Iron Man

For the film, see Iron Man (film). For other uses of the term, see Iron Man (disambiguation).

Iron Man
File:IM006.jpg Promotional art by Adi Granov for cover of Iron Man vol. 4, #6 (May 2006)
Publication information
Publisher	Marvel Comics
First appearance	Tales of Suspense #39 (March 1963)
Created by	Stan Lee Larry Lieber Don Heck Jack Kirby
In-story information
Alter ego	Anthony Edward "Tony" Stark
Team affiliations	Stark Enterprises Avengers Mighty Avengers New Avengers West Coast Avengers Illuminati S.H.I.E.L.D Force Works Department of Defense
Notable aliases	Cobalt Man, Iron Knight
Abilities	Genius-level intelligence, Cyberpathic link with powered armor, Possesses the Reality Gem, Skilled hand-to-hand combatant, Powered armor grants: Super-strength Flight Energy blasts

Iron Man (Anthony "Tony" Edward Stark) is a fictional comic-book superhero in the Marvel Comics universe. Created by Stan Lee, Larry Lieber, Don Heck and Jack Kirby, he first appeared in Tales of Suspense #39 (March 1963).

Publication history

Iron Man's premiere was a collaboration among editor and story-plotter Lee, scripter Lieber, story-artist Heck, who would illustrate most of the early Iron Man tales, and Kirby, who provided the cover pencils and designed the first Iron Man armor. Heck created the look of characters including protagonist Tony Stark and his secretary, Pepper Potts. Lee based Stark's personality on Howard Hughes, explaining, "Howard Hughes was one of the most colorful men of our time. He was an inventor, an adventurer, a multi-millionaire, a ladies man and finally a nutcase."

Iron Man starred in generally 13-page but occasionally 18-page adventures, with the rest of Tales of Suspense devoted to anthology science fiction and supernatural stories. After debuting with bulky grey armor, Iron Man was redesigned with similar but golden armor in his second story (issue #40, April 1963), with the first iteration of his familiar, sleek red-and-golden armor appearing in issue #48 (Dec. 1963), drawn by Steve Ditko (though whether he or Kirby, singly or in collaboration, designed it, is uncertain).

Beginning with issue #59 (Nov. 1964), Iron Man began sharing the now "split book" Tales of Suspense with Captain America. After the final issue, #99 (March 1968), the book became Captain America; Iron Man appeared in the one-shot Iron Man and Sub-Mariner #1 (April 1968), and then debuted in his own title with The Invincible Iron Man #1 (May 1968).

Iron Man possesses powered armor that gives him superhuman strength, virtual invulnerability, flight, and an array of weapons. The armor was invented and, with occasional short-term exceptions, worn by Tony Stark, an American industrialist billionaire and military contractor known not only for his lifestyle, but also for his incredible ingenuity and inventive genius. Other people who have assumed the Iron Man identity include close associates Harold "Happy" Hogan, Eddie March, James Rhodes and (briefly) Michael O'Brien.

Iron Man was originally an anti-communist hero. Throughout the character’s comic book series, technological advancement and national defense were constant themes, but later issues developed Stark into a more complex and vulnerable character as they depicted his battle with alcoholism and other personal difficulties.

Writers often portray Iron Man as a symbol of humanity's creativity as well as its frailties. He is often placed in contrast with his close friends Captain America and Thor, the former as a comparison between interventionist and cooperative attitudes, and the latter comparing science and the supernatural. Throughout most of his career, Iron Man has been a member of the superhero team the Avengers, and has been featured in several incarnations of his own various comic-book series.

Fictional character biography

Origins

File:ToS39.jpg

Tales of Suspense #39 (March 1963): Iron Man debuts. Cover art by Jack Kirby and Don Heck.

Anthony Stark was born in Long Island, New York. He entered the undergraduate electrical engineering program at MIT while only 15 years old and graduated at the top of his class. At the age of 21, he inherited his father's company, Stark Industries, after his parents were killed in a car accident. One of the first things Stark did was to buy out the company that made the faulty brakes on his parent's car and correct the mechanical problem.

While on a visit to Vietnam (later updated to the Gulf War) to see how his new mini-transistors could assist the American war effort, Stark was caught in a booby trap. Captured by a Vietnamese warlord named Wong Chu, and dying from a piece of shrapnel lodged in his heart from the booby trap, Stark was pressed into building weapons for Wong Chu, along with a fellow prisoner, the famed physicist Yin Sen (later called Ho Yinsen). However, Stark and Yin Sen used the workshop to secretly design and construct a suit of powered armor — an iron exoskeleton that gives Stark tremendous strength as well as other abilities — that will not only keep Stark's heart beating, but also allow him to escape. Yin Sen sacrifices himself to buy Stark time to charge the bulky suit of armor, and as Iron Man, Stark kills Wong Chu and his men. On the way back, Iron Man encounters a wounded American Air Force helicopter pilot, Jim Rhodes. Introducing himself as Stark's bodyguard, Iron Man and Rhodes manage to defend themselves against the pursuing North Vietnamese before making it back to American lines. On his return to the U.S., Stark continues to improve the armor, establishing a dual identity as the adventurer and superhero Iron Man. He also greatly expands his father's company, Stark Industries, eventually renaming it Stark International.

The cover for Iron Man is that he is Stark's bodyguard and corporate mascot. To that end, Iron Man fights threats to his company, Communist opponents such as the Black Widow, the Crimson Dynamo and the Titanium Man as well as independent villains like the Mandarin. Both the Widow and the Dynamo eventually defect to the United States, and even erstwhile villain Hawkeye, originally a pawn of the Widow, reforms and join the Avengers. No one suspects Stark of being Iron Man as he cultivates an image as a rich playboy and industrialist. Two notable members of Stark's supporting cast at this point are his personal chauffeur Harold "Happy" Hogan and secretary Virginia "Pepper" Potts, to both of whom he eventually reveals his dual identity.

