List of adjectivals and demonyms for cities

The following is a list of adjectival forms of cities in English and their demonymic equivalents, which denote the people or the inhabitants of these cities.

Note: Demonyms are given in plural forms. Singular forms simply remove the final 's' or, in the case of -ese endings, are the same as the plural forms. The ending -men has feminine equivalent -women (e.g. an Irishman and a Scotswoman). The French terminations -ois / ais serve as both the singular and plural masculine; adding 'e' (-oise / aise) makes them singular feminine; 'es' (-oises / aises) makes them plural feminine. The Spanish termination "-o" usually denotes the masculine and is normally changed to feminine by dropping the "-o" and adding "-a". The plural forms are usually "-os" and "-as" respectively.

Adjectives ending -ish can be used as collective demonyms (e.g. the English, the Cornish). So can those ending in -ch / -tch (e.g. the French, the Dutch) provided they are pronounced with a 'ch' -/t͡ʃ/ sound (e.g. the adjective Czech -/k/ does not qualify).

Where an adjective is a link, the link is to the language or dialect of the same name. (Reference: Ethnologue, Languages of the World)

Many place-name adjectives and many demonyms refer also to various other things, sometimes with and sometimes without one or more additional words. (Sometimes, the use of one or more additional words is optional.) Notable examples are cheeses, cat breeds, dog breeds, and horse breeds. (See List of words derived from toponyms.)

Note: Many of these adjectivals and demonyms are not used in English as frequently as their counterparts in other languages. A common practice is to use a city's name as if it were an adjective, as in "Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra", "Melbourne suburbs", etc.

