museum's expansion, completed in 2013.<ref name="nyt 201311" /> |
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The World's Fair Building / Winston Churchill Tribute<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.westland.net/ny64fair/map-docs/churchill.htm |title=World's Fair Building / Churchill Tribute |work=westland.net |publisher=Jeffrey Stanton |access-date=May 21, 2012}}</ref> was dismantled after the fair, and reassembled by 1968 on the fairgrounds site as the [[aviary]] for the Flushing Meadows Zoo (now the [[Queens Zoo]]). The building was a {{convert|175|ft|adj=on}} diameter [[geodesic dome]] attributed to either [[Buckminster Fuller]] or Thomas C. Howard, and produced by [[Synergetics (Fuller)|Synergetics]] of [[Raleigh, North Carolina]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Dunlap |first1=David W. |title=50 Years Later, Questions Over Who Designed a World's Fair Dome:City Room |url=https://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/05/07/50-years-later-questions-over-who-designed-a-worlds-fair-dome/ |access-date=February 10, 2020 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|issn=0362-4331 |date=May 7, 2014}}</ref> It remains as the aviary of the Queens Zoo, which was closed in 1988 and then reopened in 1992 after a $16 million renovation project.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/01/03/realestate/streetscapes-the-queens-aviary-a-great-outside-interior-space.html |title=Streetscapes: The Queens Aviary; A Great Outside Interior Space |first=Christopher |last=Gray |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=January 3, 1993 |access-date=August 23, 2013}}</ref> |
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Other buildings remained for a while after the 1964 Fair's conclusion in hopes that a new use for them could be found, but were subsequently demolished. This included the Travel and Transportation Pavilion, destroyed in 1967 after a failed conversion to a [[fire station]], and the Federal Pavilion, demolished in 1977 after extensive deterioration.<ref name="Cotter Young">{{cite book |first1=Bill |last1=Cotter |first2=Bill |last2=Young |title=The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-7zAgAAQBAJ |access-date=April 26, 2017 |date=January 20, 2014 |publisher=[[Arcadia Publishing]] |isbn=978-1-4396-4214-6}}</ref>{{rp|55, 67}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Flushing Meadows-Corona Park: Historic Preservation Studio |url=https://issuu.com/barrettreiter/docs/fmcp_hpstudioii2015_printedition_re |publisher=[[Columbia Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation]] |access-date=March 31, 2017 |date=May 3, 2015 |page=18}}</ref> |
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===Pavilions and major exhibits elsewhere=== |
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<!-- This section is ONLY for re-use of pavilion buildings or major components ELSEWHERE than the original site --> |
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[[File:New York Worlds Fairgrounds.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of some remaining structures in Flushing Meadows in 2004, including the ruins of the New York State Pavilion in the foreground]] |
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[[File:Stone Mountain Carillon.jpg|thumb|The [[carillon]] was moved to [[Stone Mountain]] in Georgia]] |
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[[File:Rocky Point State Park1.JPG|thumb|One of the [[General Mills]] arches was moved to [[Rocky Point State Park]] in Rhode Island]] |
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Like its 1939 predecessor, the 1964 World's Fair lost money. It was unable to repay its financial backers their investment, and it became embroiled in legal disputes with its creditors until 1970, when the books were finally closed and the Fair Corporation was dissolved. Most of the pavilions constructed for the fair were demolished within six months following the fair's close. While only a handful of pavilions and exhibits survived, some of them traveled great distances and found new homes following the fair: |
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* The Austria pavilion became a [[ski lodge]] at Cockaigne Ski Resort in western New York. On January 25, 2011, the building was destroyed by fire.<ref>{{cite news |last=Emke |first=Dave |title=Trying To Regroup: Ski Center Owners Look To Future After Fire Destroys Lodge |newspaper=[[The Post-Journal]] |date=January 26, 2011 |url=http://www.post-journal.com/page/content.detail/id/578606/Trying-To-Regroup.html |access-date=February 16, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222171537/http://www.post-journal.com/page/content.detail/id/578606/Trying-To-Regroup.html |archive-date=February 22, 2014}}</ref> |
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* The Wisconsin pavilion's front teepee-like portion became a radio station in [[Neillsville, Wisconsin]]. The pavilion's large rear structure that formed a squat-looking "H" (if seen from above) is the combined kitchen, dining hall, and recreation hall of [[Camp Ramah in the Poconos|Camp Ramah]] in upstate Lakewood, Pennsylvania.{{Citation needed|date=June 2019}} |
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* The [[United States Rubber Company|US Royal]] tire-shaped [[Ferris wheel]] was relocated to become a [[Uniroyal Giant Tire|landmark]] along [[Interstate 94]] in the [[Metro Detroit]] [[Downriver]] community of [[Allen Park, Michigan]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Patton |first=Phil |title=When Cars Ruled the World's Fair |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/13/automobiles/collectibles/when-cars-ruled-the-worlds-fair.html |access-date=April 12, 2014 |newspaper=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331 |date=April 11, 2014}}</ref> |
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* The Pavilion of Spain relocated to [[St. Louis, Missouri]], and is now a part of a [[Hilton Hotel]].<ref>{{cite news |last=O'Neil |first=Tim |title=A Look Back • Spanish Pavilion, toast of New York, flops in St. Louis but endures as hotel lobby |url=http://www.stltoday.com/news/local/metro/a-look-back-spanish-pavilion-toast-of-new-york-flops/article_0b42227a-9363-56db-9937-29776df674c8.html |access-date=July 12, 2017 |newspaper=St. Louis Post-Dispatch |date=June 17, 2012}}</ref> |
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* The [[Parker Pen]] pavilion became offices for the Lodge of Four Seasons in [[Lake of the Ozarks]], Missouri.{{Citation needed|date=June 2019}} |
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* The [[Golden Rondelle Theater]] was reworked by Taliesin Associated Architects,<ref name="SCJ" /> and moved to the [[S. C. Johnson & Son|S. C. Johnson]] [[Johnson Wax Headquarters|administration complex]] in [[Racine, Wisconsin]],<ref name="Cotter Young" />{{rp|90}} which was designed by [[Frank Lloyd Wright]].<ref name="SCJ" /> |
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* The chapel and stained glass windows from the [[Vatican City|Vatican]] pavilion were built into a Roman Catholic church called Saint Mary Mother of the Redeemer in [[Groton, Connecticut]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Our History |url=http://www.stmarysgroton.org/?page_id=231 |website=Saint Mary Mother of the Redeemer | date=December 7, 2014 |access-date=July 1, 2015}}</ref> |
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* The [[Christian Science]] pavilion became a church in [[Poway, California]]. The structure was demolished in 2006.{{Citation needed|date=June 2019}} |
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* The [[Mormon]] pavilion became a church in [[Plainview, New York]], dedicated December 2, 1967, and is still in use.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Mormon Pavilion at the 1964–65 New York World's Fair {{!}} Religious Studies Center |url=https://rsc.byu.edu/eye-faith/mormon-pavilion-1964-65-new-york-worlds-fair#_edn18 |access-date=May 28, 2022 |website=rsc.byu.edu}}</ref> |
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* A large oil painting of a woman, painted in 1964 by [[Roy Lichtenstein]] and titled ''New York World's Fair'', is in the [[Weisman Art Museum]] in [[Minneapolis]], Minnesota.<ref name="Felthousen-Post" /> |
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* The [[carillon]] from the [[Coca-Cola]] Pavilion was moved to [[Stone Mountain Park]], near [[Atlanta, Georgia]]. The musical instrument was expanded from 610 to 732 bells in total.<ref name="Felthousen-Post" /> |
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* ''[[Mathematica: A World of Numbers... and Beyond]]'', an interactive exhibit from the [[IBM]] Pavilion, was relocated to the [[Pacific Science Center]] in [[Seattle]], but is no longer there. An identical copy of the exhibit was obtained by the [[New York Hall of Science]] around 2000, and now remains on display not far from the site of the original 1964 installation.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mathematica |url=http://nysci.org/mathematica/ |publisher=New York Hall of Science |access-date=March 6, 2016 |archive-date=March 6, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306220038/http://nysci.org/mathematica/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> |
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* For many years the fair's [[amateur radio]] station console was used by the [[American Radio Relay League]]. Later sold, in 2006 it was purchased by a [[Collins Radio]] collector in Texas.<ref>''QST'', September 2009, pp. 92–3, "Vintage Radio: Displaying Your Collection"</ref> |
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* The illuminated "G" from the large fiberglass [[square and compasses]] that stood in front of the [[Masonic]] Brotherhood Center was moved to the New York Masonic Home campus in [[Utica, New York]], and installed into a smaller sculpture. The [[Grand Lodge of New York]] installed a bronze sculpture by artist [[Donald De Lue]], of [[George Washington]] in Masonic regalia at the fairgrounds after it closed. It still stands near the soccer fields. (De Lue also sculpted the Fair's iconic ''[[Rocket Thrower]]'' sculpture.){{Citation needed|date=June 2019}} |
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* Sinclair Oil "Dinoland" spent a period of time as a traveling exhibit. The [[Stegosaurus]] model was eventually donated to [[Dinosaur National Monument]]. The Stegosaurus and some of the others still remain in displays at various locations.<ref name="Dinoland1" /><ref name="Felthousen-Post" /> |
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* The [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney]]-created attraction ''[[It's a Small World]]'' was transferred to Disneyland, along with the "[[Carousel of Progress]]" and the first Abraham Lincoln audio-animatronic figure for the original ''Great Moments With Mr. Lincoln'' show. Scenery and the audio-animatronics dinosaurs from the Ford Magic Skyway show were installed in the Disneyland Railroad's Primeval World Diorama, and the attraction's actual WEDway ride system was improved upon and re-used for Tomorrowland's PeopleMover.{{Citation needed|date=June 2019}} |
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* Some of the light fixtures that lined the walkways can be found still functioning at [[Penn Hills Resort]] in the [[Pocono Mountains]], Analomink, Pennsylvania, and the [[Orange County Fair (New York)|Orange County Fair]]grounds in [[Middletown, Orange County, New York|Middletown, New York]]. Until 2011, [[Canobie Lake Park]] in [[Salem, New Hampshire]], also had the Illuminators, but they have since been replaced. Canobie Lake Park also has been reusing street mailbox-shaped trash cans from the World's Fair.{{Citation needed|date=June 2019}} |
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* The Skyway cable car tower structures and gondolas were moved to ''[[Six Flags Great Adventure]]'' (at that time called ''Great Adventure'') in [[New Jersey]] for use from 1974 to the present.<ref>[http://www.greatadventurehistory.com/Skyride.htm "1964 World's Fair Sky Ride at Great Adventure"].</ref> |
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* The New England Pavilion was disassembled and moved to [[South Portland, Maine]], where most of it was reassembled and used as a small shopping mall at 50 Maine Mall Road.<ref name="Collins">{{cite news |last1=Collins |first1=Kate Irish |title=South Portland's Maine Mall area to get another hotel |url=http://www.theforecaster.net/south-portlands-maine-mall-area-to-get-another-hotel/ |access-date=May 6, 2017 |work=The Forecaster |date=August 12, 2016}}</ref> In August 2016, these buildings were torn down to make way for new businesses.<ref name="Collins" /> |
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* The ''Triumph of Man'' exhibit from the Traveler's Insurance Pavilion<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.westland.net/ny64fair/map-docs/travellersinsurance.htm |title=Traveler's Insurance Pavilion |work=westland.net |publisher=Jeffrey Stanton |access-date=May 21, 2012}}</ref> was on display at the original location of the [[COSI Columbus|Center of Science and Industry (COSI)]] in [[Columbus, Ohio]], from 1966 to 1999 when the museum moved. It had been revamped as the ''Time Tunnel'' in 1983.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mindspring.com/~tluthman/triumphofman/triumphofman.swf |title=Virtual TRIUMPH OF MAN |work=mindspring.com |publisher=Tom Luthman |access-date=May 21, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306155234/http://www.mindspring.com/~tluthman/triumphofman/triumphofman.swf |archive-date=March 6, 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://oldcosi.com/triumph.htm |title=The Triumph of Man |work=oldcosi.com |access-date=May 21, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://oldcosi.com/timetunnel.htm |title=Time Tunnel |work=oldcosi.com |access-date=May 21, 2012}}</ref> |
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* The Belgian Village carousel after the 1964 World's Fair went to [[Montreal]], Quebec, Canada, where it was part of [[Expo '67]] in the Carrefour International at the [[La Ronde (amusement park)|La Ronde]] amusement area. After that fair closed, the ride was moved into the Kiddieland area of the now-permanent La Ronde Amusement Park. The 1885 "Le Galopant" carousel was restored in 2008, but has been out of service since 2019. It still can be found at LaRonde today (albeit for display purposes only), which is now owned by [[Six Flags]]. |
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* The [[R33 World's Fair (New York City Subway car)|R33]] and [[R36 World's Fair (New York City Subway car)|R36]] cars built for the [[New York City Subway]]'s [[IRT Flushing Line]] ({{NYCS trains|Flushing}}) ran in [[revenue service]] through 2003. Some of the rolling stock still survives today in maintenance work use or in storage. Five of these cars (9306, 9307, 9310, 9586, 9587) are in the collection of the [[New York Transit Museum]], with 9306 regularly on display there. The rest of the fleet has been sunk to the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean as part of the "[[Redbird Reef]]" off the coast of the Northeast United States, to serve as an [[artificial reef|artificial barrier reef]] habitat for marine life.<ref>{{cite web |title=Growing Pains for a Deep-Sea Home Built of Subway Cars |website=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331 |date=April 8, 2008 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/08/us/08reef.html | access-date=April 15, 2020 |last=Urbina |first=Ian}}</ref> |
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* One of the 11 steel arches commissioned by [[General Mills]] for the fair was later moved to the [[Rocky Point Amusement Park]] in [[Warwick, Rhode Island]], although it is unclear when, why or how it came to be placed in the park.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kozma |first1=Carol |title=Warwick's Rocky Point arch gets a facelift thanks to Rhode Island Foundation + video |url=https://www.providencejournal.com/news/20160526/warwicks-rocky-point-arch-gets-facelift-thanks-to-rhode-island-foundation--video |website=Providence Journal |access-date=March 4, 2019 |language=en}}</ref> The arch remained in Rocky Point after the amusement park was closed and abandoned in 1995. It was repainted and restored in 2016, and acts as an entrance landmark for the current [[Rocky Point State Park]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Repainted, the symbolic Rocky Point "arch" is unveiled |url=http://www.630wpro.com/2016/09/26/repainted-the-symbolic-rocky-point-arch-is-unveiled/ |website=WPRO |access-date=March 4, 2019 |date=September 26, 2016}}</ref> |
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* The [[Queens Museum]] has approximately 900 items on permanent display from both the 1964/1965 and 1939/1940 World's Fairs.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.queensmuseum.org/exhibitions/2013/11/15/worlds-fair-visible-storage/ |title=World's Fair Visible Storage On Long-Term View |author=Queens Museum |website=queensmuseum.org |access-date=August 25, 2016 |archive-date=February 8, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208103047/http://www.queensmuseum.org/exhibitions/2013/11/15/worlds-fair-visible-storage/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> |