The comic took an anti-Communist stance in its early years, which was softened as opposition rose to the Vietnam War. This change evolved in a series of stories with Stark profoundly reconsidering his political opinions and the morality of manufacturing weapons for the military. Stark, however, has remained essentially conservative both in character and politics, despite his playboy image. He also often shows himself to be occasionally arrogant and willing to justify the means with the ends. This leads to personal conflicts with the people around him, both in his civilian and superhero identities.

Stark has a vast personal fortune, and is also known as a philanthropist. He donates the use of his boyhood manor as Avengers Mansion, and funds the Avengers' operations through the Maria Stark Foundation, a non-profit organization named after his late mother. The Foundation is not linked to any of Stark's businesses, and has continued to operate even when those businesses have failed. Stark also provides technology to other superheroes, including designing various replacement shields for Captain America, the quinjets used by the Avengers, the image inducers used by the X-Men and Spider-Man's second armored costume.

Eventually, Stark's heart condition is discovered by the public and cured with an artificial heart transplant. However, Stark is also developing a serious dependency on alcohol. The first time it becomes a problem is when Stark discovers that the national security agency S.H.I.E.L.D. has been buying a controlling interest in his company in order to ensure Stark's continued weapons development for them. At the same time, Stark's business rival Justin Hammer hires several supervillains to attack Stark. At one point, the Iron Man armor is even taken over and used to murder a diplomat. Although Iron Man is not immediately under suspicion, Stark is forced to hand the armor over to the authorities. Eventually Stark and Rhodes, now his personal pilot and confidant, track down and defeat those responsible, although Hammer would return to bedevil Stark again. With the support of his then-girlfriend, Bethany Cabe, his friends and employees, Stark pulls through these crises and, for the moment, overcomes his dependency on alcohol.

Changing fortunes

File:Ironman1.jpg

Iron Man Vol. 1, #1 (May 1968). Cover art by Gene Colan & Frank Giacoia.

Some time later, a ruthless rival, Obadiah Stane, manipulates him emotionally into a serious relapse. As a result, Stark loses control of Stark International, becomes a homeless vagrant and gives up his armored identity to Rhodes, who becomes the new Iron Man for a lengthy period of time. Eventually, Stark recovers and starts a new company, Circuits Maximus. While Stark concentrates on new technological designs, Rhodes continues to act as Iron Man but steadily grows more aggressive and paranoid. Rhodes's problems are initially thought to be the result of his using armors whose cerebral interfaces are calibrated for Stark's brain, but are later revealed to be purely psychological in nature. Rhodes goes on a rampage, and Stark has to don a prototype suit to stop him. When Circuits Maximus comes under assault from Stane, Stark uses the completed next-generation armor to confront Stane in personal combat. Stark's skill proves superior over Stane's unskilled use of his own variant suit (known as the Iron Monger) and Stark regains his company when Stane commits suicide rather than be captured.

Armor Wars

In an attempt to stop other people from misusing his designs, Stark goes about disabling other armored heroes and villains who are using suits based on the Iron Man technology, the designs of which were stolen by his enemy Spymaster. However, these "Armor Wars" have tragic consequences, when he inadvertently causes the death of the Soviet Titanium Man. He also severely hurts his reputation as Iron Man by disabling the armor of the SHIELD operatives known as the Mandroids, disabling the armor of the Guardsmen (the Guardsmen were the guards of the supervillain detention center known as the Vault, and Iron Man's actions led to a small prison breakout), and defeating the government operative known as Stingray in battle. The situation was worsened when Stark realized that Stingray's armor did not incorporate any of his designs.

File:Im283.jpg

Iron Man War Machine Vol. 1, #283 (Aug. 1992). Cover art by Kevin Hopgood.

This also leads to a falling out between Stark and Steve Rogers (who at the time has given up his Captain America identity). Rogers, while agreeing with Stark's motives, disapproves of his high-handed methods, considering them reckless and dangerous. The United States government declares Iron Man a danger when he goes after their Stark-derived Guardsmen suits and Iron Man is hunted down. Stark eventually fakes Iron Man's demise and claims that a new person is in the armor. Stark also patches up his friendship with Steve Rogers.

However, Stark's health continues to deteriorate, and it is discovered that the armor's cybernetic interface is causing irreversible damage to his nervous system. His condition is aggravated by a failed attempt on his life by a mentally unbalanced former lover which injures his spine, paralyzing him. Stark has a nerve chip implanted into his spine to regain his mobility, but this makes his body vulnerable to outside control, even though his mind is unaffected. With Rhodes's help, and using the cybernetically controlled Iron Man armor to move his remotely controlled body, he eventually defeats the villain responsible.

However, Stark's nervous system continues its slide towards failure, and he constructs a "skin" made up of artificial nerve circuitry to assist it. Stark also begins to pilot a remote-controlled Iron Man armor, but when faced with the Masters of Silence, the telepresence suit proves inadequate. Stark then designs a more heavily armed version of the suit to wear, the "Variable Threat Response Battle Suit", which becomes known as the War Machine armor.

Ultimately, the damage to his nervous system is too extensive. Faking his death, Stark places himself in suspended animation to heal as Rhodes takes over the running of Stark Enterprises and the mantle of Iron Man using the War Machine armor. Stark ultimately makes a full recovery by using the chip to reprogram himself and reassumes the Iron Man identity. When Rhodes learns that Stark has manipulated his friends by faking his own death, he becomes enraged and the two friends part ways, Rhodes continuing as War Machine in a solo career.

A schism within the Avengers following the events of the Kree-Shi'ar War (Operation: Galactic Storm) and the later Bloodties storyline leads to a difference of opinion regarding the future of the Avengers' west coast branch. Iron Man leaves the team and forms a new superhero group, Force Works, funded by Tony Stark and composed of ex-Avengers. However, tensions within that team soon lead to his resignation from it, and Iron Man attempts a reconciliation with the Avengers.