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City	Country or state/province	Adjective	Demonym (colloquial)
Aberdeen	Scotland	Aberdonian	Aberdonians
Adelaide	South Australia	Adelaidian	Adelaidians
Albany	New York	Albanian	Albanians
Amalfi	Italy	Amalfitan	Amalfitans
Aosta	Italy	Aostan, Aostain	Aostans, Aostains
Armagh	Northern Ireland	Armachian	Armachians
Auckland	New Zealand	Auckland	Aucklanders
Athens	Greece	Athenian	Athenians
Atlanta	Georgia	Atlantan	Atlantans
Austin	Texas	Austonian	Austinite
Baltimore	Maryland	Baltimorean	Baltimoreans
Bangkok	Thailand	Bangkokian	Bangkokians
Baton Rouge	Louisiana	Baton Rougean	Baton Rougeans
Bedford	England	Bedfordian (not Bedfordite)	Bedfordians
Beijing (Peking)	China	Pekinese	Beijinger, Pekinese
Belfast	Northern Ireland	Belfastian	Belfastians
Belo Horizonte	Brazil	Belo-Horizontino	Belo-Horizontinos
Belgrade	Serbia	Belgradian	Belgraders
Benevento	Italy	Beneventan	Beneventans
Bergamo	Italy	Bergamasque	Bergamasques
Berlin	Germany	Berliner	Berliners
Berne	Switzerland	Bernese	Bernese
Birmingham	England	Birminghamian ("Brummie")	Birminghamians ("Brummies")
Birmingham	Alabama	Birminghamian	Birminghamians ("Birminghamsters")
Bologna	Italy	Bolognese	Bolognese
Bogota	Colombia	Bogota	Bogotanos, (Cachacos)
Boston	Massachusetts	Bostonian	Bostonians
Brasilia	Brazil	Brasiliense	Brasilienses
Bratislava	Slovakia	Bratislavan	Bratislavan
Brescia	Italy	Brescian	Brescians
Brighton	Wisconsin	Brightonian	Brightonians
Brisbane	Queensland	Brisbane	Brisbanites, Brisbanians
Bristol	England	Bristolian	Bristolians
Budapest	Hungary	Budapesti	Budapesters
Buenos Aires	Argentina	Porteño	Porteños
Buffalo	New York	Buffalonian	Buffalonians
Cairo	Egypt	(Cairene)	Cairenes
Calgary	Alberta	Calgarian	Calgarians
Cambridge	England	Cantabrigian	Cantabrigians1
Cambridge	Massachusetts
Campinas	Brazil	Campineiro	Campineiros
Canberra	Australia	Canberran	Canberrans
Cape Town	South Africa	(Capetonian)	Capetonians
Caracas	Venezuela	Caraquenian	Caraquenians
Carystus	Greece	Carystian	Carystians
Charlotte	North Carolina	Charlottean	Charlotteans
Chicago	Illinois	Chicagoan	Chicagoans
Cincinnati	Ohio	Cincinnatian	Cincinnatian
Copenhagen	Denmark	Copenhagener	Copenhageners
Corinth	Greece	Corinthian	Corinthians
Cork	Republic of Ireland	Cork	Corkonians ("Leesiders")
Cracow (Kraków)	Poland	Cracovian (Krakovian)	Cracovians (Krakovians)
Curitiba	Brazil	Curitibano	Curitibanos
Dallas	Texas		Dallasites
Davao	Philippines		Dabawenio
Denver	Colorado	Denverite	Denverites
Detroit	Michigan		Detroiters
Dublin	Ireland	Dublin	Dubliners ("Dubs")
Dundee	Scotland	Dundonian	Dundonians
Dunedin	New Zealand	Dunedin	Dunedinites
East Troy	Wisconsin	East Trojan	East Trojans
Edmonton	Alberta	Edmontonian	Edmontonians
Epidaurus	Greece	Epidaurian	Epidaurians
Florence	Italy	Florentine	Florentines
Fort Lauderdale	Florida		Fort Lauderdalers, Fort Lauderdalians
Foz do Iguaçu	Brazil	Iguaçuense	Iguaçuenses
Fresno	California		Fresnans, Fresnoans
Galway	Republic of Ireland	Galway	Galwegians
Geneva	Switzerland	Genevan, Genevese	Genevans, Genevese
Genoa	Italy	Genoese	Genoese
Glasgow	Scotland	Glaswegian	Glaswegians
Grand Rapids	Michigan	Grand Rapidian	Grand Rapidians
Guadalajara	México	Tapatío	Tapatíos
Halifax	Nova Scotia	Haligonian	Haligonians
Hamilton	Ontario	Hamiltonian	Hamiltonians
Hamilton	New Zealand
Hanoi	Vietnam	Hanoian	Hanoians
Hanover	Germany	Hanoverian	Hanoverians
Hartlepool	England	Hartlepudlian	Hartlepudlian ("Monkey hanger")
Helsinki	Finland	Helsinkian	Helsinkians
Ho Chi Minh City	Vietnam	Saigonese	Saigonese
Hong Kong	China	Hong Kong, Hongkongese	Hongkongers, Hongkongese
Honolulu	Hawaii	Honolulan	Honolulans