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==In media== |
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[[File:Cupaloy contents.gif|thumb|upright=0.8|Contents of the 1964 Westinghouse Time Capsule]] |
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[[File:Sign of Men in Black Alien Attack.JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|The observation towers of the [[interactive dark ride]] ''[[Men in Black: Alien Attack]]'' are cleaned-up smaller replicas of the original structures.]] |
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* [[Connecticut Public Television]] produced ''The 1964 World's Fair'', a documentary about the fair narrated by [[Judd Hirsch]] (1996).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.janson.com/rights/2009/02/06/1964-worlds-fair/ |title=The 1964 World's Fair |publisher=Janson Media DVD Catalog |date=February 6, 2009 |access-date=May 14, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130907084540/http://www.janson.com/rights/2009/02/06/1964-worlds-fair/ |archive-date=September 7, 2013}}</ref> Other documentaries about the fair are ''[http://www.worldsfairmovie.com After the Fair]'', ''[https://www.facebook.com/1964NYWFdocumentary/ Peace Through Understanding: The 1964/65 New York World's Fair]'', and ''[https://www.aquarelapictures.com/ Modern Ruin: A World's Fair Pavilion]''. |
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* The first ''[[Batman (TV series)|Batman]]'' episode, "[[Hi Diddle Riddle]]" (1966), opens with thirty seconds of stock footage of the fair. |
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* In the 1993 animated film ''[[Batman: Mask of the Phantasm]]'' the "Gotham World's Fair" seen in flashbacks is modeled after the New York World's Fair, featuring the globe centerpiece, a PeopleMover, a "Home of the Future", and a concept car that apparently inspired the design of the [[Batmobile]]. Later in the film, the abandoned fairgrounds are used as [[The Joker]]'s hideout. When attempting to escape [[Batman]], he uses the [[Bell Rocket Belt]] demonstrated at the New York World's Fair. |
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* In the 1993 season 4 ''[[The Simpsons]]'' episode "[[Marge vs. the Monorail]]" the logo on the monorail cars which is revealed as Homer attempts to stop the speeding train shows they were first used during the 1964 World's Fair, though that event's train actually used cars suspended from an overhead rail. |
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* The 1997 film ''[[Men in Black (1997 film)|Men in Black]]'' presents the fair as having been a cover for the first arrival of alien life forms on Earth, with their two spaceships being incorporated into the observation towers. |
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* The fair features heavily in the 2015 [[Walt Disney Pictures|Disney]] film ''[[Tomorrowland (film)|Tomorrowland]]''. |
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* Alternative rock band [[They Might Be Giants]] have often referred to the exposition in their songs, including the song "[[Ana Ng]]" referencing the event directly, and the music video for "[[Don't Let's Start]]" which was filmed on the former site of the fair. |
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* In the 1965 season 5 ''[[The Flintstones]]'' episode "[[List of The Flintstones episodes#Season 5 (1964–65)|Time Machine]]" [[Fred Flintstone|Fred]] and [[Wilma Flintstone]], and [[Barney Rubble|Barney]] and [[Betty Rubble]] attend the World's Fair. There was also a comic book about their visit. The event is also mentioned in "The Hatrocks And The Gruesomes", as well as the ''[[Jonny Quest]]'' episode "Attack Of The Tree People". |
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* In [[The Amazing Race 1|season one]] of ''[[The Amazing Race (American TV series)|The Amazing Race]]'' (2001), the Unisphere hosted the Finish Line for the inaugural season. |
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* In the [[Marvel Cinematic Universe]] the fair is depicted as having been organised by [[Howard Stark (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Howard Stark]] and in ''[[Iron Man 2]]'' it is revealed that the fairgrounds layout depicts the formula for a new element he had synthesised. Decades later his son [[Tony Stark (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Tony Stark]] used the fairgrounds to host his own Stark expo which is attacked at the climax of the film. |
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* In season two episode five of Godfather of Harlem, titled It's A Small World, the opening scene takes place at site of the fair during its set-up.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Darwish |first1=Meaghan |title='Godfather of Harlem's Giancarlo Esposito Previews Powell's Politics in Season 2 |url=https://www.tvinsider.com/998770/godfather-of-harlem-season-2-episode-5-giancarlo-esposito-adam-clayton-powell/ |access-date=March 24, 2024 |work=TV Insider |date=May 15, 2021}}</ref> |
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* The interior of the Underground World Home features in the 2009 [[CSI: NY]] episode ''Manhattanhenge'' as a killer's anachronistic lair. |
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==Gallery== |
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<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px"> |
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File:Westinghouse replicas Sep 65.jpg|Westinghouse Time Capsule |
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File:RCA Pavilion.jpg|RCA Pavilion |
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File:Johnson Wax Pavilion.jpg|Johnson Wax Pavilion |
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File:Kodak Pavilion.jpg|Kodak Pavilion |
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File:Ford Pavilion.jpg|Ford Pavilion |
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File:Transportation & Travel Pavilion.jpg|Transportation and Travel Pavilion |
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File:Alaska Pavilion.jpg|Alaska Pavilion |
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File:Hong Kong Pavilion.jpg|Hong Kong Pavilion |
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File:Underground World Home exhibit.png|[[Underground World Home]] exhibit |
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File:FlushingMeadowNY HallofScience exterior.jpg|The [[New York Hall of Science|Hall of Science]] is a science museum today. |
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File:1964 New York World Fair Stamp.jpg|1964{{endash}}1965 New York World's Fair U.S. postage stamp |
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File:1964 New York Worlds Fair Ashtray.jpg|Souvenir ashtray |
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</gallery> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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Line 313: | Line 231: | ||
==References== |
==References== |
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===Notes=== |
===Notes=== |
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{{Notelist}} |
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=== Citations === |
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{{reflist}} |
{{reflist}} |
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=== |
=== Sources === |
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* {{Cite magazine |last=Alpert |first=Hollis |date=Jul 1964 |title=Guide to the New York World's Fair: There's Something for Everyone in the Family at the 1964-'65 New York World's Fair |work=Woman's Day |page=21-28 |issue=7 |id={{pq|1815457600}}}} |
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* {{cite book |last1=Cotter |first1=Bill |last2=Young |first2=Bill |title=The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair: Creation and Legacy |
* {{cite book |last1=Cotter |first1=Bill |last2=Young |first2=Bill |title=The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair: Creation and Legacy |date=July 21, 2008 |publisher=Arcadia Publishing |isbn=978-0-7385-5745-8}} |
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* {{Cite journal |last=Nicoletta |first=Julie |date=2010-12-01 |title=Art Out of Place: International Art Exhibits at the New York World's Fair of 1964–1965 |url=https://digitalcommons.tacoma.uw.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1018&context=ias_pub |journal=Journal of Social History |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=499–519 |doi=10.1353/jsh.2010.0066 |issn=0022-4529}} |
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* {{Cite magazine | title=The World's Fair | website=American Heritage | url=https://www.americanheritage.com/worlds-fair-1 |first=John Steele |last=Gordon |date=October 2006 |volume=57 |issue=5}} |
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* {{cite web | title=New York World's Fair 1964-1965 Corporation records | publisher=New York Public Library | date=April 1, 2013 | url=https://archives.nypl.org/mss/2234 }} |
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* {{cite book |last1=Samuel |first1=Lawrence R. |title=The End of the Innocence: The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair |edition=1st |date=August 30, 2007 |publisher=[[Syracuse University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8156-0890-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/endofinnocence190000samu |url-access=registration}} |
* {{cite book |last1=Samuel |first1=Lawrence R. |title=The End of the Innocence: The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair |edition=1st |date=August 30, 2007 |publisher=[[Syracuse University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8156-0890-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/endofinnocence190000samu |url-access=registration}} |
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* {{cite book | author=Time-Life Books | title=Official Guide: New York World's Fair,1964-1965 | publisher=Time-Life Books | year=1964 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IaHazgEACAAJ |pages=1027-1057}} |
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* {{Cite New York 1960}} |
* {{Cite New York 1960}} |
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* {{cite book | last=Tirella | first=Joseph | title=Tomorrow-Land: The 1964-65 World's Fair and the Transformation of America | publisher=Lyons Press | year=2013 | isbn=978-1-4930-0333-4 | url=https://archive.org/details/tomorrowland19640000tire/page/n5/mode/2up |url-access=registration}} |
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* {{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/newyorkworldsfai00time/page/n3/mode/2up |title=New York World's Fair, 1964/1965: official souvenir book |date=1964 |publisher=Time, inc |editor-last=Wood |editor-first=Norton |url-access=registration |via=Internet Archive}} |
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* {{cite magazine |date=13 Jan 1964 |title=World's Fair '64: a Preview |magazine=Newsweek |pages=43–45 |volume=63 |issue=2 |id={{ProQuest|1879126400}} |ref={{Harvid|Newsweek|1964a}}}} |
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* {{Cite book |url=https://www.worldsfairphotos.com/nywf64/booklets/your-guide-to-fair.pdf |title=Your Guide to the Fair |publisher=The Travelers Insurance Companies |year=1965 |ref={{harvid|The Travelers Insurance Companies|1965}}}} |
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==Further reading== |
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* {{Cite Power Broker}} |
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* {{Cite magazine |title=The World's Fair |website=American Heritage |url=https://www.americanheritage.com/worlds-fair-1 |first=John Steele |last=Gordon |date=October 2006 |volume=57 |issue=5}} |
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* {{cite web |last=Taylor |first=Alan |date=June 2, 2014 |title=1964: The New York World's Fair |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2014/06/1964-the-new-york-worlds-fair/100749/ |access-date=May 27, 2024 |website=The Atlantic}} |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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{{Commons and category|1964 New York World's Fair|1964 New York World's Fair}} |
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{{Commons}} |
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* [http://www.nywf64.com |
* [http://www.nywf64.com 1964/1965 New York World's Fair website – nywf64.com] |
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* [https://www.worldsfairphotos.com/nywf64/index.htm 1964/1965 New York World's Fair website – worldsfairphotos.com] |
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* [http://nyspproject.com New York State Pavilion Project] |
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* {{cite web | title=New York World's Fair 1964–1965 Corporation records | publisher=New York Public Library | date=April 1, 2013 | url=https://archives.nypl.org/mss/2234 }} |
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* [http://www.westland.net/ny64fair New York 1964–1965 World's Fair] |
* [http://www.westland.net/ny64fair New York 1964–1965 World's Fair] |
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* [https://archive.org/details/1964-65NewYorkWorldsFairGroundbreakingAndDedicationBooklets/ 1964–65 New York World's Fair Groundbreaking and Dedication Booklets] Published by the New York World's Fair 1964–1965 Corporation to commemorate pavilion groundbreakings or dedications. |
* [https://archive.org/details/1964-65NewYorkWorldsFairGroundbreakingAndDedicationBooklets/ 1964–65 New York World's Fair Groundbreaking and Dedication Booklets] Published by the New York World's Fair 1964–1965 Corporation to commemorate pavilion groundbreakings or dedications. |
Revision as of 02:25, 5 June 2024
1964–1965 New York City | |
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![]() Unisphere viewed from observation towers of the New York State Pavilion | |
Overview | |
BIE-class | Unrecognized exposition |
Name | 1964–1965 New York World's Fair |
Motto | Peace through Understanding[1] |
Building(s) | Unisphere[1] |
Area | 646 acres (2.61 km2) |
Visitors | 51,607,307[1] |
Organized by | Robert Moses |
Participant(s) | |
Countries | 66 (80 including nations without full exhibits[1]) |
Business | Nearly 350 companies |
Location | |
Country | United States |
City | New York City |
Venue | Flushing Meadows–Corona Park |
Timeline | |
Bidding | 1959 |
Awarded | Never |
Opening |
|
Closure |
|
Universal | |
Previous | Century 21 Exposition in Seattle |
Next | Expo 67 in Montreal |
Internet | |
Website | www |
The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair was a world's fair at Flushing Meadows–Corona Park in Queens, New York City, United States. The fair included exhibitions, activities, performances, films, art, and food presented by 66 nations, 30 U.S. states, and nearly 350 American companies. The 646-acre (261 ha) fairground consisted of five sections: the Federal and State, International, Transportation, Amusement, and Industrial areas. Themed to the concept of "Peace Through Understanding", the fair was centered around a stainless-steel model of the Earth called the Unisphere. On opening day, the fair had 139 pavilions, in addition to 34 concessions and shows.
The site had previously hosted the 1939 New York World's Fair. Several businessmen devised plans for a 1964 fair in the 1950s, and the New York World's Fair 1964 Corporation (WFC) was formed in 1959. Although U.S. president Dwight D. Eisenhower approved the fair, the Bureau International des Expositions never recognized it. Construction began in late 1960, and over a hundred exhibitors signed up for the fair over the next three years. The fair ran for two six-month seasons: April 22 to October 18, 1964, and April 21 to October 17, 1965. Despite initial projections of 70 million visitors, the fair had just over 51.6 million guests. After the fair, some pavilions were preserved or relocated, but the vast majority of structures were demolished.
The different sections were designed in various architectural styles, though the fair was open to anyone who could afford to rent the land and pay for a pavilion. The fairground had several amusement and transport rides, as well as various plazas and fountains. The fair had 198 restaurants at its peak, and foods from these restaurants, such as Belgian waffles, were popularized through the fair. There were more than 30 entertainment events at the fair, in addition to 40 theaters and various music performances. Exhibitors also displayed sculptures, visual art, and artifacts. In addition, many consumer products were featured at the fair. Though the event was a financial failure that was criticized in the contemporary press, the fair is noted as a showcase of mid-20th-century American culture and technology.