The Crossing and Heroes Reborn

File:Im324.jpg

Iron Man col. 1, #324 (Jan. 1996). The Avengers vs. Tony Stark.
Art by Jim Cheung.

The story arc "The Crossing" reveals Iron Man as a traitor among the Avengers' ranks, due to his having been manipulated for years and used as a sleeper agent by the time-traveling dictator Kang the Conqueror. Stark, in Kang's thrall, kills Marilla, the nanny of Crystal and Quicksilver's daughter Luna, as well as Rita DeMara, the female Yellowjacket, then an ally of the Avengers. (The miniseries Avengers Forever later retcons these events as having been due to the machinations of a disguised Immortus, not Kang, and that the mental control had gone back only a few months).

Needing help to defeat both Stark and the ostensible Kang, the team travels back in time to recruit a teenaged Tony Stark from an alternate timeline to assist them. The young Stark steals an Iron Man suit in order to aid the Avengers against his older self. The sight of his younger self shocks the older Stark enough for him to regain momentary control of his actions, and he sacrifices his life to stop Kang. The young Stark later builds his own suit to become the new Iron Man, and, remaining in the present day, gains legal control of "his" company.

During the battle with the creature called Onslaught, the teenaged Stark dies, along with many other superheroes. However, Franklin Richards preserves these "dead" heroes in the "Heroes Reborn" pocket universe, in which Tony Stark is once again an adult hero. The reborn adult Stark, upon returning to the normal Marvel Universe, merges with the original Stark, who had died during "The Crossing," but was resurrected by Franklin Richards. With the aid of the law firm Nelson & Murdock, he successfully regains his fortune and — what with Stark Enterprises having been sold to the Fujikawa Corporation following Stark's death — sets up a new company, Stark Solutions. He also returns from the pocket universe with a restored and healthy heart. After the Avengers reform, Stark demands a hearing be convened to look into his actions just prior to the Onslaught incident. Cleared of wrongdoing, he rejoins the Avengers.

The new millennium

File:Imv3no30.jpg

Iron Man Vol. 3, #30 (July 2000). The Sentient Armor. Art by Joe Quesada.

At one point, Stark's armor itself becomes sentient, despite fail-safes to prevent its increasingly sophisticated computer systems from doing so. Stark's safeguards are corrupted accidentally when he uses the armor to download the mind of the android Jocasta to save her. Jocasta is the creation of the rogue android Ultron, and unknown even to her, embedded in all of Ultron's creations is the Ultron Imperative, a command that would compel them to rebuild Ultron whenever he is destroyed. The Ultron Imperative acts like a Trojan horse, infecting the armor's on-board systems. Combined with an electrical attack by the villain Whiplash that sent Stark into cardiac arrest, it causes the armor's computer to become self-aware. Initially, Stark welcomes this "living" armor, as it has improved tactical abilities, but soon the armor's behavior begins to grow more aggressive, and it even commits murder. Eventually, the armor reaches the point where it wants to join with Stark and eventually replace him, like Ultron wishes to do with his creator Henry Pym.

Stark finds he cannot defeat the armor, but in the final confrontation on a desert island, Stark suffers another heart attack. To save its creator's life, the armor gives up part of its components to give Stark a new, artificial heart, sacrificing its own existence. The new heart does not have an internal power supply, so Stark becomes once again dependent on periodic recharging.

The sentient armor incident so disturbs Stark that he goes back to using an early model version of his armor for a while. He also dabbles with using liquid metal circuitry known as S.K.I.N. that will form itself into a protective shell around his body, but eventually returns to more conventional hard metal armors.

During this time, Stark engages in a romance with Rumiko Fujikawa, (first appearance in Iron Man vol. 3, #4), a wealthy heiress and daughter of the man who had taken over his company during the "Heroes Reborn" period. An intelligent and resourceful woman, she nonetheless begins the relationship in part to rebel against her stern father, who disapproves of Stark. Her relationship with Stark endures many highs and lows, including an infidelity with Stark's rival, Tiberius Stone, in part because the fun-loving Rumiko believes that Stark is too serious and dull. Their relationship ends with Rumiko's death at the hands of an Iron Man impostor in Vol. 3, #87.

File:IM78.jpg

Promotional art for Iron Man vol. 3, #78, by Adi Granov. This "ablative" armor is a mid-2000s version of Iron Man's suit, with most of those armors themselves going through small variations over the years.

In Iron Man vol. 3, #55 (July 2002), Stark publicly reveals his dual identity as Iron Man, not realizing that by doing so, he has invalidated the agreements protecting his armor from government duplication (since those contracts state that the Iron Man armor would be used by an employee of Tony Stark, not by Stark himself). When he discovers that the United States military is again using his technology, Stark, rather than confront them as before, accepts a Presidential appointment as Secretary of Defense. (His predecessor, Dell Rusk, was the Red Skull in disguise). In this way, he hopes to monitor and direct how his designs are used.

Stark continues to act as Iron Man while carrying out his government duties, until being forced to resign after a seemingly drunken tirade against the Latverian Ambassador at the United Nations. The tirade is actually induced by the Scarlet Witch, who has gone insane (see Avengers Disassembled). This incident is part of a series of events culminating in the deaths of three Avengers, the destruction of Avengers Mansion, and the disbanding of the Avengers themselves. In the aftermath, Stark claims publicly he will stand down as Iron Man, although adding, there will "always be an Iron Man".

The "new" Iron Man remains Stark, but the catastrophic events that preceded this, combined with Stark's assertion, convinces the public that Iron Man and Stark are now different people. Stark leaves the wreckage of Avengers Mansion as it is, and unveils Stark Tower, a state-of-the-art office building that becomes headquarters for the new Avengers team, of which he is a member.