Houston	Texas	Houstonian	Houstonians
Invercargill	New Zealand	Invercargill	Invercargillites, Invercargillonians
Inverness	Scotland	Invernessian	Invernessians
Iqaluit	Nunavut		Iqalummiut (sing. Iqalummiuq)
Itabira	Brazil	Itabirano	Itabiranos
Istanbul	Turkey	Istanbulite	Istanbulites
Jerusalem	Israel	Jerusalemite, Yerushalmi ירושלמי (Hebrew)	Jerusalemites, Yerushalmim
Juiz de Fora	Brazil	Juiz-forano	Juiz-foranos
Juneau City/Borough	Alaska		Juneauites
Kastoria	Greece	Kastorian	Kastorians
Kenosha	Wisconsin	Kenoshan	Kenoshans
Kingston	New Jersey	Kingstonian	Kingstonians
Kuala Lumpur	Malaysia		("KL-ites"2)
Lagos	Nigeria	Lagosian	Lagosians
Las Vegas	Nevada	Las Vegan	Vegan
Leeds	England	Leodensian	Leodensians
Leghorn	Italy	Leghornese, Livornese	Leghornese, Livornese
León	Spain	Leonese	Leoneses
Lima	Peru	Limeño	Limeños
Liverpool	England	Liverpudlian	Liverpudlians ("Scousers")
London	England	Londoner	Londoners
Londrina	Brazil	Londrinense	Londrinenses
Los Angeles	California	Angeleno	Angelenos
Lucca	Italy	Lucchese	Lucchesi
Lyon (Lyons)	France	Lyonese	Lyonese
Macau	China	Macanese	Macanese
Madrid	Spain	Madrilenian; Madrileño (Spanish)	Madrilenians; Madrileños (Spanish)
Málaga	Spain	Malagan	Malagans
Manchester	England	Mancunian	Mancunians ("Mancs")
Manila	Philippines	Manileño	Manileños
Mantua	Italy	Mantuan	Mantuans
Marathon	Greece	Marathonian	Marathonians
Marseille	France	Marseillais	Marseillais
Megara	Greece	Megarian	Megarians
Melbourne	Victoria	Melburnian	Melburnians
Memphis	Tennessee	Memphian	Memphians
Messina	Italy	Messinese	Messinese
Mexico City	Mexico	Capitalino	Capitalinos ("Chilangos"/"Defeños")
Milan	Italy	Milanese	Milanese
Milan	New York		Milanites, Milaners
Milwaukee	Wisconsin	Milwaukeean	Milwaukeeans
Modena	Italy	Modenese	Modenese
Montreal	Quebec	Montreal	Montrealers
Moscow	Russia	Muscovite	Muscovites
Mumbai	India	Mumbaikar	Mumbaikars
Munich	Germany	Münchner	Münchner
Naples	Italy	Neapolitan	Neapolitans
Nashville	Tennessee	Nashvillian	Nashvillians
Nassau	The Bahamas	Nassuvian	Nassuvians
Nelson	New Zealand	Nelson	Nelsonians
New Orleans	Louisiana	New Orleanian	New Orleanians, New Orleaners ("Yats")
New York City	New York	New Yorker	New Yorkers ("Gothamites"/"Knickerbockers")
• The Bronx		(Bronxite)	Bronxites, Bronxers
• Brooklyn		(Brooklynite)	Brooklynites, Brooklyners
• Manhattan		Manhattanite	Manhattanites
• Queens			Queensites
• Staten Island3			Staten Islanders
Newcastle	New South Wales	Novocastrian	Novocastrians
Newcastle	England	Novocastrian ("Geordie")	Novocastrians ("Geordies")
Nice	France	Niçois	Niçois
Nicosia	Cyprus	Nicosian	Nicosians
Northampton	England	Northamptonian	Northamptonians
Oakland	California	Oaklander	Oaklanders
Oamaru	New Zealand	Oamaru, Oamaruvian	Oamaruvians
Odessa	Ukraine	Odessit(e)	Odessites
Oslo	Norway	Oslovian	Oslovians
Osaka	Japan	Osakan	Naniwakko (難波っ子/浪速っ子; Japanese), Osakans (English)
Ottawa	Ontario	Ottawan	Ottawans
Oxford	England	Oxonian	Oxonians4
Paddock Lake	Wisconsin	Paddock Laker	Paddock Lakers
Padua	Italy	Paduan	Paduans
Palermo	Italy	Palermitan	Palermitans
Palmerston North	New Zealand	Palmerstonian	Palmerstonians
Paris	France	Parisian	Parisians
Parma	Italy	Parmesan	Parmesans
Perth	Western Australia	Perth	Perthites
Perugia	Italy	Perugian	Perugians
Peterborough	United Kingdom	Peterbourian	Peterbourians
Philadelphia	Pennsylvania	(Philadelphian)	Philadelphians
Phoenix	Arizona	Phoenician, Phoenixer	Phoenicians, Phoenixers
Pisa	Italy	Pisan	Pisans
Pittsburgh	Pennsylvania	Pittsburgher	Pittsburghers
Pompeii	Italy	Pompei(i)an	Pompei(i)ans
Ponferrada	Spain	Ponferradian	Ponferradians
Porto Alegre	Brazil	Porto-Alegrense	Porto-Alegrenses
Portland	Oregon	Portlander	Portlanders