Development
The site of the 1964 World's Fair, Flushing Meadows–Corona Park in Queens, was originally a natural wetland straddling the Flushing River.[2] The site was the Corona Ash Dumps in the early 20th century[3] before it was selected for the 1939–1940 World's Fair.[4] The 1939 fair was themed to "the world of tomorrow"[5][6] and was highly unprofitable, recouping only 32% of its original cost.[6][7] After the fair, the site was used as a park.[8][9]
Planning
World's Fair Corporation
The idea for the 1964 fair was conceived by a group of businessmen.[10][11] Among them was the lawyer Robert Kopple, who first discussed the idea of a 1964 fair at a family dinner in 1958[11][12] and suggested it at a meeting of the Mutual Admiration Society the following year.[13] The year 1964 was nominally selected to coincide with the 300th anniversary of the conquest of New Netherland.[5][10][14] Kopple and two friends, Charles Preusse and Thomas J. Deegan, met with 35 potential financiers at the 21 Club restaurant to ask for funding.[15] New York City mayor Robert F. Wagner Jr. and parks commissioner Robert Moses formally endorsed the proposal in August 1959,[16][17] and seventy-five businessmen formed the New York World's Fair 1964 Corporation (WFC) that month.[18] Moses offered to let the WFC use Flushing Meadows for a nominal fee.[15] The fairground would include not only the 1939 World's Fair site but also part of the nearby Kissena Corridor Park.[19]
The bid still needed approval from the United States Congress and the Bureau International des Expositions (BIE), the French organization that was in charge of approving world's fairs.[20] With Los Angeles and Washington, D.C., submitting competing bids,[21][22] U.S. president Dwight D. Eisenhower appointed a committee to review the 1964 world's fair bids in October 1959,[23][24] and Eisenhower approved the New York bid later that month.[25][26] Seventy-five nations had informally indicated an intention to attend the fair by late 1959,[27] and the WFC began looking for a president and three additional managers in early 1960.[28] Moses was tentatively selected as the WFC's president that March,[29] despite Koppel's objections that Moses was too old.[5][30] In turn, Moses would not take the job unless Kopple resigned,[31][32] as the two men had disagreed bitterly over the canceled Mid-Manhattan Elevated Expressway.[31][33] After Kopple quit the WFC,[32][34] Moses formally became the WFC's president that May.[35] Moses wanted the fair to run for two years,[36] and consultants for the WFC predicted that the fair would have 70 million visitors during that time.[37][38]
Moses traveled to Paris to ask that the BIE recognize the fair.[39] Although the BIE had allowed the WFC to begin planning the fair in November 1959,[40] BIE officials would not give the fair formal recognition.[41] Under BIE rules, world's fairs could run for one 6-month period,[42][43] though the WFC had tried to request an exemption for the 1964 fair.[44] The New York fair would also charge rent to foreign governments, contravening another BIE rule that prevented rent from being charged to exhibitors.[42] In addition, the BIE allowed only one exposition per country every ten years.[43][45] After Moses refused to negotiate with BIE officials and treated them derisively,[46] the organization voted to approve the 1962 Seattle World's Fair, thereby preventing them from approving a New York fair for 1964.[43][45] Moses belittled the BIE as a "bunch of clowns in Paris",[43][41] but without formal recognition, the fair could not host official exhibits from BIE member states.[41][47]
Financing and initial exhibitors
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/6405_NY_World%27s_Fair_16_1964_%2851190787295%29.jpg/220px-6405_NY_World%27s_Fair_16_1964_%2851190787295%29.jpg)
The WFC planned to issue $500 million in bonds[16][48] (later decreased to $150 million).[49] Moses proclaimed that the 1964 fair would be a "billion-dollar" event, though this included expenses for related projects such as roads and the nearby Shea Stadium.[50] The WFC leased about 646 acres (261 ha) from the city government in May 1960.[51] Moses hired former lieutenant governor Charles Poletti and military engineer William Everett Potter to organize the exhibits.[52] A design committee had proposed one massive pavilion,[32][53] but the committee had quit by the end of the year.[53][54] Moses wanted to save the WFC money by having exhibitors erect most of their own pavilions.[32][55] The city government instead implemented a building code and health code,[56] which Potter enforced.[55] Nearly all buildings were to be temporary structures.[36][37] By that August, the first ten exhibitors had applied for space at the fair,[57][58] and architectural blueprints had been submitted for the fair's first pavilion.[59] The WFC began sending delegations abroad to invite foreign governments to the fair.[60][61]
The 1964 fair was to be themed to the concept of "peace through understanding",[5][62] and exhibits were to be divided into five areas.[63][64] The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey agreed to operate the fairground's transportation section.[65][66] The original plans called for an amusement park area,[63] which was canceled after the WFC could not find an operator.[67] The group began issuing $67.5 million in promissory notes in late 1960 to fund construction;[68] the WFC later reduced the amount to $64 million (consisting of $40 million in notes plus $24 million from the city).[69] At the time, the WFC's finance chairman predicted that the fair would earn over $200 million.[70][71] By the end of 1960, seven countries had agreed to sponsor exhibits.[72] and one-third of the industrial pavilion sites had been leased.[73] Moses announced in early 1961 that the Unisphere would be built as the fair's symbol,[74] and the WFC also hired the Pinkerton agency to provide security and first-aid services.[75] A report published that January indicated that the fair itself would cost $768 million,[64] although most of this cost would be paid by individual exhibitors.[76]
Construction
![View of the Unisphere, a steel structure depicting the Earth; there are world flags in the foreground](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/1965_new_york_world_fair.jpg/220px-1965_new_york_world_fair.jpg)
Exhibitors designed their own pavilions, which were built by local labor unions.[77] Wagner predicted that 10,000 people would be employed during construction.[78] The WFC hosted "preview days" where selected guests could view construction.[79] The Travelers Companies built information centers across the U.S. to promote the fair.[80] The WFC issued collectible bronze and silver medallions,[81] manufactured by the Medallic Art Company.[82] Commemorative postage stamps were issued to celebrate the fair, both in the U.S.[83] and in other nations.[84] Some New York license plates also had slogans advertising the fair.[85][86] Several hotels were developed nearby to accommodate fair visitors,[87] and public transit and roads to the fair were also upgraded.[88][89] An information office was established to answer visitors' questions.[90] Private businesses promoted their products for the fair,[91][92] and discounted tickets were also sold in advance of the opening.[93][94]
1961 and 1962
William Whipple Jr., the fair's chief engineer, said in September 1960 that exhibitors would be able to begin erecting pavilions by 1962.[95] Construction of the first building, an administration structure, began in August 1960[96] and was finished in January 1961.[97] In early 1961, almost all of Flushing Meadows–Corona Park was closed to accommodate the fair's construction,[98] and the Long Island Rail Road (LIRR)'s World's Fair station opened.[99] Workers also moved trees[100] and diverted part of the Flushing River underground.[101] By April 1961, thirty-four countries had agreed to participate,[102] and the city agreed to spend $24 million improving the park.[69] The WFC announced in May that it would proceed with the planned amusement area around Meadow Lake,[103] hiring the billionaire H. L. Hunt to operate the rides.[104]
By mid-1961, the WFC had privately raised $25 million and was predicting a $53 million profit.[105] The groundbreaking ceremony for the first 1964 Fair pavilion took place that June.[106] The WFC struggled to sell the remaining bonds[107] and had sold around $30 million in promissory notes (three-fourths of the total) by the end of 1961.[108] During the fair's construction, civil-rights activists expressed concerns that the WFC's leadership included very few African Americans.[109][110] Even after Moses met with activists, he still did not appoint African Americans to leadership positions,[111][112] which attracted controversy amid the ongoing civil rights movement.[109][112] The WFC finally hired an African American executive to the fair's international division in 1962,[113][114] but continuing complaints about discrimination prompted New York governor Nelson Rockefeller to form a committee to investigate these complaints.[115]
Meanwhile, by the beginning of 1962, more than 60 nations, the governments of 30 U.S. states, and 50 companies had agreed to exhibit at the fair.[116][117] The WFC also created a scale model of the fairground.[118] The LIRR constructed a siding from the Port Washington Branch, allowing trains to deliver material.[119] At a luncheon in March 1962, Moses lamented that construction had fallen behind schedule.[120] The WFC had allocated $6 million to advertise the fair by mid-1962, and Deegan predicted that the fair's participants would spend another $75 million of their own money on promotion.[121] The WFC also tried to attract Latin American countries to the fair.[122] By late 1962, exhibits for the fair were being finalized, and many pavilions were under construction.[123] Either 68[124][125] or 71 nations had agreed to exhibit at the fair by then[126] (though only 35 countries had formally leased space there),[127] along with 125 businesses.[125] In addition, the WFC had finished installing utilities on the fairground.[126] At the end of 1962, a small number of state and international pavilions were being built, while work in the industrial and transportation areas was further along.[128] Groundbreaking ceremonies were hosted for many of the international pavilions.[129]
1963 and 1964
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/6405_NY_World%27s_Fair_6_1964_%2851189014682%29.jpg/220px-6405_NY_World%27s_Fair_6_1964_%2851189014682%29.jpg)
The World's Fair Housing Bureau was formed in early 1963 to coordinate the development of hotel rooms for the fair.[130] The WFC had commitments from 66 nations and 30 states, though not all of their pavilions were under construction.[131] The WFC also wanted to hire 40 concessionaires and sell 70 intellectual property licenses, which the corporation hoped would raise $130 million.[132] On April 22, 1963, exactly a year before the fair was to open,[79] U.S. President John F. Kennedy activated a countdown clock to the fair's opening.[93][133] At the time, only 48 of the 200 proposed buildings had even started construction,[134] even though all major structures had to be under construction by May 1963.[131][134] The press building opened that May,[135] and an insurance syndicate was formed that June to protect the exhibits.[136] By mid-1963, civil-rights groups were protesting the lack of racial diversity in the fair's development[114][137] and filed a lawsuit to halt construction.[138] Moses denied rumors that construction had fallen behind schedule.[139][140]
Materials from overseas began arriving in August 1963,[141] though work on 50 structures still had not started by the next month.[33] Moses was increasingly hostile toward journalists who doubted that the fair would be completed on time.[140] There were also disagreements over whether students should receive discounted tickets, which Moses opposed;[142][143] he was ultimately forced to sell discounted tickets.[142][144] The first pavilion, the Port Authority Heliport, opened in October 1963.[145] The same month, Hunt resigned as the amusement area's operator, following disagreements over ticket prices and rides.[146][104] There were also other issues, such as labor strikes, exhibitor withdrawals, and continuing racial tensions.[76][147] Despite these difficulties, many pavilions were nearly completed by late 1963,[80][147] and the WFC had sold 3.8 million advance tickets by year's end.[148] To draw attention to the fair, the WFC displayed models of exhibits at the Time-Life Building in Manhattan.[79] Exhibits were installed through late 1963 and early 1964,[149] and the WFC also borrowed $3 million to fund the fair's completion.[76]
In January 1964, the Chicago Tribune wrote that the site was filled with raw material, incomplete building frames, and unpaved roads.[150] That month, WFC officials said that work on 26 buildings was behind schedule,[151] and they sought to demolish a pavilion that would not be completed for the fair's opening.[152] They also signed a document outlining how profits from the fair were to be used.[153] By that February, most of the major pavilions and attractions were complete,[154] but Whipple estimated that up to 10 pavilions would not be finished before the fair opened.[155][156] The same month, the WFC stopped selling advance tickets, having sold 28 million tickets.[157] There were still 4,800 workers on site in late March,[158] when the state government began hiring people for the fair.[159]
Opening
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Entrance_to_1964_New_York_World%27s_Fair.jpg/220px-Entrance_to_1964_New_York_World%27s_Fair.jpg)
The night before the fair opened, the TV series The Bell Telephone Hour broadcasted an opening celebration.[160] When the World's Fair officially opened at 9:00 a.m. on April 22, 1964,[161][162] a college student from New Jersey was the first visitor.[162][163] The opening was celebrated with speeches by Robert Moses, Nelson Rockefeller, and U.S. president Lyndon B. Johnson.[161] During the ceremony, hundreds of civil rights activists organized a sit-in and were arrested.[164][161] The civil-rights group Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) proposed a "stall-in" to block roads leading to the fair,[165][166] but few activists participated.[161][167] The opening ceremony ultimately attracted 90,000 attendees, less than half the predicted number,[161] in part due to inclement weather.[168] The WFC banned picketing on the grounds, prompting lawsuits from civil-rights groups;[169] a federal judge later ruled that protesters could give out handbills to passersby.[170] Many exhibitors did hire a racially diverse staff.[169][171]
The New York Times wrote that 15 pavilions and three amusement attractions were not finished by opening day.[172] One pavilion, the Belgian Village, was not finished until the end of the 1964 season,[173][174] though it did operate for part of 1964.[175] Some pavilions could not open on schedule because the artifacts in the pavilions had been damaged,[176] while others were incomplete.[177][172] Exhibitors also accused workers of delaying some pavilions' construction to collect overtime pay.[178] Three incomplete pavilions were abandoned completely,[177] and work on other pavilions continued for several months after the opening.[173]
An estimated 20 million people lived within 50 miles (80 km) of the fair, and as many as 120 million people could drive to the fair within an overnight drive.[123] Deegan predicted at least 6.7 million foreign visitors, out of an estimated total of 70 million.[179] The WFC predicted a daily attendance of 225,000, half of which would take the Long Island Rail Road or New York City Subway.[180] Visitors 13 and older were charged the adult admission price of $2.00 (equivalent to $19.65 in 2023), while children 2–12 years old were charged $1.00 (equivalent to $9.82 in 2023).[181][177] The WFC sold discounted tickets in packs of 20;[177] some major companies like AT&T bought hundreds of thousands of tickets for employees.[94] Students paid 25 cents if they visited with their teachers,[144] and the WFC sold certificates that allowed a class of 25 students to enter the fair for $6.25.[182] Moses predicted that the fair would sell $120 million worth of tickets,[183][184] with a net profit of $40 million.[184] Initially, city officials predicted that people would spend $5 billion in the city due to the fair,[185] an estimate that was later reduced to $2.5 billion.[186]
Though the fair employed up to 20,000 people,[185] the WFC employed only about 180 to 200 people directly.[33][76] Conversely, there were 3,000 Pinkerton employees on the grounds, including firefighters, police officers, medics, matrons, and ticket sellers.[187] Nine garbage trucks, nine EMS vehicles, 25 police cars, and three fire engines traveled the fairgrounds,[188] and nine city health inspectors examined all restaurants on the fairground.[189] United Press International was the fair's official photographer,[190] while United World Films had exclusive rights to produce and publish films about the fair.[191] Allied Maintenance was responsible for maintenance and also handled deliveries during the 1964 season (the Rentar Corporation took over deliveries during 1965).[192] Other companies, such as Hertz and Cities Service, sponsored free services or events.[193] Exhibitors were required to be open from 10 a.m. to 10 p.m. daily,[194] though the fair itself opened at 9 a.m.[195] Many exhibitors prepared and cleaned their exhibits throughout the night;[196] the Vatican pavilion was the only attraction with a live-in caretaker.[197]
Fairground
The fairground was divided into five regions.[198] Exhibits for individual U.S. states and the U.S. federal government were concentrated in the Federal & State Area at the center of the fairground, near the Unisphere.[43][199] The international exhibits were concentrated in the International Area, a group of pavilions surrounding the Unisphere.[33] Industry pavilions were concentrated around the Industrial Area on the eastern end, near the Van Wyck Expressway.[198][200] The Transportation Area was on the western side of the fairground.[198] South of the Long Island Expressway, connected with the rest of the fair only via one overpass, was the Lake Amusement Area[201][198][200] (known as the Lake Area during 1965).[202] Eight gates provided access to the fairground.[203]