In the "Extremis" story arc by writer Warren Ellis (Iron Man Vol. 4, #1-6), Stark is working on a way to improve the armor's response speed when he is called upon to track Mallen, a terrorist who has ingested the powerful "Extremis" techno-organic virus. This virus turns Mallen into an almost indestructible living weapon, and he subsequently goes on a deadly rampage. After being beaten nearly to death trying to stop him, Stark himself ingests a modified version of Extremis in an effort to save his own life, merging with and directly integrating the armor into his biological systems (see below). In Mighty Avengers #1 Ultron has made use of the Extremis in Tony's body by using it to take over and redesign Tony as a female Ultron.

The miniseries Iron Man: The Inevitable openly addresses the fact that since the new millennium began, Iron Man has not clashed with any of his classic "supervillain" enemies, and reintroduces the Ghost, the Living Laser and Spymaster. Presenting the change in status quo — the focus of Iron Man stories shifting from superheroism to political and industrial tales — as Iron Man having elevated himself to a new place in his life where he is "beyond" apprehending supervillains, the miniseries sees a resentful Spymaster conspire to drag Iron Man back to that plebeian level.

Civil War

Main article: Civil War

File:Capironfight.png

Promotional art for Iron Man/Captain America: Casualties of War #1.
Art by Jim Cheung.

New Avengers: Illuminati #1 (June 2006) reveals that years before, in the wake of the Kree-Skrull War, Stark initiates a meeting in Wakanda with Professor X, Mister Fantastic, Black Bolt, Doctor Strange, and Namor to form a clandestine, unnamed group to devise strategy and policy regarding overarching menaces (the "Illuminati"). Stark's original goal is to create a governing body for all superheroes in the world to answer to. However, the different beliefs and philosophies, besides the fact that many heroes choose to conceal their real identities, makes Stark's plan impractical. Despite this, the group agrees to share vital information.

Learning of the government's plans to instigate a Super-human Registration Act that would force costumed, superpowered individuals to reveal their identities to the government and sign on as licensed agents, Iron Man at first seeks to defeat the proposal, even going to such lengths as to hire the Titanium Man to attack the hearing on the act as he testifies in order to manipulate opinion in his favor. However, at some point, Tony Stark's opinion of the Act changes, seeing it as a new means to achieve the goal that he had sought in forming the "Illuminati", and to tie the knots of friendship between humans and superheroes. He attempts to convince the other members of the clandestine group to support the new Act, stating that their input could prevent the Act from becoming too restrictive of superhuman activities, but all except Mister Fantastic reject the idea of registration.

In Civil War, a battle in Stamford, Connecticut between the New Warriors and several supervillains kills several hundred bystanders, including 60 children, and most of the participants. This disaster turns public opinion against superhumans and fast-tracks the Act into law. Stark comes out publicly in support of the Act, but the new law splits the hero community in two. Stark becomes the leader and public face of the pro-registration side. In his first major public action as a supporter of registration, he again unmasks as Iron Man (Civil War: Front Line #1), and convinces Spider-Man to ally with him and do the same. Spider-Man, after growing unease with the righteousness of Stark's cause, later defects to the Anti-Registration forces. They and Iron Man's forces eventually meet in a climactic battle that ends when Captain America, dismayed with the collateral damage, stands down.

Director of S.H.I.E.L.D.

In Civil War #7, Stark is appointed the new director of S.H.I.E.L.D. and his book has the subtitle "Director of S.H.I.E.L.D." to reflect this. He has, as of Mighty Avengers #1, redesigned the Helicarrier to look more like the Iron Man Armor with the familiar red and gold design. He also revives the Avengers.

Powers and abilities

Armor

See also: Iron Man's armor

Iron Man's appearance and abilities are continually in flux as Stark modifies and upgrades his equipment, most notably his powered armor. The Iron Man armor was originally grey, but Stark found that this appearance frightened the public, so he spray-painted it gold (Tales of Suspense #40). This bulky armor was changed in Tales of Suspense #48 into a more-form fitting design, sporting a red and gold color scheme that it has mostly retained since. One notable exception is the "Silver Centurion" armor, with a red and silver color scheme, created for use against Obadiah Stane's Iron Monger suit and retained until the end of the first Armor Wars.

Iron Man's powers and abilities derive from the advanced powered armor that he wears. The armor has evolved from a bulky iron suit to a molecularly aligned matrix of crystallized iron enhanced by magnetic fields over layers of other metals like titanium, creating a shell that is pliable, yet capable of great resilience and protection. The suit grants him superhuman strength and flight capabilities, and is powered by a combination of solar converters, electrical batteries and an on-board generator that uses beta particle absorption as a fuel source. The suit is also able to convert nearby energy sources, such as heat or kinetic energy into electricity, or even drain electrical energy directly into the batteries for recharge. Miniature panes can protect Iron Man's eyes when needed. In addition, the suit can be completely sealed for operations in vacuum or underwater, providing its own life support, and is shielded against radiation.

The onboard systems of the armor are controlled by Tony Stark's brain patterns, read from a cybernetic interface in his helmet. Sophisticated computers with an artificially intelligent operating system of Stark's own design provide tactical information as well as constant feedback on the suit's status, using internal and external sensors. As noted above, Stark has tried to put safeguards in to make sure that the systems do not actually achieve sentience, although these were once circumvented.

File:Im218.jpg

Debut of Hydro-Armor: Iron Man Vol. 1, #218 (May 1987). Cover art by Bob Layton.

The weapons systems of the suit have evolved over the years, but Iron Man's standard offensive weapons have always been the repulsor rays that are fired from the palms of his gauntlets. Other weapons built into various incarnations of the armor include the unibeam projector in its chest; pulse bolts that pick up kinetic energy along the way, so that they hit harder the further they have to travel; an electromagnetic pulse generator and an energy shield. Other capabilities include generation of ultra-freon, creating and manipulating of magnetic fields, sonic blasts and a holographic generator to create decoys.

File:Extremis.jpg

Stark's Extremis armor from cover to New Avengers #18.
Art by Steve McNiven.