Prague	Czech Republic	Praguer	Praguers
Pristina	Kosovo		Prishtinali, Prishtinas (Albanian) Prištinci, Prištevci (Serbian)
Providence	Rhode Island	Providentian	Providentians
Pylos	Greece	Pylian	Pylians
Quebec City	Quebec	Quebec (City) (English); québécois (French)	Quebeckers, Quebecers (English); Québécois5 (French)
Randall	Wisconsin	Randallite	Randallites
Regina	Saskatchewan	Regina (modifier), Reginan	Reginans
Rethymno	Greece	Rethymnian	Rethymnians
Riga	Latvia	Rigan	Rigans
Rio de Janeiro	Brazil	Carioca	Cariocas
Rhodes	Greece	Rhodian	Rhodians
Rochester	New York	(Rochesterian)	Rochesterians
Rome	Italy	Roman	Romans
St. Louis	Missouri	St. Louisan	St. Louisans
Salerno	Italy	Salernitan	Salernitans
Salt Lake City	Utah		Salt Lakers
San Antonio	Texas	San Antonian	San Antonians
San Diego	California	San Diegan	San Diegans
San Francisco	California	San Franciscan	San Franciscans
São Carlos	Brazil	Sãocarlense and Carlopolitano	Sãocarlenses and Carlopolitanos
São Paulo	Brazil	Paulistano	Paulistanos
Saskatoon	Saskatchewan	Saskatoon (modifier), Saskatonian	Saskatonians ("Saskabushers")
Savannah	Georgia	Savannaian	Savannians
Seattle	Washington	Seattleite	Seattleites
Seoul	South Korea	Seoulite	Seoulites
Serres	Greece	Serrean	Serreans
Shanghai	China	Shanghainese	Shanghainese
Siena	Italy	Sien(n)ese	Sien(n)ese
Silver Lake	Wisconsin	Silver Laker	Silver Laker
Sheffield	England		Sheffielders
Slough	England	Sluff	Sluffs
Somers	Wisconsin	Somersite	Somersites
Sorrento	Italy	Sorrentine	Sorrentines
Sparta	Greece	Spartan	Spartans
Spoleto	Italy	Spoletian	Spoletians
Stockholm	Sweden	Stockholmer	Stockholmers
Sunderland	England		"Mackems"
Sydney	New South Wales	Sydney	Sydneysiders
Syracuse	Italy	Syracusan	Syracusans
Tallinn	Estonia	Tallinner	Tallinners
Taranto	Italy	Tarantine, Tarentine	Tarantines, Tarentines
Thebes	Greece	Theban	Thebans
Thessaloniki	Greece	Thessalonian	Thessalonians
Tokyo	Japan		Edokko (江戸っ子; Japanese), Tokyoites (English)
Toronto	Ontario	Toronto, Torontonian	Torontonians
Tournai	Belgium	Tournaisian	Tournaisian
Trevor	Wisconsin	Trevorite	Trevorites
Trent	Italy	Tridentine	Tridentines
Trieste	Italy	Triestine	Triestines
Tripoli	Greece / Libya	Tripolitan	Tripolitans
Trois-Rivières	Quebec	Trifluvien, Trifluvienne (French); Trifluvian (English)	Trifluviens/Trifluviennes (French); Trifluvians (English)
Tucson	Arizona	Tucsonan	Tucsonans
Tulsa	Oklahoma	Tulsan	Tulsans
Turin	Italy	Turinese	Turinese
Twin Lakes	Wisconsin	Twin Laker	Twin Lakers
Uberlândia	Brazil	Uberlandense	Uberlandenses
Valencia	Spain	Valencian	Valencians
Vancouver	British Columbia	Vancouverite	Vancouverites
Venice	Italy	Venetian	Venetians
Veracruz	Mexico	Veracruzano	Veracruzano (Jarocho)
Verona	Italy	Veronese	Veronese
Vicenza	Italy	Vicentine	Vicentines
Vichy	France	Vichyssois	Vichyssois
Vienna	Austria	Viennese	Viennese
Warsaw	Poland	Varsovian	Varsovians
Washington, D.C.	United States	Washingtonian	Washingtonians
Wellington	New Zealand	Wellington	Wellingtonians
Wheatland	Wisconsin	Wheatlander	Wheatlanders
Wichita	Kansas	Wichitan	Wichitans
Wilmot	Wisconsin	Wilmotter	Wilmotters
Winnipeg	Manitoba		Winnipeggers, Winnipegers
Wolverhampton	England		Wulfrunians
Xalapa	Mexico	Xalapeño	Xalapeños
Xanthi	Greece	Xanthian	Xanthians
Also used to identify graduates of the University of Cambridge. Pronounced "KAY-el-ites". Formerly Richmond. Also used to identify graduates of the University of Oxford. Often confused with residents of the Province of Québec. If it is necessary to distinguish between residents of the city and the province, French-speakers will use québécois/e de Québec for the city and québécois/e du Québec for the province.