The 1964 World's Fair had 139 pavilions on opening day, in addition to 34 concessions and shows.[188][a] Of the pavilions and shows, either 121[188][207] or 124 were free, and the rest required an additional payment.[208] Scattered across the fairground were 5,300 trees, 3,500 benches, 1,400 telephones, and 60 mailboxes.[209][210] There were also bank branches, picnic areas, and restrooms.[210] Accessible bathrooms, wheelchair rental stands, and Braille guidebooks were provided for disabled visitors.[211] About one-tenth of the exhibits charged an additional fee, though most pavilions were free to enter.[155][212] There were also several hotels nearby,[87] albeit few campgrounds.[213] A spokesman for the 1964 fair said the exposition was supposed to be "cultural and sophisticated",[214] and Deegan claimed that the exposition would be the "greatest single event in history".[124][215]
Pavilions
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wisconsin_Pavilion%2C_Neillsville.jpg/220px-Wisconsin_Pavilion%2C_Neillsville.jpg)
The different sections were designed in various architectural styles.[194][216][217] Some pavilions used experimental designs.[218] For the most part, structures were designed so they could be demolished easily after the fair and rebuilt elsewhere.[219] Anyone could rent exhibition space if they could afford to rent the land and pay for their pavilion.[220][221] Thus, the space was dominated by large corporations.[220] Private companies spent a combined $300 million on their pavilions,[222] and companies such as General Motors and Ford Motor Company spent tens of millions of dollars apiece.[92][222]
Twenty-three state pavilions were built.[204][223] The fair included exhibits from Alaska, Florida, Hawaii, Illinois, Louisiana, Maryland, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, New Jersey, New York, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Texas, West Virginia, Wisconsin, and the six states in New England.[33] In addition, New York City had its own pavilion, as did the neighborhood of Hollywood, Los Angeles.[224] Nineteen of the state pavilions were in the federal and state section,[225] and three of the other four state pavilions were clustered around Meadow Lake at the southern end of the fair.[204] None of the state governments had to pay rent for the pavilion.[225][226] State governments still had to pay for their own pavilions, and 20 states and Washington, D.C., did not pay for exhibits at the fair.[226]
There were 45 pavilions in the International Area, most of which featured foreign countries' exhibits.[227] Sources disagree on whether 65[228] or 66 nations set up exhibits.[43][129] Including nations represented by a particular region[b] the fair featured attractions from 80 countries.[227][229] Foreign nations rented the land from the WFC,[230] and they also paid for lodging, food, and other expenses for their staff.[231] Many nations from Asia, Africa, and Central and South America, though relatively few from Europe, exhibited at the fair.[128][205][229] Other countries boycotted the fair because the BIE had not approved it.[232] Some BIE members did host unofficial exhibits or were represented by private companies' exhibits,[233][234] and several countries were represented solely by an industry exhibit.[198] Still other countries were represented by regional pavilions, such as those for the Caribbean and Africa.[235] Many of the international pavilions also sold merchandise.[236][237]
The Industrial Area had 43 pavilions in total,[227] representing nearly 350 American companies.[206] Corporations also rented land from the WFC, except for religious organizations, which were given the land for free.[230] Large firms such as Bell Telephone Company, DuPont, IBM, Kodak, RCA, The Travelers Companies, and US Royal Tires, participated.[223][238] The 1964 fair included few companies in the food, chemical, tobacco, cosmetic, or pharmaceutical industries.[33] Transportation companies, such as car manufacturers Chrysler, Ford, and General Motors,[223][239] displayed products in the Transportation Area section of the fairground.[200] Several of the industry pavilions offered free merchandise or other sponsorships,[193][240] which often succeeded in attracting customers.[241] Moses also provided about 7 acres (2.8 ha) for religious groups and invited every major sect of Christianity to the fair.[242] Eight religious pavilions were built,[243] each of which was staffed by volunteers.[244] Some exhibits were never built but were displayed on official maps, causing confusion among visitors.[245]
Amusement
In addition to pavilions, the Lake Area included several rides and attractions during 1964.[246] There was a circus operated by John Ringling North,[247][248] which performed in a 5,000-seat tent.[247] Nearby was a wax museum.[242][249] The amusement area also included attractions such as a children's play area, puppet show, and porpoise show.[249] A lake cruise traveled off the shore of Meadow Lake,[250] and an early log flume ride was also installed at the fair.[209][251] There was a 10,000-seat outdoor theater in the amusement area as well.[234] The Flushing Meadows Carousel was formed through the combination of two Coney Island carousels.[252] The Florida pavilion took over much of the Lake Area in 1965,[253][254] and two amusement areas called Carnival and Continental Park were added at that time.[255] Outside the Lake Area were the Fiesta Playground[256] and the Sculpture Continuum Playground.[257]
Transportation
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/6405_NY_World%27s_Fair_9_1964_%2851190488249%29.jpg/220px-6405_NY_World%27s_Fair_9_1964_%2851190488249%29.jpg)
Within the Lake Area, the American Machine and Foundry Company (AMF) constructed a monorail with two 4,000-foot-long (1,200 m) loops.[258][259] The line was a suspended monorail[260][258] with seven 80-passenger trains, each two cars long.[259] Another transport attraction at the fair was the Swiss Sky Ride, a ski lift or aerial gondola running 1,875 feet (572 m) between the Korean and Swiss pavilions,[261] which was sponsored by the Swiss government.[262] During the 1964 season, visitors could rent one of 147 Greyhound Escorters, driven by chauffeurs. In addition, 61 Glide-a-Ride trolleys served the fairground during both seasons.[263][264]
The fairground was accessed by numerous highways on Long Island, which had been upgraded to provide access to the fair.[204][89] An expanded World's Fair Marina provided access via Flushing Bay.[204][265] There was a short-lived ferry service to Manhattan,[266] as well as other ferry routes to various ports in New York and New Jersey.[267] A helicopter shuttle ran to the Pan Am Building and Lower Manhattan heliports.[88] Local buses, airport shuttle buses, the subway, and the LIRR all stopped near the fairground.[88] The R33S and R36WF subway cars were constructed for the 7 route, which ran to the Willets Point station near the fair.[249] Although a dedicated subway line had served the 1939 fair,[268] no such route was built for 1964.[268][266] A luxury bus service carried "distinguished guests" to and from the fair.[269] There were 20,000 parking spaces,[209][270] and shuttle buses transported people from the parking lots to the main gate.[208]
Other features
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/255-CC-65-HC-223%2C_front.jpg/220px-255-CC-65-HC-223%2C_front.jpg)
The fairground had nine fountains and eleven reflecting pools.[195][209] Placed at the center of the fair was the Unisphere, which was constructed by American Bridge Company.[271][272] Weighing 700,000 pounds (317,515 kg),[271][273] the globe was created to symbolize "man's achievements on a shrinking globe in an expanding universe".[274] At the far east end of Flushing Meadows Park, the Fountain of the Planets (Pool of Industry) could spray water up to 625 feet (191 m) high,[275] and there were nighttime fireworks displays.[276] The Unisphere and Fountain of the Planets are connected via the Fountain of the Fairs.[277] Several other fountains were placed throughout the grounds.[276]
The fairground had 28 mi (45 km),[177] 39 mi (63 km),[208][c] or 40 mi (64 km) of paths.[188] There were also numerous plazas.[198] Throughout the fairground were information booths operated by Greyhound Bus.[208] Near the northern end of the fairground was a customs building,[278] where customs officials examined items bound for the fair's international pavilions and concessionaires.[279] There was also a press building next to the Grand Central Parkway, with a reporters' bullpen, offices for major news agencies, a press conference room, and offices.[135][280] On the fairground was the 22-room Atomedic Hospital, which was staffed 24 hours a day, in addition to five first-aid stations.[189] About 300 closed-circuit televisions were installed across the fairground,[155][249] and a film studio for independent filmmakers was also built.[281] Pinkerton matrons operated a lost-child bureau with activities and games for lost children.[282]
Culture
Cuisine
The restaurant had a large number of eateries.[155][283] When the fair opened, it had 110 to 114 eateries, including 61 within pavilions.[208][284] The World's Fair had 31 standalone restaurants operated by the Brass Rail firm (including 6 specialty restaurants and 25 fine-dining restaurants).[285] Restaurant Associates was supposed to have operated several restaurants at the World's Fair, but its contract was canceled because of a dispute over signage,[286] and the Brass Rail instead received the contract.[208][287] Brass Rail's restaurants were designed by Victor Lundy[288] and were shaped like bunches of white balloons.[289] For the 1965 season, the fair had 198 restaurants,[290][291] and many meals cost 99 cents because any food below $1 could not be taxed.[292] Brewers spent millions of dollars convincing exhibitors to sell their beers.[293]
Foods sold at the fair included Belgian waffles, 7 Up drinks, dumplings, pizza, tacos, kimchi, Turkish coffee, tandoori chicken, and hummus. Many of these foods became popular in New York City and in the U.S. after the fair closed.[294][295] The Thailand pavilion included North America's first Thai restaurant, while the Malaysia pavilion served Tiger Beer and satay.[296]
Performances
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/NY_World%27s_Fair_%2764_-_Les_Poupees_de_Paris_%28ut%29_-_Flickr_-_PLCjr.jpg/220px-NY_World%27s_Fair_%2764_-_Les_Poupees_de_Paris_%28ut%29_-_Flickr_-_PLCjr.jpg)
There were more than 30 entertainment events at the fair.[297] Moses disdained carnival-style attractions,[298][299] saying that there would be "no whiskered women, tattooed giants, nudes on ice. [...] The appeal of a world's fair should not be entirely below the Adam's apple."[205] As the WFC's president, Moses also reserved the right to ban any project from the fair.[300] Shows that appealed to prurient interests, like seminude dancing, were thus ruled out.[242][301] An exception was an adult-only musical puppet show, Les Poupées de Paris.[302] The lack of adult shows may have contributed to the amusement area's unpopularity in 1964.[299] The ban on adult shows was relaxed in 1965; a striptease show in the Louisiana pavilion lasted two performances before it was canceled.[303][304]
Musical and theatrical performances took place at several pavilions, and there were fireworks and water shows at the Pool of Industry.[297] Among the theatrical shows were the revues To Broadway With Love,[305][306] Wonder World (which lasted two months),[307][308] and Summer Time Revue.[309] DuPont presented a musical revue in its own pavilion, The Wonderful World of Chemistry.[310] A controversial minstrel show in the Louisiana pavilion was canceled after two days.[306][311] International pavilions, such as the African, Indonesia, and Spain pavilions, also hosted dance and other live shows.[312]
Sporting events, such as wrestling, boxing, gymnastics, fencing, judo, and weightlifting, took place at the fair.[249] Some of these events were presented as part of the 1964 Summer Olympics tryouts in New York City.[313] The Dick Button's Ice-Travaganza ice-skating show was hosted at the New York City Pavilion.[297][314] An Auto Thrill Show was hosted in the Transportation Area.[315] A parade traveled across the fairground every day,[248] and there were fireworks and water shows at the Pool of Industry.[297] Some shows, like To Broadway With Love and the Ice-Travaganza, closed within a few months of the fair's opening.[316]
Music and film
The fairground itself did not emphasize music, although a "World's Fair Festival" did take place at Lincoln Center in Manhattan.[317] Popular and classical music was broadcast from 800 lampposts on the fairground.[318] The fair also had an official band: Cities Service's World's Band of America, a 50-piece ensemble headed by conductor Paul Lavalle.[319] Other ensembles performed throughout the fair, including Guy Lombardo, the United States Marine Band,[319] and the United States Navy Steel Band.[320] During 1964, the amusement area hosted rock-and-roll concerts that were popular among local youth; Moses, who abhorred the genre, canceled these concerts when he learned about them.[321]
The fairground contained about 40 theaters, most of which were housed within pavilions. Fifty films were produced for these pavilions.[322] There were several religious films including Parable at the Protestant and Orthodox pavilion;[323][324] Man in the 5th Dimension at the Billy Graham pavilion;[325] and Man's Search for Happiness at the LDS pavilion.[326] The Johnson's Wax pavilion screened a film titled To Be Alive!, which later won an Academy Award.[66] The WFC also produced a film promoting the fair in seven languages in 1964.[327]
Art and artifacts
Originally, the WFC made no effort to coordinate art exhibitions at the 1964 World's Fair, and Moses did not wish to subsidize art exhibits on the fairground.[230] Moses did not want to pay for an art pavilion himself.[328][329] After commentators spoke about the lack of art at the fair, Moses changed his mind, allowing states to display art in their own pavilions.[330] For example, ten pop artists designed art for the New York State Pavilion's Theaterama.[331][332] The Fine Arts pavilion displayed 250 contemporary artists' work.[217][333]
Foreign nations displayed art and artifacts at the fair as well.[334] Spain displayed works from artists such as Francisco Goya, El Greco, Joan Miró, Pablo Picasso, and Diego Velázquez.[229][335] The United Arab Republic displayed artifacts from several historical eras;[336] the Sudan pavilion displayed a 1,300-year-old Madonna fresco;[337] the Jordan pavilion showcased the Dead Sea Scrolls; and the Republic of China pavilion displayed Chinese jade.[334] The Mexico pavilion displayed art during the 1965 season as well.[338]
There were 95 sculptures at the fair,[209] including five permanent sculptures.[335] Four of the sculptures remain in Flushing Meadows-Corona Park: Forms in Transit by Theodore Roszak, Freedom of the Human Spirit by Marshall Fredericks, Free Form by José de Rivera, and Rocket Thrower by Donald De Lue.[335] Another sculpture, Armillary Sphere by Paul Manship, was vandalized, and the remaining pieces stolen in 1980.[335][339] The non-permanent sculptures included Pietà by Michelangelo, at the Vatican pavilion,[334][335] which was one of the fair's most popular exhibits.[340]
Consumer products
The 1964 World's Fair showcased many consumer products.[341][342] For example, color television was popularized at the fair.[343] The Ford Mustang was launched shortly before it was displayed at the fair,[342] and technologies such as Picturephones and IBM computers also were introduced there.[344][345] Other innovations never became popular, such as thermonuclear fusion power plants, undersea hotels, underground houses,[342] jet packs, and Corfam synthetic leather.[346]
Operation
1964 season
![A black-and-white picture of the fairground, looking south from the Unisphere toward the New York State Pavilion](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/6405_NY_World%27s_Fair_3_1964_%2851190488619%29.jpg/220px-6405_NY_World%27s_Fair_3_1964_%2851190488619%29.jpg)
In its first week, the fair recorded nearly a million visitors,[203] and during the first month, the fair saw 150,000 daily visitors (60 percent of initial projections).[201] Famous and wealthy visitors, including government officials and heads of state, visited the fairground.[347][348] Several problems arose through the course of the fair.[77][349] Disputes occurred over labor unions,[77][350] maintenance fees,[77][351] and a mural in the Jordan pavilion.[352][353] Thefts and breakdowns also occurred regularly.[354] Exhibitors complained about high rental rates and insufficient maintenance of the fairground.[355] The Lake Amusement Area was especially unprofitable;[356][357] it had few attractions and could not be easily accessed.[201][358] Many of the most popular exhibits charged an additional fee, and visitors often did not bring enough money for food or for higher-priced exhibits.[359] The WFC unsuccessfully attempted to entice visitors by offering discounts to taxi drivers and improving fairground lighting,[358] and the WFC was planning promotional campaigns by the end of June.[350] The J. Walter Thompson Company advertised the fair in New York City–area media.[360]
By mid-1964, some exhibitors had gone out of business,[357][307] including the two largest shows in the Lake Amusement Area.[316] Employees, especially the 4,000 college students who worked the fair, faced occupational burnout.[361] Despite the troubles, the WFC was able to buy back one-quarter of its promissory notes in mid-1964,[362][363] and exhibitors publicly downplayed their grievances with the WFC to attract visitors.[364] The industrial and international pavilions were profitable compared with the amusement area,[241][365] and Moses said he was unbothered by the Amusement Area's financial troubles.[356] The fair had recorded 13.4 million visitors at the season's midpoint in July 1964.[366][367] The fair recorded 5.8 million visitors that August, the highest of any month during the 1964 season.[368][369] Nearly half of visitors came from the New York City area,[368] and would-be visitors expressed fears about crime and unrest.[370] Attendance declined significantly in September,[241][367] when children returned to school.[371][372] In response, Moses complained that journalists were tarnishing the fair's reputation[371][373] and accused them of suppressing attendance.[371][374] An exhibitors' committee made several recommendations for increasing attendance, but Moses rejected nearly all the suggestions.[375]