In addition to the general purpose model he wears, Stark has developed several specialized suits for space travel, deep-sea diving, stealth and other situations. Stark has modified suits like the "Hulkbuster" heavy armor, composed of add-ons to his so-called modular armor, designed to enhance its strength and durability to allow it to take on the Incredible Hulk. A later model designed for use against Thor is modeled on the Destroyer and uses a mystical power source. Stark also developed an electronics pack during the Armor Wars that, when attached to armors that use Stark technology, will burn out those components and render the suit useless. This pack is ineffective on later models, however.

After being critically injured during a battle with the Extremis-enhanced Mallen, Stark injects his nervous system with a modified techno-organic virus (the extremis process) that not only saves his life, but also fuses Stark's armor to his body. This allows him to store the inner layers of the Iron Man armor in the hollows of his bones as well as control it through direct brain impulses. Stark can control the layer of the armor underneath his skin and make it emerge from numerous exit points around his limbs as a gold-colored neural interface undersheath. While in this form, Stark can control the armor cyberpathically and suit up at any time, even if the armor is 100 miles away. Furthermore, the Extremis process has increased his body's recuperative and healing abilities. He is also able to remotely connect to external communications systems such as satellites, cellular phones, and computers throughout the world. Because the armor's operating system is now directly connected to Stark's nervous system, its response time has been significantly improved.

Skills

Apart from the powers granted him by the suit, Stark is an inventive genius, constantly creating new technology and looking for ways to improve it. This extends to his ingenuity dealing with difficult foes and deathtraps, where he is capable of using his suit in unorthodox and effective ways. He is well-respected in the business world, able to command people's attentions when he speaks on economic matters. He is known for the loyalty he commands from and returns to those who work for him, as well as impeccable business ethics. He also strives to be environmentally responsible in his businesses, and in one case, immediately fired an employee who made profitable but illegal sales to Doctor Doom.

When Stark was unable to use his armor for a period of time, he asked Captain America for combat training and has become physically formidable on his own.

Enemies

• Advanced Idea Mechanics or AIM is a techno-based terrorist group that splintered from its mother group, HYDRA. The group is often led by the conniving cyborg MODOK.
• Blizzard - A costumed villain with a suit that enables him to produce ice and cold.
• Blacklash - A weapons expert who brandishes a specially designed whip as his signature weapon.
• Count Nefaria - Leader of the crime cartel the Maggia
• Crimson Dynamo - A Soviet supersoldier clad in powered armor.
• Dreadknight - A disfigured scientist with a vendetta against Iron Man and Doctor Doom.
• Fin Fang Foom - Alien dragon from the planet Maklu IV.
• The Ghost - A professional saboteur who's determined to kill Tony Stark and destroy Stark Enterprises.
• Grey Gargoyle - A costumed villain who can turn anything he touches into stone.
• Immortus - A master of time itself and future version of Kang the Conqueror, Immortus was responsible for manipulating Iron Man into various acts of villainy (including murder) against the Avengers during the controversial storyline, "The Crossing".
• Iron Monger - Obadiah Stane, the business executive who stole Stark Enterprises from Tony Stark.
• Justin Hammer - A businessman and rival of Tony Stark. He often pays superpowered "baddies" to sabotage Stark Enterprises. His daughter, Justine, is the villainess the Crimson Cowl.
• Living Laser - A laser expert who eventually evolved into a being made of pure light energy.
• Madame Masque - The daughter of Count Nefaria, she hides her scarred face behind a golden mask. She often has conflicted loyalties between her father and her lover, Iron Man.
• The Mandarin - Considered by many to be Iron Man's greatest foe, the Mandarin is a Chinese nobleman, scientist and former diplomat turned criminal mastermind. His true power comes from his superhuman mastery of the martial arts and ten rings of power he recovered from an alien spaceship.
• Radioactive Man - A Chinese physicist who can manipulate radiation.
• Roxxon Oil (a corporation) - A major business rival of Stark Enterprises. They have a shady reputation and are constantly sending supervillains to sabotage Stark Enterprises.
• Spymaster - A mercenary and spy-for-hire.
• Sunset Bain - An expert and genius in the field of cybernetics, she is a seller of technological wares for super-villains.
• Titanium Man - A Soviet supersoldier clad in powered armor. Mentor to the Unicorn, who knew him as "the Other".
• The Unicorn - A Soviet supersoldier who was healed and mentored by Titanium Man. His suit is equipped with a cone-shaped blaster on his head.
• Ultimo - A Doomsday robot.
• Whirlwind - A costumed villain who can create strong whirlwinds by spinning.

Alternate versions

The Marvel Multiverse contains a number of alternative continuities beyond the main Marvel Universe (known as Earth-616). Many of these have versions of Anthony Stark and/or Iron Man.

Ultimate Iron Man

See also: Ultimate Iron Man for information on the two Ultimate Iron Man miniseries.

File:UltimateIronMan.jpg

Promotional art for Ultimate Iron Man #1, by Andy Kubert, Danny Miki and Richard Isanove.

The Ultimate Marvel version of Iron Man first appears in Ultimate Marvel Team-Up #4, written by Brian Michael Bendis and drawn by Mike Allred (though his biography, as related in this book, is very different from what is later established as canon). He later appeared in the Ultimates and often appears in the same titles they do. In the Ultimate Universe, Antonio "Tony" Stark is a wealthy business tycoon and inventor who created the Iron Man power armor. Like his mainstream counterpart, Tony has a drinking problem and life-threatening affliction; in this case an inoperable brain tumor which will kill him anytime between six months and five years, which he explains is the reason he has become a philanthropist and superhero. Stark's early life and origins are explored in the Ultimate Iron Man miniseries.

Stark's genius is attributed to the fact that he was infected with a regenerative virus while in his mother's womb, which facilitated the spread of undifferentiated neural tissue throughout his body, in effect making his entire body part of his brain. However, this brings with it an overstimulation of his neural cells, causing excruciating pain whenever his skin comes into contact with anything, even dust. To save the infant Tony's life, his father Howard Stark applied an experimental bacterial coating all over his body, which grants him a certain degree of protection. However, it is unable to prevent the chronic, constant pain within his body, and the coating can be washed off. In part, this motivates him to create a stronger, more durable form of armour in the form of Iron Man.

Stark's dual identity as Iron Man is public knowledge. The Ultimate Iron Man armor is more finicky and requires a considerably larger crew to operate than that found in the regular Marvel Universe, but serves as Stark International's corporate mascot. It's also noticeably bulkier, with more of a "wearable fighter-plane" feel rather than a skintight suit. Despite his public image as a thrill-seeking playboy, Stark is an inventive genius and rates amongst the greatest minds in the Ultimate Universe. When Stark heard Nick Fury was assembling a team of superheroes, Tony volunteered his services. After helping defeat the Hulk, Tony developed a friendship with Thor and Steve Rogers. He has since captured the Rhino, battled Chitauri spaceships, snuck aboard a Kree spacecraft, and decapitated a Silver Surfer as a member of the Ultimates.

Stark fell in love with and proposed to Natasha Romanova, the Black Widow. Just prior to proposing, Stark gave her a black suit of armor, almost identical to his own. The flight test of the suit included flying over her homeland, where Stark had paid thousands of people to stand in a field to spell out his proposal, which she immediately accepted. When the Liberators invade America, the Widow shoots Jarvis and then tries to get Stark, at gunpoint, to transfer much of his fortune to her. However, Stark has ultimate control of the nanites in her bloodstream that allows her to interface with her armor. Using these nanites, Stark incapacitates Romanova and retrieves the enemy plans from her mind with the intention of fighting back against the Liberators. He takes Iron Man 6, a massive helicarrer-sized ship armed with dozens of laser cannons and machine guns, and wipes out the air force of the Liberators in Washington, D.C. and then heads to New York to aid the heroes there.

Iron Maniac

Iron Maniac
File:Ironmaniac.jpg Cover to Marvel Team-Up #22, by Phil Hester
Publication information
Publisher	Marvel Comics
First appearance	Marvel Team-Up Vol.3 #2
Created by	Robert Kirkman and Scott Kolins
In-story information
Alter ego	Anthony Edward "Tony" Stark
Team affiliations	The Avengers
Notable aliases	Iron Man
Abilities	Genius level intellect, Brilliant inventor and engineer, Superhuman powers derived from powered armour similar to that of Iron Man.

Iron Maniac is an evil alternate universe version of Iron Man. He first appeared in Marvel Team-Up (Vol. 3) #2, wearing armor that bears heavy resemblance to that of Doctor Doom (and is, because of that, mistaken for that villain).

He comes from an alternate reality where most of the Avengers were killed when they encountered the vicious alien Titannus in space, while a power-hungry Reed Richards turned his back to the surviving heroes. Scarred for life due to an attack from the Human Torch, Iron Man set his own operation base in Latveria for the express purpose of "take over the world to save it from Richards," until Richards somehow managed to banish him into Earth 616.

After being transported to Earth 616, the alternate Iron Man fought Spider-Man and X-23, believing that Mister Fantastic was the same evil lunatic from his home dimension. After the appearance of Captain America and Black Widow, he realized that he was in an alternate world and was defeated, shortly after warning the other heroes of the Titannus War.

Titannus soon arrived and fought the heroes while the alternate Iron Man was incapacitated. When Titannus' comatose lover was revived, she told him that she never loved him and that he was insane, causing Titannus to kill himself. The alternate Iron Man later discovered from Spider-Man and Wolverine that the Avengers were never massacred in space in this reality because the group had been disassembled, thus never encountering Titannus and averting the so-called 'Titannus War'.

He has recently broken free from captivity, having immunized himself to the gas that was used to keep him sedated onboard the SHIELD Helicarrier. In the process he gained the unwilling alliance of the LMD Diamondback. Having convinced her that he is the "real" Tony, the AU Tony Stark erased her memories, and reshaped the former LMD into an advanced suit of armor. This armor, even more advanced than the current Iron Man suit, is able to replicate any weapon from the wearer's memory.

The name Iron Maniac was how he decided to call himself, due to being the "sole survivor of a sane world living in a backwards, insane world,".

Iron Maniac is known to be at least partially cyborgized, with armor plating implanted in his chest (revealed during his escape from the Helicarrier, when he was shot with a bullet). It is unknown whether the rest of his body is similarly armored or if he possesses other cybernetic enhancements.