The fair closed for the season on October 18, 1964.[376][377] There had been 33 million visitors, including 27 million who paid admission.[377][378] Several reasons were cited for the reduced attendance figures, including crime fears, long queues, and high prices.[186] Additionally, the WFC had paid several contractors much more than they should have.[379] Moses had projected a $53 million surplus, but the surplus stood at only $12.6 million at season's end, barely enough to pay back the city government.[380][381] The WFC reduced its estimated total profit for both seasons to $30 million.[378] Still, many industrial pavilions had long queues and tens of thousands of daily visitors,[241][186] and the General Motors and Vatican pavilions each saw more than 10 million visitors during 1964.[363] The New York Times reported that many international exhibitors were pleased with the fair but wanted someone else to operate it.[382]
Off-season
Exhibitors were obligated to maintain and guard their pavilions during the off-season.[383][384] Ahead of the 1965 season, the WFC planned to spend $1.3 million on renovations,[377][384] and 3,000 workers began winterizing the fairground in November 1964.[385] The WFC planned to create a promotional film and advertisements for the fair,[386] and it kept some of the paths and fountains illuminated.[387] Thomas Deegan said several existing pavilions would be renovated, and a dozen new restaurants would be added.[388][389] WFC officials claimed that attendance would rise during 1965,[381][390] anticipating 37.5 million visitors during that season.[379] The prediction was unrealistic: previous world's fairs typically had fewer visitors during their second season,[381] and no new pavilions were being planned.[390][383] Nonetheless, the fair would become unprofitable if it failed to reach its attendance goal.[391]
Moses told Mayor Wagner in November 1964 that the WFC might not be able to repay the $24 million from the city.[389][392] In January 1965, several of the WFC's financial advisors quit after bitter arguments over finances,[393][394] and the WFC requested $3.5 million to reopen the fair.[394][395] City controller Abraham Beame began auditing the WFC,[396][397] and Deegan's public-relations firm (which had received $300,000 annually for four years) was fired.[398][399] The WFC's internal audit had found a $17.5 million deficit,[400] but Beame's audit was delayed for several months due to lawsuits.[396][401] By February 1965, at least fourteen exhibitors from the 1964 season had declared bankruptcy.[291][402] Franklin National Bank offered to lend the WFC $3.5 million,[398][403] but the WFC indicated that it needed only $1 million.[404] Though city officials wanted to oust Moses as the WFC's president,[405] he ultimately retained his position.[404][406] When Moses said he would spend $6.4 million to renovate Flushing Meadows Park before repaying debts,[407][408] the WFC's finance chairman resigned.[407][409] Two Marine Midland Bank branches provided a $1 million loan to the WFC that March,[410][411] which the WFC repaid two months later.[412][413]
Meanwhile, during the off-season, several exhibitors renovated and modified their pavilions,[291][414] spending over $7 million in total.[290] At least fifty exhibits were upgraded,[256] and five major attractions were added,[255] along with free entertainments and science demonstrations.[415] New artwork and films were added to several pavilions.[416] The struggling Lake Amusement Area became the Lake Area.[202][253] The WFC asked the New York City Transit Authority to increase subway service to the fair, and 26 exhibitors collaborated on a promotional campaign.[417] Fifty-three exhibitors proposed that the first week of the 1965 season be called Fair Festival Week,[411][418] to which Wagner agreed.[419] The WFC produced a promotional film, To the Fair,[420][421] and individual exhibitors also produced their own films.[420][422] To reduce its debts, the WFC decreased its budget for the 1965 season and fired some employees.[423]
1965 season
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Berlin_Pavilion.jpg/220px-Berlin_Pavilion.jpg)
More than 150,000 people attended the reopening of the fair on April 21, 1965.[424][425] Ethiopian long-distance runners Abebe Bikila and Mamo Wolde participated in a ceremonial half marathon,[426] running from Central Park in Manhattan to Singer Bowl at the fairground.[427] In contrast to 1964, there were no protests when the fair reopened,[425] and almost all exhibits were completed on time.[428] For the 1965 season, adult admission fees were raised to $2.50 (equivalent to $24.17 in 2023).[181][395][417] During the first 20 days of the 1965 season, attendance declined 22 percent compared with the same time period in 1964,[429] putting many exhibitors in danger of bankruptcy.[430] In addition, fewer visitors were paying at the gates, as more than half of visitors carried advance tickets.[430] Exhibitors requested that admission fees be reduced[413][431] and that a reduced-price evening admission ticket be sold.[303][432] Moses refused both proposals,[303][433] and several exhibitors threatened to close their pavilions before reneging.[303][434]
At the beginning of the 1965 season, there were issues such as race-related protests,[435][436] Vietnam War protests,[437][438] a controveiet over a racially insensitive s song,[435][439] and disputes between Jewish and Arab exhibitors.[435][440] Vandalism also increased due to the reduced police presence,[441] and a fairgoer was killed that May.[442][437] WFC officials also tried to invalidate their January 1964 agreement for disbursing the fair's profits,[153] and exhibitors continued to lose money due to lower-than-expected attendance.[443] Comparatively few visitors attended during evenings,[444] but the WFC again rejected a proposal for discounted evening admission in July 1965.[445] Despite increased attendance in mid-1965, the fair continued to record decreased revenue compared with 1964.[446] Many exhibitors recorded substantial losses from the costs of their pavilions.[447] By August 1965, the WFC was devising plans to clear the fairground after the fair,[448][449] though 13 exhibitors had declared bankruptcy and could not afford to demolish or move their pavilions.[450]
Beame's interim report, published at the end of August, found that the WFC had squandered money by not awarding contracts through competitive bidding and by spending nearly all of its funds on expenses incurred before and during 1964.[451][452] Despite Moses's denials of wrongdoing,[453] Queens district attorney Frank D. O'Connor opened a criminal inquiry into the WFC shortly afterward.[454] Moses also installed highway signs promoting the fair and refused to remove them, even after city traffic commissioner Henry A. Barnes called the signs a safety hazard.[455][456] By mid-September, estimates of the fair's total attendance had been reduced from 70 to 50 million.[457] Pope Paul VI visited the fair on October 4, 1965, during the first-ever papal visit to the United States.[458] Toward the end of the 1965 season, there was a sustained increase in attendance,[459][460] and exhibitors worried that overcrowding would create a bad impression.[461]
The fair ended on October 17, 1965,[462][463] setting an all-time attendance record of 446,953 on its last day.[463][464] The fair's final day was chaotic, with reports of vandalism and theft.[462][464] In total, the fair had recorded 51,607,448 admissions,[464][465] seven million more than the 1939 fair and ten million more than Expo 58.[465][466] The GM and Vatican pavilions had been the most popular.[466] Nonetheless, the fair had a deficit of up to $40 million at the time of closure.[467] The New York Times wrote that the fair had underperformed expectations in part because of Moses's stubborn attitude and refusal to take advice.[466]
Aftermath
Demolition and site use
Moses predicted that the WFC would have to spend $11.6 million to clear the site.[468] He recommended that most pavilions be demolished after the fair ended.[469] By mid-1965, the WFC proposed preserving 19 structures,[7][448] while the remaining pavilions were offered to anyone who could afford to relocate it.[448][449] Several exhibitors chose to sell off their buildings due to the high cost of demolition,[459] including U.S. Steel and Thailand.[470] In other cases, exhibitors sold off the contents of their pavilions,[471] or people offered to salvage specific parts of pavilions.[472] Any other buildings had to be demolished within 90 days of the fair's closure.[219][473][474]Most pavilions were demolished and dumped into Flushing Bay.[475] Demolition began the day after the fair closed;[474] by November, the site was filled with "rubbish and rats".[476]
Moses also suggested that the Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority spend $6.3 million to convert the fairground into a park.[477] The city government took over Flushing Meadows Park from the WFC in June 1967,[478] though few improvements were made to the park for several years.[479] The paths and their names remained almost unchanged through the 21st century.[480]
Profitability and subsequent fairs
Surplus revenue from the fair were to have been used for improving Flushing Meadows Park.[70][76] By the end of the fair, the WFC had defaulted on 60 percent of the bonds it had issued.[468][481] Many of the fair's restaurants broke even.[482] In part because of the 1964 fair's unprofitability, many industrial exhibitors were loath to sponsor major exhibits at Expo 67,[483] and two other American cities withdrew proposals for world's fairs in the 1960s and 1970s.[447] Because of the "mistakes made in New York", Expo 67's organizers invested heavily in amusement attractions (which later became La Ronde amusement park), and they sought positive press coverage—a significant departure from Moses's approach.[484]
Remaining pavilions
Structures at Flushing Meadows–Corona Park
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/New_York_Worlds_Fairgrounds.jpg/220px-New_York_Worlds_Fairgrounds.jpg)
Preserved at the center of the park is the Unisphere, which is a New York City designated landmark.[485] The Column of Jerash, an ancient column of Jordan, stands near the Unisphere,[486] while a stone bench marking the site of the Vatican pavilion stands east of the main fountain.[487] Near the Unisphere is the New York City Pavilion, which hosts the Queens Museum[488][341] and continues to display Panorama of the City of New York, created for the 1964 fair.[489] Also nearby is the New York State Pavilion, which is largely unused as of 2024[update];[490] the State Pavilion's former Theaterama is used by the Queens Theatre in the Park.[491] The U.S. Post Office pavilion became a skating rink,[492] then a warehouse.[493]
In the northwestern part of the park, the New York Hall of Science was preserved as a museum[494][341] and was expanded in 2004.[495] The Hall of Science includes two rockets from the fair's Space Park.[341][496] The World's Fair Building and Winston Churchill Tribute became the aviary for the Queens Zoo.[497][498] Nearby is the Flushing Meadows Carousel.[341][499] The Port Authority heliport and pavilion became Terrace on the Park, a banquet hall.[500][501][502] The World's Fair Marina, built for the 1939 fair and expanded for the 1964 fair,[503] still operates along Flushing Bay.[504] A plaque marks the site of the Garden of Meditation.[505] Other buildings remained for several years before being demolished. The Travel and Transportation Pavilion was destroyed in 1967 after a failed conversion to a fire station, and the Federal Pavilion was demolished in 1977 after extensive deterioration.[506][480] The Aquacade amphitheater, originally built for the 1939 fair,[498] also decayed extensively[507] and was ultimately demolished in 1996.[508] The Singer Bowl became a sports venue.[498][509] The Louis Armstrong Stadium replaced half of the Singer Bowl in 1977, while the remainder of the venue was preserved as a grandstand,[510] which was razed in 2016.[511]
Structures relocated
![View of the former Coca-Coca Pavilion's carillon at Stone Mountain in Georgia](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Stone_Mountain_Carillon.jpg/220px-Stone_Mountain_Carillon.jpg)
Other structures were relocated at the end of the fair.[7] Of the international exhibits, Austria's pavilion became a ski lodge in western New York;[513] the Paris pavilion became a bowling alley in East Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania;[514] Malaysia's pavilion was donated to the University of Plano;[515] Japan's pavilion went to Manhattanville College;[516] and Spain's pavilion was relocated to a hotel in St. Louis, Missouri.[517] In the state area, the Wisconsin Pavilion became a radio station in Neillsville, Wisconsin,[518] and the New England Pavilion was moved to a mall in South Portland, Maine.[519] The Golden Rondelle Theater was moved to the city of Racine, Wisconsin.[520] Of the religious pavilions, the Christian Science pavilion was moved to Poway, California,[521] while the Mormon pavilion became an LDS temple in Plainville, New York.[522] The US Royal Ferris wheel became the Uniroyal Giant Tire in Allen Park, Michigan.[523][524]
In some cases, only part of a pavilion was preserved due to the high cost of preserving the full pavilion.[472] Part of the Vatican pavilion was moved to Saint Mary Mother of the Redeemer Church in Groton, Connecticut,[525] while the Coca-Cola pavilion's carillon was moved to Stone Mountain near Atlanta, Georgia.[512] The Railroad Museum of Long Island in Riverhead, New York, inherited the LIRR pavilion's miniature railway,[526] and the IBM pavilion's Mathematica: A World of Numbers... and Beyond exhibit is at the Henry Ford Museum of American Innovation in Dearborn, Michigan.[527] Travelers Insurance sent one Triumph of Manexhibit to the COSI museum in Columbus, Ohio.[528] Arches from the General Mills pavilion were sent to Warwick, Rhode Island; Huntsville, Ohio; and West Hempstead, New York.[529] The dinosaur replicas from the Sinclair Oil pavilion were also dispersed across the U.S.[530]
Several attractions at the 1964 fair became amusement park rides. The GE pavilion's Progressland carousel was moved to the Magic Kingdom theme park at Walt Disney World in Bay Lake, Florida;[531] the It's a Small World ride was shipped to Disneyland in Anaheim, California;[532] and the Swiss Skyride was moved to Six Flags Great Adventure in Jackson Township, New Jersey.[533] The Belgian Village carousel became Le Galopant at La Ronde in Montreal, Quebec,[534] though the ride no longer operates as of 2023[update].[535]
Impact
Reception
Contemporary
Before the fair opened, The Washington Post called the fair a "mixed boon" to New York City because BIE members had boycotted the fair.[536] The differing architectural styles of the fair attracted criticism even before the official opening.[107][216] John Canaday of The New York Times wrote in 1961 that he would be surprised if the fair were not "a mess and disaster architecturally".[537] In late 1963, just before the fair opened, an Associated Press reporter wrote that the 1964 fair was "a big city cousin to the familiar county fair" but that it was also becoming one of the United States' most comprehensive exhibits of industries and businesses.[198] A British newspaper called the fair "a great big grown-up Disneyland".[206]
When the fair opened, Life and Ebony magazines called it one of mankind's largest expositions, and Newsweek wrote that the attractions and pavilions were "hard to resist".[203] Several writers criticized the large number of industrial exhibits at the fair, and observers also complained about the wastefulness of the pavilions' temporary nature.[538] There was also negative commentary on the conflicting architectural styles.[539][540] Ada Louise Huxtable of The New York Times wrote that the fair was architecturally "grotesque",[539][541] while other critics lambasted the structures as befitting Coney Island or a street fair.[542] The critic Vincent Scully Jr. derided the fair in a Life magazine article, "If This Is Architecture, God Help Us".[539][540] Conversely, Time magazine wrote in June 1964 that the fair had "grace and substance" despite the presence of some "tacky" attractions,[542][543] a sentiment repeated in The Atlanta Journal-Constitution.[195] The American Institute of Architects gave awards to several pavilions for "excellence in design".[544] A Newsday reporter described the fair as "both garish and subtle, tawdry and tasteful, ephemeral and lasting".[349]
Retrospective
A Bloomberg reporter wrote in 2013 that, although the 1964 World's Fair was ostensibly themed to "peace through understanding", it was dominated by its corporate exhibitors.[545] For the fair's 50th anniversary, Smithsonian Magazine wrote that the fair's "limitless faith in material and social progress" had been counteracted by social upheaval in the U.S. that took place during the mid-1960s.[546]
Influence
The fair was credited with increasing tourism in New York City even before the formal opening.[547] The city's hotels were often overcrowded during the fair's 1964 season, and garages were also overcrowded as well.[548][86] Broadway theaters recorded increased ticket sales,[548] as did other visitor attractions such as the Empire State Building and Radio City Music Hall.[186][381] Though major department stores and restaurants saw increased business during the fair,[86] other merchants reported no measurable impact on their business.[549] To avoid the crowds, many local residents also left the city during the fair.[550] At the end of the first season, the city's Convention and Visitors Bureau estimated that the city had earned $400 million due to the fair.[386][380] The Christian Science Monitor wrote in 1965 that the fair had only partially benefited the area's economy.[551] After the fair ended, The New York Times estimated that the fair had increased local restaurant profits by 8%, while stores in Midtown Manhattan had seen around 4% more profit.[466]
The fair helped popularize several consumer products such as Belgian waffles and the Ford Mustang.[342] The 1964 World's Fair included several exhibits and technologies that were later included in Disney parks,[552] such as Audio-Animatronics.[343]
See also
References
Notes
Citations
- ^ a b c d "Flushing Meadows Corona Park: World's Fair Playground". New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Retrieved April 18, 2017.