Other

• In Marvel Zombies, Tony Stark has been infected by the zombie virus. Alongside a horde of starving superhuman zombies, Iron Man attacks the Silver Surfer. The attack is successful, but one of the Surfer's energy bolts hits Iron Man's lower torso, cutting him in half. The zombie "survives" this wound and later gains cosmic powers (including flight) by eating part of the Surfer's corpse. Galactus then shows up and Iron Man becomes one of the members of "The Galactus".
• In the sword and sorcery world of the Avataars: Covenant of the Shield miniseries, Iron Man's counterpart is Ironheart, one of the Champions of the Realm. A powerful warrior, he wears a huge suit of grey armour.
• In the continuity of Earth-691, Tony Stark is devastated by the horrors of the Martian invasion and jettisons his technology into space. It is found by a primitive alien race who use it to become an interstellar menace calling themselves the Stark, who subsequently clash with the Guardians of the Galaxy in the 31st century.
• In the continuity of Earth-2122, the home of Crusader X, where the British won the American Revolution and still control North America, Anthony Stark is a member of the Sons of Liberty.
• In Amalgam Comics, Tony Stark is a weapons designer for S.H.I.E.L.D. that was crippled by the Green Skull. Hal Stark is Iron Lantern.
• In the alternate future of MC2, Tony Stark retired after the loss of many heroes in battle, but eventually created the armored computer program Mainframe, which joined the next generation of Avengers.
• In the alternative reality of Earth X, Tony Stark built a headquarters that protected himself from the plague. Afterwards, he built the Iron Avengers. Later, his headquarters was revealed to be the old Godzilla fighting mecha, the Red Ronin, which he used to delay the Celestial attack until the coming of Galactus, sacrificing his life in the process. He later became part of the angelic Avenging Host of Mar-vell's "Paradise", with an Iron Man motif.
• In the Age of Apocalypse, Tony Stark is an agent of the Human High Council. The injury that compromised his heart was caused by the attack of a mutant.
• In Exiles, an alternate villainous Iron Man of Earth-2020 is a member of Weapon X, the more ruthless team of reality fixers. He joins the Exiles but is eventually exposed and sent back to his own timeline where he is arrested by the Army.
• In Exiles #23-25 a Tony Stark has become the absolute ruler of the entire planet Earth, and killed many of that Earth's heroes and mutants. Weapon X arrives on this reality to help him conquer Attilan, though their true purpose is to cause his downfall. Tony eventually gets killed by Susan Storm.
• 1602: New World features a 17th century Spanish Iron Man named Lord Iron.
• House of M Iron Man
• Machine Man 2020 features Arno Stark in the red and gold armor, acting as a mercenary in the employ of Sunset Bain.
• In the Marvel Mangaverse reality, Tony Stark did create the original armor together with Dr. Ho Yinsen and acts as Iron Man for a time, but eventually vanishes after a battle with Namor, the Submariner. He is succeeded by Antoinette (Toni) Stark, his twin sister, a former agent of SHIELD, who turns Iron Man into a massive operation - a veritable army of Iron Men in many forms, with herself as Iron Woman. After she dies in battle against the Hulk, Tony Stark reveals himself again; he went underground after spinal cancer reduced him to a disembodied head hooked up to a life support system. However, he has designed a new armor - a body, really - that he can hook up to.
• Other alternate Iron Men include several seen in issues of What If, a comic featuring tales of alternate realities.

In other media

File:Iron Man Toymania Action Figure.jpg

Iron Man Action Figure

Toys

Toy Biz has produced Iron Man figures based on the 1994 Iron Man cartoon, all with vac-metallized, detachable armor parts. A fifth assortment, which never became openly available, appears on the collectibles market.

Since 2002, Toy Biz has produced Iron Man figures in the company's Marvel Legends line. Iron Man Legends figures include his Classic Armor (Gold variant) and Stealth Armor in Series One, the Silver Centurion Armor in Series Seven, the Modern Armor in Series Eight, War Machine (with James Rhodes) in Series Nine, the Hulkbuster Armor in Series 11, the Origin Armor in Series 14(Gold variant), and the Thorbuster Armor in Series 15. Modular Armor (with War-Machine variant) also appeared.

When Hasbro took over the Marvel Legends line in 2007, the company released the Ultimate Iron Man armor as part of the Annihilus build a figure series. His armor also came with different colors some of the action figures armor could be removed.

The Marvel Minimates action-figure line features four Iron Man armors.

Iron Man is featured as one of the available characters to choose from in the Marvel Heroes version of the 1980s board game Guess Who?

Television and direct-to-video

Iron Man has appeared in many animated television series, including his own in 1966 (the 1966 series, Marvel Super Heroes featured John Vernon as the voice of Iron Man) and 1994. In 1981, Iron Man appeared in Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends (William H. Marshall provided Iron Man's voice).

File:Ironamachine.jpg

Iron Man, as he appeared in the Iron Man animated series.

In the 1990s, he also appeared in the Avengers and Spider-Man animated series on Fox and the Hulk animated series on UPN.

The 1994 Iron Man animated series, with Robert Hays voicing Iron Man, was part of the Marvel Action Hour, which packaged several animated versions of Marvel series, including the 1994 Fantastic Four, with two half-hour episodes from different series. Iron Man's origin was changed for this series. Instead of a shrapnel near his heart, Stark had multiple slivers near his spine, threatening paralysis. Also, Stark and Yinsen were held captive not by Wong Chu but by the Mandarin, who had been altered by his rings to have green skin and greater physical strength. The Mandarin led a group of villains, consisting of Dreadknight, Hypnotia, Blizzard, Blacklash, Grey Gargoyle, Whirlwind, M.O.D.O.K. and Justin Hammer against Iron Man and a team based on Force Works.

Iron Man is also featured in Ultimate Avengers (2006), an animated direct-to-video adaptation of the Ultimates produced by Marvel Entertainment and Lion's Gate Films. Although based on Ultimate Iron Man, the animated version's identity is not a matter of public record, and, as in main Marvel Universe continuity, he is inflicted with a heart condition rather than a brain tumor. Marvel/Lion's Gate released Ultimate Avengers 2 on August 8, 2006, and The Invincible Iron Man on Jan. 23, 2007. The character in these videos is voiced by Marc Worden.

Film

File:WinstonIronman.jpg

Officially released image of the film's version of the suit.

Main article: Iron Man (film)

New Line Cinema indicated it was producing an Iron Man film, originally scheduled for release November 2005, then rescheduled to 2006 and then to 2007. The studio's rights eventually expired and reverted to Marvel. Nick Cassavetes would have directed the film.

Marvel Studios announced in April 2006 that it is producing the Iron Man movie with director Jon Favreau and a script by Arthur Marcum and Matt Holloway with a planned release date of May 2, 2008. The film will be distributed by Paramount Pictures.

On July 22, 2006 at the San Diego Comic-Con, Favreau confirmed that the villain for the upcoming film would be the Mandarin. He also announced that, "The suit will be more like a weapons platform than a flying suit – more of a War Machine-feel to it."

On September 28, 2006, the website Ain't It Cool News reported Iron Man would be played by Robert Downey Jr. Terrence Howard has also signed on to play Jim Rhodes, who later becomes War Machine.

Jeff Bridges has also signed up to play the part of Obadiah Stane (a.k.a., Iron Monger).

On January 17, 2007, CNN reported Gwyneth Paltrow would play Virginia "Pepper" Potts.

Principal photography for the film began on March 12, 2007 in Los Angeles, California.

Video games

• Iron Man is featured in several video games. He is one of four selectable heroes in Captain America & The Avengers (1991), as well as Capcom's Marvel Super Heroes - War of the Gems and subsequent Marvel vs. Capcom series.

• He also appears in Iron Man and X-O Manowar in Heavy Metal for the PC, PlayStation, the Game Boy, Saturn and Game Gear.

• The Invincible Iron Man came out on the Game Boy Advance in late 2002.

• Iron Man is unlockable after beating Tony Hawk's Underground which came out in 2003.

• Iron Man, Tony Stark and Stark Enterprises make an appearance in the 2005 Punisher video game. An inside joke alludes to Stark's alcoholism: After viewing the destruction left by the Punisher, Stark sighs and says, "I need a drink."

• He is an unlockable character in X-Men Legends II: Rise of Apocalypse. The version of Iron Man that appears in X-Men Legends II is possibly the same version of Iron Man that would later appear in Marvel Ultimate Alliance.

• Iron Man is one of the main characters in Marvel Nemesis: Rise of the Imperfects.

• An old woman wrongly believed that Spider-Man was chasing Iron Man in Ultimate Spider-Man. Spider-Man was actually chasing the Beetle. Stark himself doesn't appear in the game, and only his codename gets mentioned.

• Iron Man is a playable character in Marvel Ultimate Alliance. His costumes include his New Avenger armor, his Classic armor, the War Machine armor, and his Ultimate armor. Iron Man is one of the main characters in game; Stark Tower is one of the bases of the team in the game.

• In 2008, Sega Corporation will publish a video game featuring Iron Man alongside the release of the movie.

Popular culture

The rapper Ghostface Killah, a member of Wu-Tang Clan, titled his 1996 debut solo album Ironman, and has since continued to use lyrics related to the Iron Man comics and samples from the animated TV shows on his records. He has also adopted the nickname Tony Starks (cq) as one of his numerous alter-egos, and the title of his 2004 release The Pretty Toney Album is believed to come from a stylization of this.

One episode of Seinfeld featured an offscreen debate between Jerry Seinfeld and George Costanza about whether or not Iron Man wore underwear, to which George responded "and I still say he's naked under there!" In Iron Man vol. 3, #1, Tony Stark mentally runs through a list of people he has to contact and thinks, "I really have to drop him [Jerry] a note about that underwear thing".

Reports vary on whether or not the Black Sabbath song "Iron Man", about a superpowered madman who "kills the people he once saved", was inspired by the hero.

Paul McCartney's song "Magneto and Titanium Man" was inspired by the X-Men's arch-nemesis and the original version of the Iron Man villain. Another Iron Man villain, the Crimson Dynamo, is mentioned in the lyrics to this song.

British Band Razorlight mention Tony Stark in the verse of their b-side song, 'hang by, hang by'

In the 2005 film The 40-Year-Old Virgin, Andy, played by Steve Carell has a toy collection that includes an Iron Man action figure. When he refuses to let go of his collectibles, his girlfriend Trish, played by Catherine Keener, mocks him, "I can be Iron Man, I can be Thor...." Also, earlier in the film Andy can be seen reading an issue of Marvel Team-Up. This particular issue features an Iron Man from an alternate universe fighting The Hulk.

Forbes.com has listed Tony Stark as #8 on its list of fifteen wealthiest fictional characters, with a net worth of US$3 billion.

Other

Iron Man appears regularly in Twisted ToyFare Theater, a photographic comic strip made using toys and Adobe Photoshop that appears monthly in the magazine ToyFare. He is depicted as constantly intoxicated and usually has a beer in hand. His drinking usually gets him in trouble. In one issue, he bet on a wrestling match between two versions of Spider-Man and lost Stark Industries to Boss Hogg. In another, he resolves to quit drinking after being given an ultimatum to sober up or be kicked out of the Avengers, until the Incredible Hulk brings over a bunch of Party of Five episodes. After Iron Man drinks until he passes out with his head in the refrigerator, the Hulk takes his suit to impersonate him at the Avengers meeting, but ends up at The Hall of Justice instead. Due to licensing issues with DC Comics, this was later changed to the X-Mansion when the comic was reprinted in a collected volume.

Bibliography

List of Iron Man titles

• Tales of Suspense #39-99 (March 1963 - March 1968)
• Iron Man and the Sub-Mariner (1968)
• Iron Man Vol. 1, #1-332 (May 1968 - Sept. 1996)
• Iron Man Annual #1-15 (1970-1994)
• Iron Man Annual '98-2001
• Giant-Size Iron Man (1975)
• Iron Man: Crash (1988)
• Iron Manual (1993)
• Iron Man 2020 (Aug. 1994)
• Age of Innocence: The Rebirth of Iron Man (Feb. 1996)
• Iron Man Vol. 2, #1-13 (Nov. 1996 - Nov. 1997)
• Iron Man Vol. 3, #1-89 (Feb. 1998 - Oct. 2004)
• Iron Man: The Iron Age #1-2 (Aug.- Sept. 1998)
• Iron Man: Bad Blood #1-4 (Sept.- Dec. 2000)
• Iron Man Vol. 4, #1 -  (Nov. 2004 - Present)
• Ultimate Iron Man: #1-5 (Mar. 2005 - Dec. 2005)
• Iron Man: The Inevitable #1-6 (Feb. 2006 - July 2006)

See also

• Iron Man 2020

References

• MDP: Iron Man (Tony Stark) - Marvel Database Project
• Marvel's Iron Man bio
• Iron Man: The Animated Series (1994-5) @ Marvel Animation Age
• Iron Man Figure Archive @ toymania.com
• The Iron Man Armory

External links

• Iron Man at IMDb