- ^ "Appendix: The History of Flushing Meadows Corona Park" (PDF). New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. p. 52. Retrieved November 12, 2017.
- ^ Steinberg, Ted (July 21, 2015). Gotham Unbound: The Ecological History of Greater New York. Simon and Schuster. p. 212. ISBN 978-1-4767-4128-4.
- ^ "Great World Fair for City in 1939 on Site in Queens; Cost to Be $40,000,000". The New York Times. September 23, 1935. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 20, 2024.
- ^ a b c d Stern, Mellins & Fishman 1995, p. 1027.
- ^ a b Samuel 2007, p. 4.
- ^ a b c Hornaday, Mary (September 23, 1965). "World's Fair plans for closing curtain: Pavilions to move". The Christian Science Monitor. p. 11. ISSN 0882-7729. ProQuest 510830485.
- ^ "Ready to Turn Fair Into Park; Moses Tells Mayor His Plans Are Set" (PDF). The Sun (New York). August 15, 1940. p. 14. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 29, 2019. Retrieved March 27, 2017 – via Old Fulton New York Postcards.
- ^ "Flushing Meadow" (PDF). Long Island Star-Journal. July 13, 1949. p. 4. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 29, 2019. Retrieved March 27, 2017 – via Old Fulton New York Postcards.
- ^ a b Freeman, Ira Henry (August 10, 1959). "World's Fair Planned Here In '64 at Half Billion Cost; Flushing Meadow Likely to Be the Site – 'Biggest' Exposition to Celebrate New York's 300th Anniversary Plans Fair Here". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 20, 2024.
- ^ a b Samuel 2007, p. 3; Tirella 2013, p. 11.
- ^ "Blending of Ideas in 2 Opposing Minds Went Into Creation of the Exposition; '39 Concessionaire Conceived Plan for '64 at a Family Dinner; Kopple Wanted to Bring the World Home to His Daughters—Moses Carried Through as Head of Corporation". The New York Times. April 22, 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 20, 2024.
- ^ Samuel 2007, pp. 3–4.
- ^ Tirella 2013, p. 12.
- ^ a b Samuel 2007, p. 4; Tirella 2013, p. 13.
- ^ a b Crowell, Paul (August 13, 1959). "Proclamation by Mayor Backs Plans for World's Fair in 1964". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 21, 2024.
- ^ "Mayor, Moses Back Fair At Flushing Meadow Site". New York Herald Tribune. August 12, 1959. p. 9. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1327256116.
- ^ Kaplan, Morris (August 19, 1959). "75 Leaders Set Up World Fair Body; Elect Corporation Officers – Congressional Approval Celled Only Hurdle". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 20, 2024.
- ^ Barrett, Laurence (September 11, 1959). "Site of World's Fair Gets 35 More Acres: Acquisition of Kissena Corridor Revealed on Moses Trailer Tour". New York Herald Tribune. p. 1. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1327271386; Illson, Murray (September 11, 1959). "Moses Shows Officials How Site of '64 World's Fair Could Be Expanded". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 22, 2024.
- ^ Wilson, Victor (August 18, 1959). "World's Fair for City Facing a Rocky Road: Must Leap Hurdles in 22-Nation Exposition Bureau and Congress". New York Herald Tribune. p. 1. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1325328899.
- ^ Barrett, Laurence (August 14, 1959). "Other Cities Compete For 1964 World Fair: Washington, Los Angeles Vying; Flushing Meadow the Site Here". New York Herald Tribune. p. 1. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1328096936; "City and Washington Vie for World's Fair". The New York Times. August 14, 1959. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 20, 2024.
- ^ Samuel 2007, p. 6; Tirella 2013, p. 13.
- ^ Samuel 2007, p. 5; Tirella 2013, p. 13.
- ^ "Ike Names World Fair Committee: Washington Among Three Major Cities Proposed as Sites". The Washington Post, Times Herald. October 11, 1959. p. A1. ISSN 0190-8286. ProQuest 140975102; Mooney, Richard E. (October 11, 1959). "President Names Panel on '64 Fair; Asks 3 to Study Feasibility of U.S. Show and Pick Site If They Approve Plans". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 22, 2024.
- ^ Samuel 2007, p. 6; Tirella 2013, p. 14.
- ^ Landauer, Jerry; Mintz, Morton (October 30, 1959). "N.Y. Picked As Site for World Fair: Capital Said to Be Better Suited for Permanent Projects". The Washington Post. p. A1. ISSN 0190-8286. ProQuest 140973278; Mooney, Richard E. (October 30, 1959). "World Fair Here in 1964 Approved; Eisenhower Acts; He Backs Report Saying Exposition Would Be in 'National Interest'". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 20, 2024.
- ^ Barrett, Laurence (November 11, 1959). "75 Countries Ready to Join World's Fair". New York Herald Tribune. p. 17. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1324214613; Anderson, David (November 11, 1959). "75 Nations Voice Interest in Fair; Deegan Reports on Informal Poll – Says Professional Will Direct '64 Event". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 23, 2024.
- ^ "Show News: Plan 4-Man Team to Manage New York 1964 World's Fair". The Billboard. Vol. 72, no. 8. February 22, 1960. p. 51. ProQuest 1505534595; Knowles, Clayton (February 29, 1960). "4-man Leadership Due for 1964 Fair; Moses and Murphy Would Direct Team for World Exhibition in City". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 23, 2024.
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- ^ Samuel 2007, p. 8.
- ^ a b Samuel 2007, p. 8; Tirella 2013, pp. 34–35.
- ^ a b c d Stern, Mellins & Fishman 1995, p. 1028.
- ^ a b c d e f Doty, Robert C. (September 9, 1963). "World's Fair Gains Impetus Despite Snubs". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 24, 2024.
- ^ Freeman, Ira Henry (April 9, 1960). "Originator of Fair Dropped by Moses". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 23, 2024; "Moses Bars Fair Post for Kopple". The Buffalo News. April 9, 1960. p. 11. Retrieved May 23, 2024.
- ^ Gleason, Gene (May 25, 1960). "Fair To Be 2½ Times Size Of Last One, Moses Says". New York Herald Tribune. p. 1. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1325923549; Johnston, Richard J. h (May 25, 1960). "Moses is Elected President of Fair; He Signs a 7-Year Contract – 2 Aides Are Named". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 20, 2024.
- ^ a b Chapman, Ralph (April 18, 1960). "Permanent Buildings Barred at World's Fair: Moses Report to Mayor Cites Law Calling for Restoration as a Park". New York Herald Tribune. p. 1. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1327176485; Grutzner, Charles (April 18, 1960). "Moses Sees Fair Lasting 2 Years; Report to Wagner Includes a Reference to 1964–65 Without Qualification". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 23, 2024.
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- ^ Samuel 2007, p. 9.
- ^ Tirella 2013, p. 37.
- ^ "Deegan Returns With Go-Aliead For World's Fair". New York Herald Tribune. November 5, 1959. p. 18. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1324227398; "World's Fair Group Is Back From Paris Elated on Go-Ahead". The New York Times. November 5, 1959. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 23, 2024.
- ^ a b c Samuel 2007, p. 10; Tirella 2013, pp. 40–41.
- ^ a b Tirella 2013, pp. 37–38.
- ^ a b c d e f "66 Nations Help Set Fair Record; Exhibition Isn't Official, but Its Foreign Roster Is Tops". The New York Times. April 22, 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 20, 2024.
- ^ "2-Year Run is Aim of 1964 Fair Here; Deegan Says Approval for Extension Is Being Sought From Bureau in Paris". The New York Times. February 18, 1960. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 23, 2024.
- ^ a b Tirella 2013, p. 40.
- ^ Tirella 2013, p. 39.
- ^ "Pakistan, Thailand Sign Up for '64 Fair". The New York Times. May 16, 1961. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 24, 2024.
- ^ Barrett, Laurence (August 13, 1959). "$500 Million Bonds to Aid World's Fair: "64 City Plan Looks To $6 Billion Trade". New York Herald Tribune. p. 8. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1327151968.
- ^ Samuel 2007, p. 6; Tirella 2013, p. 15.
- ^ Samuel 2007, p. 12; Tirella 2013, pp. 43–44.
- ^ Silberfarb, Edward J. (May 28, 1960). "Lease Signed For Site of World's Fair: 650 Rent-Free Acres At Flushing Meadow". New York Herald Tribune. p. 5. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1327670058; "Lease is Signed for '64 Fair Site; 646 Acres Are Alloted in Flushing Meadow on Rent-Free Basis". The New York Times. May 28, 1960. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 23, 2024.
- ^ Samuel 2007, pp. 8–9.
- ^ a b Tirella 2013, pp. 44–45.
- ^ "World's Fair Designers Quit". The Washington Post, Times Herald. December 7, 1960. p. B7. ISSN 0190-8286. ProQuest 141165876; Asbury, Edith Evans (December 3, 1960). "Designers Quit Fair In a Dispute on Plan". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 23, 2024.
- ^ a b Tirella 2013, p. 42.
- ^ "Codes for Buildings And Health Are Set For '64 Fair Here". The New York Times. September 30, 1960. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 23, 2024.
- ^ Barrett, Laurence (August 22, 1960). "Industrial Exhibit Size Cut by Fair: Reduced 40% Due To High Space Demand". New York Herald Tribune. p. 17. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1327219435; "10 File for Space at World's Fair; 9 Concerns and Gas Group Apply – Land Quota Cut". The New York Times. August 22, 1960. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 23, 2024.
- ^ "LI to 'Map' the Future In Entry for 1964 Fair". Newsday. August 22, 1960. p. 4. ISSN 2574-5298. ProQuest 898998597.
- ^ "First World's Fair Design: Beer 'Oasis'". New York Herald Tribune. August 26, 1960. p. 6. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1327220132.
- ^ "Group Flies To Invite Nations to Fair". New York Herald Tribune. August 15, 1960. p. 2. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1327453714; Phillips, Wayne (August 15, 1960). "First 'Envoys' Leave for Europe To Promote '64 World's Fair". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 23, 2024.
- ^ "World's Fair Urged to Employ Negroes". The New York Times. June 15, 1961. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 24, 2024.
- ^ Samuel 2007, p. 5.
- ^ a b "Show News: N. Y. World's Fair Plans Exclusive Fun Zone Contract". The Billboard. Vol. 72, no. 34. August 22, 1960. pp. 43–50. ProQuest 1505610775.
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- ^ "Port Authority First With World's Fair Plan". Brooklyn Record. August 12, 1960. p. 1. Retrieved May 23, 2024.
- ^ a b Cotter & Young 2008, p. 61.
- ^ "Moses Abandons Tivoli Fair Plan; Aides Say No One Could Be Found to Develop Park at Flushing Meadow". The New York Times. October 26, 1960. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 23, 2024.
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- ^ "Austria Rejects World's Fair Bid; Cites High Rent and Refusal of Recognition in Paris – Chile Seventh to Accept". The New York Times. November 26, 1960. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 23, 2024.
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- ^ a b c d e Sederberg, Arelo (January 5, 1964). "N.Y. Fair: A Gee-Whiz Money-maker?: Tight-Fisted Policy Seeks to Avoid Repetition of '39". Los Angeles Times. pp. L1. ISSN 0458-3035. ProQuest 168511265.
- ^ a b c d Samuel 2007, p. 42.
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- ^ a b c Samuel 2007, p. 28.
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- ^ "Stamp and Envelope to Mark Fair". The New York Times. January 5, 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 31, 2024.
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- ^ "Fair's Not Fair On License Plates". The Washington Post, Times Herald. January 29, 1964. p. A10. ISSN 0190-8286. ProQuest 142327654.
- ^ a b c Samuel 2007, p. 55.
- ^ a b Ferretti, Fred (November 25, 1962). "Hotels, Motels for the World's Fair". New York Herald Tribune. p. J10. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1326218806; "4 New Hotels Due to Rise in Queens: Coming World's Fair Spurs Construction in Borough". The New York Times. November 5, 1961. p. R8. ISSN 0362-4331. ProQuest 115246904.
- ^ a b c "Transportation To The 'Fair'". New Pittsburgh Courier. April 18, 1964. p. 1. ProQuest 371626341.
- ^ a b Samuel 2007, p. 13; Tirella 2013, p. 44.
- ^ "Business Is Booming at the Fair's Could‐You Please‐Tell‐Me Concession". The New York Times. March 22, 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 31, 2024.
- ^ Samuel 2007, pp. 29–30.
- ^ a b Schmedel, Scott R. (April 15, 1964). "Industry at the Fair: Firms Press to Reap Marketing Gains From World's Fair Outlays Many Will Get Sales Leads From Guest Books". The Wall Street Journal. p. 1. ISSN 0099-9660. ProQuest 132940186.
- ^ a b Hornaday, Mary (April 24, 1963). "N.Y. Fair Countdown Begins: Goal Upped". The Christian Science Monitor. p. 1. ISSN 0882-7729. ProQuest 510452982.
- ^ a b Samuel 2007, p. 12.
- ^ Illson, Murray (September 9, 1960). "Timetable is Set for World's Fair; Chief Designer Says Basic Work Is to Be Done by Winter of 1961". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 23, 2024.
- ^ "Work on Fairs First Building Starts at Once". New York Herald Tribune. August 1, 1960. p. 6. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1327216689; "Work to Start on Fair; Construction of First Building Is Due to Begin Today". The New York Times. August 1, 1960. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 23, 2024.
- ^ Duncan, Val (January 13, 1961). "1st Fair Building Houses World of Activity". Newsday. p. 4. ISSN 2574-5298. ProQuest 898973018; Chapman, Ralph (January 12, 1961). "First World Fair Structure Opened: 900 Visitors Get a Free Luncheon After Throgs Neck Span Opening". New York Herald Tribune. p. 19. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1325464542.
- ^ Freeman, Ira Henry (February 12, 1961). "City Closing Park for World's Fair; Public to Be Barred From Flushing Meadow While Construction Proceeds". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 19, 2024; Chapman, Ralph (February 12, 1961). "World's Fair Landscaping Work Closes Site to Traffic". New York Herald Tribune. p. 6. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1325186012.
- ^ "World's Fair Station Ready On L I. R.R.: Twenty-One Trains Daily Are Scheduled". New York Herald Tribune. January 9, 1961. p. 13. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1335743780; "World's Fair Station; Temporary L.I.R.R. Facility Opens on Wednesday". The New York Times. January 9, 1961. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 24, 2024.
- ^ Mayer, Robert (March 14, 1961). "Flushing Meadow Trees Make Way for 1964 Fair". Newsday. p. 26. ISSN 2574-5298. ProQuest 899085350; "Trees Transplanted at World's Fair Site". New York Herald Tribune. March 14, 1961. p. 8. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1326253135.
- ^ "Begin Work of Submerging Flushing River for the Fair". New York Herald Tribune. August 4, 1961. p. 13. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1327042208; Robertson, Nan (August 4, 1961). "Burying of River Begun for '64 Fair; Moses Starts 'Dirt Flying' to Shift Flushing Stream". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 24, 2024; Gerard, Jane (August 4, 1961). "Moses Gives the Order, Waters Will Turn Aside". Newsday. p. 16. ISSN 2574-5298. ProQuest 898996937.
- ^ "34 Nations Accept Invitation to Exhibit In '64 World's Fair". The New York Times. April 24, 1961. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 24, 2024.
- ^ "World's Fair To Have Section For Amusement". New York Herald Tribune. May 14, 1961. p. 11. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1335808045; Freeman, Ira Henry (May 14, 1961). "Amusements Win Place at '64 Fair; Amphitheatre Area Chosen for 'High-Class' Shows – Musical Foremost". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 24, 2024.
- ^ a b Samuel 2007, p. 20; Tirella 2013, p. 95.
- ^ "Fair Expected To Bring City $53,000,000: Estimate Submitted To Board by Moses". New York Herald Tribune. May 9, 1961. p. 30. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1325421048; Grutzner, Charles (May 9, 1961). "'64 Fair Reports Finances Strong; Expects 40 Million in Loans by Early July – Predicts Profit of 53 Million '64 Fair Calls Finances Strong; Predicts Profits of 53 Million". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 24, 2024.
- ^ Sanborne, Phil (June 16, 1961). "Slow! Top-Drawer Sodbusters at Work". Newsday. p. 39. ISSN 2574-5298. ProQuest 898974994; "First Ground-Breaking Held at World's Fair Site". The New York Times. June 16, 1961. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 24, 2024.
- ^ a b Schmedel, Scott R. (July 25, 1961). "World's Fair Rivals: New York and Seattle Shows Run Into Snags On Leasing, Financing Westinghouse Balks at N.Y. Fair's Cost; Paris Agency Gives Seattle Big Boost GM Hopes to Top Futurama World's Fair Rivals: New York, Seattle Shows Run Into Snags". The Wall Street Journal. p. 1. ISSN 0099-9660. ProQuest 132703509.
- ^ "Fair Raises Funds; Three-Fourth of Notes Offered Public Are Subscribed". The New York Times. November 2, 1961. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 24, 2024.
- ^ a b Tirella 2013, pp. 58–59.
- ^ "World's Fair Urged to Employ Negroes". The New York Times. June 15, 1961. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 24, 2024.
- ^ "Fair Play Asked In World's Fair". New York Amsterdam News. March 10, 1962. p. A3. ProQuest 2293405245; "Moses Has No Comment On World Fair Bias Rap". New Pittsburgh Courier. March 24, 1962. p. 2. ProQuest 371641299.
- ^ a b Samuel 2007, pp. 26–27.
- ^ "Moses Hires Negro In Executive Level At World's Fair". New York Amsterdam News. April 21, 1962. p. A1. ProQuest 2293405820.
- ^ a b Samuel 2007, p. 27.
- ^ Ingalls, Leonard (August 29, 1962). "Rockefeller to Check Complaint Of Bias in World's Fair Hiring". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 28, 2024.
- ^ Kenney, Harry C. (January 19, 1962). "N.Y. World's Fair Progress: Many Firms Ready 30 States Committed Sites Largely Confirmed Arts Program Speeded". The Christian Science Monitor. p. 4. ISSN 0882-7729. ProQuest 510327177.
- ^ "World Fair Takes Shape in New York". Chicago Tribune. March 25, 1962. p. A2. ISSN 1085-6706. ProQuest 183148100.
- ^ Wood, Francis (January 12, 1962). "1964 World's Fair Begins to Shape Up—As a Scale Model". Newsday. p. 23. ISSN 2574-5298. ProQuest 899165827.
- ^ "LIRR Preparing For World's Fair". Railway Age. Vol. 152, no. 1. January 1, 1962. p. 20. ProQuest 882920631.
- ^ "Moses Calls Fair Behind Schedule; Cites Inability to Prod State and Foreign Governments". The New York Times. March 23, 1962. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 25, 2024.
- ^ Kandel, Myron (July 25, 1962). "Advertising: World's Fair Promotion Cost Is Estimated". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 27, 2024.
- ^ "Latin Nations Are Wooed to World's Fair". Newsday. July 17, 1962. p. 14. ISSN 2574-5298. ProQuest 913667187; "Fair Urges Entries by Latin Americans". The New York Times. July 17, 1962. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 27, 2024.
- ^ a b Kenney, Harry C. (September 27, 1962). "New York Report World's Fair Emerging". The Christian Science Monitor. p. 16. ISSN 0882-7729. ProQuest 510390122.
- ^ a b Talese, Gay (September 13, 1962). "Fair is Heralded as Biggest Event; 800 Tent Party Guests Hear Optimistic Predictions". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 28, 2024.
- ^ a b "Giant Disk Due at Fair In New York". The Christian Science Monitor. October 18, 1962. p. 15. ISSN 0882-7729. ProQuest 510362297.
- ^ a b Kenney, Harry C. (September 14, 1962). "World's Fair Plans Fall Into Shape: Construction Nears". The Christian Science Monitor. p. 10. ISSN 0882-7729. ProQuest 510341563.
- ^ Samuel 2007, p. 141.
- ^ a b Bigart, Homer (December 2, 1962). "'64 Fair Seeking a Global Flavor; Flags of Nonparticipating European Nations to Fly Over Private Pavilions". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 29, 2024.
- ^ a b Samuel 2007, p. 149.
- ^ "New York World's Fair Gears for '64–'65 Throngs: Enthusiastic Support Procedure Specified". The Christian Science Monitor. January 3, 1963. p. 2. ISSN 0882-7729. ProQuest 510406641; "70 Million Due at N.Y. World's Fair". Los Angeles Times. January 20, 1963. pp. H12. ISSN 0458-3035. ProQuest 168267309.
- ^ a b "'Billion-Dollar Fair' Rising in Flushing; Prospect Is It Will Be 10 Times Seattle's". The Reporter Dispatch. March 20, 1963. p. 36. Retrieved May 30, 2024.
- ^ Arnold, Martin (May 19, 1963). "Concessionaires Lined Up for Fair; 130 Million Is Anticipated in Sales and Ride Fares". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 30, 2024.
- ^ "Kennedy Starts Fair Countdown". The Hartford Courant. April 23, 1963. p. 10. ISSN 1047-4153. ProQuest 548039555; "Kennedy Starts Clock for Fair; Promises to Attend Opening in Exactly One Year". The New York Times. April 23, 1963. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 30, 2024.
- ^ a b Schmedel, Scott R. (April 19, 1963). "World's Fair Woes: With New York Start Only Year Away, Many Exhibitors Drag Feet Ground Not Broken for Most Buildings and Construction Costs Rise; Some Back Out Cheer From Seattle Success World's Fair Woes: Many Exhibitors In New York Dragging Their Feet". The Wall Street Journal. p. 1. ISSN 0099-9660. ProQuest 132860330.
- ^ a b Clark, Alfred E. (May 5, 1963). "Press Structure is Opened at Fair; Salinger Is at Dedication of First Building on Site Moses Scoffs at Critics". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 30, 2024.
- ^ "39 Firms Insure World's Fair Art Treasures". Boston Globe. June 5, 1963. p. 15. ProQuest 276160148; "Group to Insure Fair Exhibitors; Michelangelo's 'Pieta,' Said to Be Worth 100 Million, Among Art to Be Covered". The New York Times. June 5, 1963. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 30, 2024.
- ^ Waldman, Myron (July 29, 1963). "Civil Righters Set to Resume Battle Stations". Newsday. pp. 5, 46. ISSN 2574-5298. ProQuest 913605183. Archived from the original on May 14, 2024. Retrieved May 13, 2024 – via newspapers.com; Kihss, Peter (July 29, 1963). "Negroes to Push Picketing in City in Drive for Jobs; Demonstrations Due Today at Projects in Brooklyn, Queens and Harlem 'Quick' Results Asked Use of Children Threatened". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 13, 2024. Retrieved May 13, 2024.
- ^ Hadjin, Jim (September 26, 1963). "Bias Suit Asks Halt in Fair Construction". Newsday. p. 11. ISSN 2574-5298. ProQuest 913575643. Archived from the original on May 14, 2024. Retrieved May 13, 2024 – via newspapers.com; "N.A.A.C.P. Suing to Halt Building; Bids Court Stop Payment on Projects Worth 10 Million Unions Named Suit Is "Class Action"". The New York Times. September 26, 1963. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 13, 2024. Retrieved May 13, 2024.
- ^ Doty, Robert C. (July 24, 1963). "Fair on Schedule, Moses Contends; Director Retorts to Critics and Renews Pledge for Opening Next April". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 30, 2024.
- ^ a b Tirella 2013, pp. 91–92.
- ^ "Fair's First Cargo Will Arrive Today". The New York Times. August 15, 1963. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 30, 2024.
- ^ a b Tirella 2013, pp. 93–95.
- ^ Bennett, Charles G. (October 10, 1963). "Moses Rejects Council Parley On 25c Fee for Pupils at Fair; Moses Rejects Council Parley On 25c Fee for Pupils at Fair Bulk Reductions Planned Gross Invited, Too". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 30, 2024.
- ^ a b "World Fair Price Cut for Schools". The Christian Science Monitor. December 5, 1963. p. 3. ISSN 0882-7729. ProQuest 510510331; Bennett, Charles G. (December 4, 1963). "Fair Will Admit Pupils for 25c When They Attend in Groups". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 31, 2024.
- ^ Duncan, Val (October 17, 1963). "Fair's 1st Building Opens With High Hopes". Newsday. p. 15. ISSN 2574-5298. ProQuest 964309040; Burnham, Alexander (October 16, 1963). "1964 Fair Opening Its First Building; Port Authority Hall to Be Opened Officially Today". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 30, 2024.
- ^ "Vaudeville: H. L. Hunt Cancellation, Int'l Expo's Suit Spotlight World's Fair Lease Snags". Variety. Vol. 232, no. 10. October 30, 1963. p. 53. ProQuest 1014822622; Arnold, Martin (October 19, 1963). "H.L. Hunt Fun Park Is Dropped at Fair". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 30, 2024.
- ^ a b "World's Fair Fast Taking Shape". The Hartford Courant. October 27, 1963. p. 29A1. ISSN 1047-4153. ProQuest 548203247.
- ^ "3.8 Million Tickets To the World's Fair Are Sold in Advance". The New York Times. December 31, 1963. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 31, 2024.
- ^ Samuel 2007, pp. 28–29.
- ^ Butler, Vincent (January 26, 1964). "Report From New York: Builders Rush to Complete Structures for World's Fair". Chicago Tribune. p. 9. ISSN 1085-6706. ProQuest 179358122.
- ^ "Johnson to Be Fair's First-Day Feature". Newsday. January 23, 1964. p. 7. ISSN 2574-5298. ProQuest 914360174.
- ^ Johnson, Thomas A. (January 22, 1964). "Fair Finds Another Bone-- In Food Pavilion". Newsday. p. 11. ISSN 2574-5298. ProQuest 913562960; "Fair Restrained in Building Fight; Would Raze Pavilion It Says Can't Be Ready in Time". The New York Times. January 21, 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 31, 2024.
- ^ a b Alden, Robert (May 21, 1965). "Fair Says Pledge Has No Standing; Denies Responsibility for '64 List of Obligations". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 4, 2024.
- ^ "Progress Report at F‐Day Mi us 60 Finds the Fair Getting Fairer; Alice‐in‐Wonderland Shapes Rise Out of Mud and Disorder". The New York Times. February 22, 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 31, 2024.
- ^ a b c d Snyder, Gerald S. (April 12, 1964). "Costs a Billion, Lures Millions; Opens April 22: Ready or Not N. Y. World's Fair Opens April 22 Two Season Show Sure of Success". Chicago Tribune. p. G15. ISSN 1085-6706. ProQuest 179446275.
- ^ "Not All of Fair to Open on Time; 8 or 10 Pavilions Won't Be Ready, Engineer Says". The New York Times. February 27, 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 31, 2024.
- ^ "Advance Ticket Sales Will Let World's Fair Repay Big Loans in '64: Discount Ticket Volume Totals $35,219,602, Allowing Firm To Pay Off Notes Due in '66". The Wall Street Journal. March 3, 1964. p. 15. ISSN 0099-9660. ProQuest 132960789; "Sale of Tickets to World's Fair Tops $35 Million; Over 28 Million Bought at Advance Rates—Total Is Triple the Forecast". The New York Times. March 3, 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 31, 2024.
- ^ Foust, Hal (March 31, 1964). "Finds There's Still Lots of Work to Be Done on New York Fair: Opening Day Is Only 3 Weeks Away". Chicago Tribune. p. 11. ISSN 1085-6706. ProQuest 179385647.
- ^ "New Job Center For World's Fair Will Open Today". The New York Times. March 19, 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 31, 2024.
- ^ Samuel 2007, pp. 30–31.
- ^ a b c d e "World's Fair Opens To Picketing; Stall-In Fails: Johnson Foresees Global Peace Soon Rain, Racial Troubles Keep Crowd To 90,000; More Than 290 Integrationists Seized". The Sun. April 23, 1964. p. 1. ProQuest 540050678; "Rain Soaks Crowd; Sit‐Ins Mar Festivities at Some Pavilions—Attendance Cut". The New York Times. April 23, 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 14, 2024. Retrieved May 13, 2024.
- ^ a b Samuel 2007, p. 32; Tirella 2013, p. 188.
- ^ Spiegler, William; Molotsky, Irv (April 22, 1964). "Jersey Student, 18, Is First Through Fair Turnstiles". Newsday. p. 4. ISSN 2574-5298. ProQuest 914371873; "5 College Men Are First in Line at World's Fair". Chicago Tribune. April 22, 1964. p. 2. ISSN 1085-6706. ProQuest 179440004.
- ^ Samuel 2007, p. 34.
- ^ "CORE Chapter Plans A Drive-In to Stall World's Fair Opening: Brooklyn Group Says Proposed Traffic Tie-Up, April 22, Will Spotlight Civil Rights Fight". The Wall Street Journal. April 7, 1964. p. 6. ISSN 0099-9660. ProQuest 132950770; Alden, Robert (April 10, 1964). "CORE Maps Tie‐up on Roads to Fair". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 31, 2024.
- ^ Samuel 2007, pp. 27–28; Tirella 2013, pp. 81–82.
- ^ Tirella, Joseph (April 22, 2014). "Fifty Years Ago Today, Rogue Civil Rights Activists Tried to Ruin Robert Moses' Greatest Triumph". Slate Magazine. Retrieved May 27, 2024.
- ^ "N. Y. Fair Debut Gets Foul Deal From Weather: Fair Opening Day Ardor Chilled by Clammy Rain". Women's Wear Daily. Vol. 108, no. 81. April 23, 1964. pp. 1, 7. ProQuest 1565239518.
- ^ a b Samuel 2007, pp. 36–37.
- ^ "Federal Court Allows 'Rights' Action at World's Fair: Groups May Pass Out Handbills on Protest". New Pittsburgh Courier. July 11, 1964. p. 1. ProQuest 371626195; "Rights Picket Ban by Fair is Upheld; But Court Rules Handbills, May Be Given Out There". The New York Times. July 2, 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 1, 2024.
- ^ "Fair a Showcase for Civil Rights; Negroes and Whites Work Together in Many Phases". The New York Times. June 9, 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 1, 2024.
- ^ a b "15% Of the Fair Still Unfinished; 15 Pavilions and 3 Shows in Amusement Area Delayed". The New York Times. April 22, 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 3, 2024.
- ^ a b Samuel 2007, p. 43.
- ^ Long, Tania (October 17, 1964). "Belgian Village Finished at Last: Medieval 'city' Just in Time for World's Fair Closing". The New York Times. p. 29. ISSN 0362-4331. ProQuest 115921553. Retrieved June 3, 2024.
- ^ "Belgium Village Upsets Neighbors; Fair Concessionaires Fear New Loss of Business". The New York Times. July 31, 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 2, 2024.
- ^ Alden, Robert (April 17, 1964). "Lebanese Treasures Damaged; Pavilion at Fair to Be Delayed". The New York Times. p. 22. ISSN 0362-4331. ProQuest 115757755. Retrieved June 3, 2024.
- ^ a b c d e McPherson, William (April 19, 1964). "World's Fair Will Open Wednesday: What It Will Cost To Visit the Fair". The Washington Post, Times Herald. p. A32. ISSN 0190-8286. ProQuest 142281829.
- ^ "Workmen Accused Of Lagging at Fair To Raise Overtime". The New York Times. April 17, 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 31, 2024.
- ^ "Predicts 6,700,000 At Fair From Overseas". New York Amsterdam News. May 25, 1963. p. 17. ProQuest 226765072.
- ^ "World's Fair Transportation Problem Huge". Los Angeles Times. April 20, 1964. pp. B11. ISSN 0458-3035. ProQuest 168540287.
- ^ a b Arnold, Martin (January 13, 1965). "Fair Increasing Admission to $2.50; 50-Cent Raise Does Not Apply to Children's Rates – Longer Run Possible". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 25, 2016.
- ^ "Irish Fair Pavilion Dedicated With a Challenge to Columbus". The New York Times. May 17, 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 3, 2024.
- ^ Samuel 2007, p. 11.
- ^ a b "World's Fair Forecast Is Rosy, With Profits for All‐Even New York City". The New York Times. January 6, 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 28, 2024.
- ^ a b "Affair Lacks World Status, but It's Bonanza for New York". The Globe and Mail. The New York Times. April 22, 1964. p. B1. ProQuest 1282813739.
- ^ a b c d Alden, Robert (October 18, 1964). "Fair Appraises Its First Season And Finds It Relatively Good". The New York Times. p. 83. ISSN 0362-4331. ProQuest 115545985. Retrieved June 3, 2024.
- ^ "3,000 Pinkerton Agents Will Be Going to the Fair Guard Exhibits, Sell Tickets, HeIp the Sick and Fight the Fires". The New York Times. February 8, 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 31, 2024.
- ^ a b c d Doughtery, Philip H. (April 22, 1964). "Statistics Prove It's a Whopping Spectacle; 40 Miles of Walkways Wind Through City of Enchantment; 114 Restaurants Will Help Feed 250,000 Who Visit Daily". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 31, 2024.
- ^ a b "Fair Medical Unit Gave Aid to 53,000; Broad Range of Ailments Treated in First Season". The New York Times. November 1, 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 3, 2024.
- ^ "World Fair Chooses UPI as Photographers". The Austin Statesman. December 26, 1962. p. 18. ProQuest 1527723048.
- ^ "World's Fair, Film Co. Sign Contract". Brooklyn Daily. January 7, 1963. p. 21. Retrieved May 30, 2024.
- ^ "World's Fair Replaces Official Trucker for 19651; Allied Corp. Out, bat Keeps Its Maintenance Contract; Rentar of Queens Is Hired—Plans Efficiency Changes". The New York Times. December 17, 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 3, 2024.
- ^ a b "Advertising: Making Friends at the Fair; Some Concerns Get Much Publicity at Low Cost". The New York Times. August 16, 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 3, 2024.
- ^ a b Phillips, McCandlish (April 22, 1964). "250,000 Expected; Huge Security Force to Guard Johnson—Parade Is Planned". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 31, 2024.
- ^ a b c Shipp, Bill (May 10, 1964). "It's R-R-Really Big—N.Y. World's Fair". The Atlanta Journal and the Atlanta Constitution. p. 4F. ProQuest 1636074933.
- ^ "Day at World's Fair Begins at 2 A.M. for Many; Tracks Roll in With Sapplies After Last Visitors Start Their Homeward Trips". The New York Times. June 2, 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 2, 2024.
- ^ "Moses Says That 'Observers' Magnify Reports on 'Disorders'". The New York Times. July 25, 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 2, 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f g Lane, Roger (December 5, 1963). "New York World's Fair Shaping As Top US Business Showcase". The Austin Statesman. p. B2. ProQuest 1522492960.
- ^ Samuel 2007, p. 125.
- ^ a b c Robbins, Liz (April 18, 2014). "50 Years After the New York World's Fair, Recalling a Vision of the Future". The New York Times. Retrieved May 22, 2024.
- ^ a b c "World's Fair Plagued by Lack of Customers". Los Angeles Times. May 24, 1964. pp. D18. ISSN 0458-3035. ProQuest 168563620.
- ^ a b Joseph, Richard (January 24, 1965). "World's Fair Closed for Winter, But It's Still Busy: Officials Polishing Extravaganza". Chicago Tribune. p. H3. ISSN 1085-6706. ProQuest 179713143.
- ^ a b c Samuel 2007, p. 38.
- ^ a b c d e Hornaday, Mary (September 23, 1963). "New York World's Fair Takes Tangible Form: One Pavilion Completed". The Christian Science Monitor. p. 9. ISSN 0882-7729. ProQuest 510487114.
- ^ a b c Gray, Beverly (January 25, 1964). "So It Will Soon Be Heigh-Ho, Everyone, Come to the New York World's Fair!". The Globe and Mail. p. 21. ProQuest 1283415626.
- ^ a b c Newsweek 1964a, p. 43.
- ^ "World's Fair Offers 121 Free Shows". New York Amsterdam News. May 9, 1964. p. 27. ProQuest 226773594.
- ^ a b c d e f Alpert 1964, p. 21.
- ^ a b c d e Rhoades, Liz (April 17, 2014). "Fifty years ago a fair opened in Queens". Queens Chronicle. Retrieved May 30, 2024.
- ^ a b The Travelers Insurance Companies 1965, p. 4.
- ^ "Wheel Chairs at Fair; Many Pavilions Easily Accessible To the Physically Handicapped". The New York Times. April 26, 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 30, 2024.
- ^ Mayer, Robert (October 17, 1963). "Cash Vital If You Plan Trip to Fair". Newsday. p. 15. ISSN 2574-5298. ProQuest 913683684.
- ^ "Few Campsites Near World's Fair". The New York Times. March 22, 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 31, 2024.
- ^ Talese, Gay (April 29, 1962). "Fair Takes Shape on Office Charts; Meadow Itself Shows Only Dirt Mounds and Debris". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 25, 2024.
- ^ Rogers, John G. (September 13, 1962). "For the World's Fair, Superlatives". New York Herald Tribune. p. 17. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1325994848.
- ^ a b Samuel 2007, p. 99.
- ^ a b Barry, Edward (July 26, 1964). "The Wonderful World of Art: A Gigantic Work of Art--That's New York's World's Fair". Chicago Tribune. p. N4. ISSN 1085-6706. ProQuest 179539708.
- ^ "New Techniques Are Found Scarce In Fair Buildings". The New York Times. February 2, 1964. p. R1. ISSN 0362-4331. ProQuest 115672730.
- ^ a b Hornaday, Mary (April 23, 1965). "What happens when the fair is over?: Demolition set Buildings to remain Monorail considered Space subsidy sought". The Christian Science Monitor. p. 5. ISSN 0882-7729. ProQuest 510706863.
- ^ a b Beckerman, Jim (April 9, 2024). "History of Waffles: How the NY World's Fair novelty became breakfast". Bergen Record. Retrieved May 27, 2024.
- ^ Tirella 2013, p. 205.
- ^ a b Samuel 2007, p. 98.
- ^ a b c Tirella 2013, p. 47.
- ^ Stern, Mellins & Fishman 1995, p. 1039.
- ^ a b Samuel 2007, p. 128.
- ^ a b "20 States Balk at World's Fair". The Washington Post, Times Herald. July 25, 1963. p. F8. ISSN 0190-8286. ProQuest 141780100.
- ^ a b c Alpert 1964, p. 22.
- ^ Samuel 2007, p. 124.
- ^ a b c Tirella 2013, p. 202.
- ^ a b c Nicoletta 2010, p. 503.
- ^ Trumbull, Robert (April 20, 1964). "Fair Personnel Lead Double Life; Foreign Pavilions Contrast Sharply With New York". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 31, 2024.
- ^ "No Endorsement by lnt'l Expositions Bureau Hits N.Y. 1964 World's Fair". Variety. Vol. 221, no. 13. February 22, 1961. p. 1. ProQuest 1032412420; Freeman, Ira Henry (February 18, 1961). "3 Nations Decline to Join Fair Here; Britain, France and Italy Cite Exhibit Treaty – Private Shows Are Possible". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 24, 2024.
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- ^ a b Samuel 2007, p. 54.
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- ^ Tirella 2013, p. 268.
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- ^ a b c d Samuel 2007, p. 58.
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- ^ a b Long, Tania (October 16, 1964). "Fair Planning for '65 Season As It Approaches Hibernation". The New York Times. p. 31. ISSN 0362-4331. ProQuest 115597479. Retrieved June 3, 2024.
- ^ Wiemer, Robert (November 30, 1964). "Fair Is Anything But Fair As It Awaits Snow". Newsday. p. 11. ISSN 2574-5298. ProQuest 913625981; "Fair Buttoning Up for Winter Cold; Maintenance Carried On in Silent Surroundings of 600‐Acre Ghost Town". The New York Times. November 23, 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 3, 2024.
- ^ a b Schmedel, Scott R. (October 14, 1964). "World's Fair Slates Some Changes to Lift Attendance Next Year". The Wall Street Journal. p. 11. ISSN 0099-9660. ProQuest 132932541.
- ^ "Fair Acts to Keep Light in Window; Pavilions Urged to Continue Signs During Off Season". The New York Times. September 29, 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 3, 2024.
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- ^ a b Samuel 2007, p. 59.
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- ^ "N.Y.C. Holds The Bag for $24-Mil. On World's Fair". Variety. Vol. 237, no. 1. November 25, 1964. pp. 1, 20. ProQuest 1505734743; Knowles, Clayton (November 24, 1964). "City Not Counting on Fair's Money". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 3, 2024.
- ^ "Five Top Bankers Quit World's Fair Group, Score Financial Policy: First National City President Says New York Fair Needs Substantial Funds by April 22". The Wall Street Journal. January 19, 1965. p. 8. ISSN 0099-9660. ProQuest 133056052; Devlin, John C. (January 19, 1965). "5 Bank Advisers to Fair Quit in Financial Dispute; 5 Banker Advisers to Fair Resign in Dispute Over Finances". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 3, 2024.
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- ^ "Architecture:Chaos of Good, Bad and Joyful; Grotesque Contrasts, Wholly Unplanned, Give Fair Charm; Few Ideas Are New—State Pavilion Is Star of Show". The New York Times. April 22, 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 12, 2024. Retrieved May 12, 2024.
- ^ a b Samuel 2007, p. 42.
- ^ "Fairs: The World of Already". Time. June 5, 1964. Retrieved May 30, 2024.
- ^ "Architects Praise 4 Pavilions at Fair". The New York Times. November 12, 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 3, 2024.
- ^ Byrnes, Mark (October 17, 2013). "New York's 1964 World's Fair Was Actually Something of a Failure". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved May 23, 2024.
- ^ Abel, Allen (August 20, 2014). "The Great Big, Beautiful Tomorrow". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved May 27, 2024.
- ^ "Manhattan Still Remains the Attraction as the Tourists Start Pouring Into the City". The New York Times. May 14, 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 31, 2024.
- ^ a b "Fair City Has Number of Problems: New York Seen More Foul-up Than 'festival' in Some Ways". The Sun. July 3, 1964. p. 3. ProQuest 533657040.
- ^ "Fair No Big Boon to City's Business; Visitors Spend Little Here, Many Merchants Report". The New York Times. July 3, 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 2, 2024.
- ^ "The Talk of New York; Invasion of Kinsfolk; New Yorkers Are Erecting Defenses Against Hordes Arriving for the Fair". The New York Times. July 9, 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 2, 2024.
- ^ Hornaday, Mary (July 14, 1965). "New York: What kind of future?: Crime and crowding Budget soars Major problems noted". The Christian Science Monitor. p. 1. ISSN 0882-7729. ProQuest 510739085.
- ^ Antos, Jason D. (February 26, 2020). "How The 1964 World's Fair Influenced Walt Disney Explored In New Book". Queens Gazette. Retrieved May 24, 2024.
Sources
- Alpert, Hollis (July 1964). "Guide to the New York World's Fair: There's Something for Everyone in the Family at the 1964-'65 New York World's Fair". Woman's Day. No. 7. p. 21-28. ProQuest 1815457600.
- Cotter, Bill; Young, Bill (July 21, 2008). The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair: Creation and Legacy. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7385-5745-8.
- Nicoletta, Julie (December 1, 2010). "Art Out of Place: International Art Exhibits at the New York World's Fair of 1964–1965". Journal of Social History. 44 (2): 499–519. doi:10.1353/jsh.2010.0066. ISSN 0022-4529.
- Samuel, Lawrence R. (August 30, 2007). The End of the Innocence: The 1964–1965 New York World's Fair (1st ed.). Syracuse University Press. ISBN 978-0-8156-0890-5.
- Stern, Robert A. M.; Mellins, Thomas; Fishman, David (1995). New York 1960: Architecture and Urbanism Between the Second World War and the Bicentennial. New York: Monacelli Press. ISBN 1-885254-02-4. OCLC 32159240. OL 1130718M.
- Tirella, Joseph (2013). Tomorrow-Land: The 1964-65 World's Fair and the Transformation of America. Lyons Press. ISBN 978-1-4930-0333-4.
- Wood, Norton, ed. (1964). New York World's Fair, 1964/1965: official souvenir book. Time, inc – via Internet Archive.
- "World's Fair '64: a Preview". Newsweek. Vol. 63, no. 2. January 13, 1964. pp. 43–45. ProQuest 1879126400.
- Your Guide to the Fair (PDF). The Travelers Insurance Companies. 1965.
Further reading
- Caro, Robert (1974). The Power Broker: Robert Moses and the Fall of New York. New York: Knopf. ISBN 978-0-394-48076-3. OCLC 834874.
- Gordon, John Steele (October 2006). "The World's Fair". American Heritage. Vol. 57, no. 5.
- Taylor, Alan (June 2, 2014). "1964: The New York World's Fair". The Atlantic. Retrieved May 27, 2024.
External links
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
- 1964/1965 New York World's Fair website – nywf64.com
- 1964/1965 New York World's Fair website – worldsfairphotos.com
- "New York World's Fair 1964–1965 Corporation records". New York Public Library. April 1, 2013.
- New York 1964–1965 World's Fair
- 1964–65 New York World's Fair Groundbreaking and Dedication Booklets Published by the New York World's Fair 1964–1965 Corporation to commemorate pavilion groundbreakings or dedications.