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Incest does not have to be coerced; even consensual incest is illegal in every developed country.
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Effects of child sexual abuse include [[guilt]] and [[Blame#Self-blame|self-blame]], [[flashback (psychological phenomenon)|flashbacks]], [[nightmare]]s, [[insomnia]], fear of things associated with the abuse (including objects, smells, places, doctor's visits, etc.), [[self-esteem]] issues, [[sexual dysfunction]], [[chronic pain]], [[addiction]], [[self-injury]], [[suicidal ideation]], somatic complaints, [[clinical depression|depression]],<ref name="Roosa">Roosa M.W., Reinholtz C., Angelini P.J. (1999).
Effects of child sexual abuse include [[guilt]] and [[Blame#Self-blame|self-blame]], [[flashback (psychological phenomenon)|flashbacks]], [[nightmare]]s, [[insomnia]], fear of things associated with the abuse (including objects, smells, places, doctor's visits, etc.), [[self-esteem]] issues, [[sexual dysfunction]], [[chronic pain]], [[addiction]], [[self-injury]], [[suicidal ideation]], somatic complaints, [[clinical depression|depression]],<ref name="Roosa">Roosa M.W., Reinholtz C., Angelini P.J. (1999).
[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0902/is_1_27/ai_54422556/print "The relation of child sexual abuse and depression in young women: comparisons across four ethnic groups,"] ''Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology'' 27(1):65-76.</ref> [[post-traumatic stress disorder]],<ref name="widom">Widom C.S. (1999). [http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/156/8/1223 "Post-traumatic stress disorder in abused and neglected children grown up,"] American Journal of Psychiatry; 156(8):1223-1229.</ref> [[anxiety]],<ref name="levitan">Levitan, R. D., N. A. Rector, Sheldon, T., & Goering, P. (2003). "[http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstract/102529637/ABSTRACT?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0 Childhood adversities associated with major depression and/or anxiety disorders in a community sample of Ontario: Issues of co-morbidity and specificity]," Depression & Anxiety; 17, 34-42.</ref>, other [[mental illnesses]] (including [[borderline personality disorder]] and [[dissociative identity disorder]]{{Citation needed|date=April 2009}}), propensity to [[re-victimization]] in adulthood,<ref name="Messman-Moore">Terri L. Messman-Moore & Patricia J. Long, "[http://jiv.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/15/5/489 Child Sexual Abuse and Revictimization in the Form of Adult Sexual Abuse, Adult Physical Abuse, and Adult Psychological Maltreatment]," ''15 Journal of Interpersonal Violence'' 489 (2000).</ref> and physical injury to the child, among other problems.<ref name="dinw">Dinwiddie S, Heath AC, Dunne MP, et al. (2000). "[http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=26191 Early sexual abuse and lifetime psychopathology: a co-twin-control study.]" ''Psychological Medicine'', 30:41–52</ref> <br />Sexual abuse by a family member is a form of [[incest]], and can result in more serious and long-term [[psychological trauma]], especially in the case of parental incest.<ref name=Courtois>{{cite book|title=Healing the Incest Wound: Adult Survivors in Therapy|last= Courtois|first=Christine A.|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|pages=208|year=1988|isbn= 0393313565}}</ref>
[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0902/is_1_27/ai_54422556/print "The relation of child sexual abuse and depression in young women: comparisons across four ethnic groups,"] ''Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology'' 27(1):65-76.</ref> [[post-traumatic stress disorder]],<ref name="widom">Widom C.S. (1999). [http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/156/8/1223 "Post-traumatic stress disorder in abused and neglected children grown up,"] American Journal of Psychiatry; 156(8):1223-1229.</ref> [[anxiety]],<ref name="levitan">Levitan, R. D., N. A. Rector, Sheldon, T., & Goering, P. (2003). "[http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstract/102529637/ABSTRACT?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0 Childhood adversities associated with major depression and/or anxiety disorders in a community sample of Ontario: Issues of co-morbidity and specificity]," Depression & Anxiety; 17, 34-42.</ref>, other [[mental illnesses]] (including [[borderline personality disorder]] and [[dissociative identity disorder]]{{Citation needed|date=April 2009}}), propensity to [[re-victimization]] in adulthood,<ref name="Messman-Moore">Terri L. Messman-Moore & Patricia J. Long, "[http://jiv.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/15/5/489 Child Sexual Abuse and Revictimization in the Form of Adult Sexual Abuse, Adult Physical Abuse, and Adult Psychological Maltreatment]," ''15 Journal of Interpersonal Violence'' 489 (2000).</ref> and physical injury to the child, among other problems.<ref name="dinw">Dinwiddie S, Heath AC, Dunne MP, et al. (2000). "[http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=26191 Early sexual abuse and lifetime psychopathology: a co-twin-control study.]" ''Psychological Medicine'', 30:41–52</ref> <br />
Sexual abuse by a family member is a form of [[incest]], and can result in more serious and long-term [[psychological trauma]], especially in the case of parental incest.<ref name=Courtois>{{cite book|title=Healing the Incest Wound: Adult Survivors in Therapy|last= Courtois|first=Christine A.|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|pages=208|year=1988|isbn= 0393313565}}</ref>


Approximately 15% to 25% of women and 5% to 15% of men were sexually abused when they were children.<ref name=Whealin>{{cite web |url=http://www.ncptsd.va.gov/ncmain/ncdocs/fact_shts/fs_child_sexual_abuse.html |title=Child Sexual Abuse |author=Julia Whealin, Ph.D. |publisher=National Center for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, US Department of Veterans Affairs |date=2007-05-22}}</ref><ref name="Finkelhor1994">{{cite journal|author=David Finkelhor |title=Current Information on the Scope and Nature of Child Sexual Abuse |journal=The Future of Children |date=summer/fall 1994 |volume=(1994) 4(2): 31-53|url=http://www.unh.edu/ccrc/pdf/VS75.pdf|format=PDF}}</ref><ref>[http://www.unh.edu/ccrc/ Crimes against Children Research Center]</ref><ref>[http://www.unh.edu/frl/ Family Research Laboratory]</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=The prevalence of child sexual abuse: Integrative review adjustment for potential response and measurement biases |journal=Child Abuse & Neglect |volume= 21| issue = 4, April 1997 |pages=391–398 |doi=10.1016/S0145-2134(96)00180-9 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V7N-3SWVJJ8-6&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=3bf4125ab05f663f306a1ca792f43398 |publisher=Elsevier Science Ltd. |author=Kevin M. Gorey and Donald R. Leslie|year=1997}}</ref> Most sexual abuse offenders are acquainted with their victims; approximately 30% are relatives of the child, most often fathers, uncles or cousins; around 60% are other acquaintances such as friends of the family, babysitters, or neighbors; strangers are the offenders in approximately 10% of child sexual abuse cases. Most child sexual abuse is committed by men; women commit approximately 14% of offenses reported against boys and 6% of offenses reported against girls.<ref name=Whealin/> Most offenders who abuse pre-pubescent children are [[Pedophilia|pedophiles]];<ref name=mayoclinic>{{cite journal |url=http://www.mayoclinicproceedings.com/content/82/4/457.full|format=PDF|title=A Profile of Pedophilia: Definition, Characteristics of Offenders, Recidivism, Treatment Outcomes, and Forensic Issues |last=Hall, MD|first=Ryan C. |coauthors=Richard C. W. Hall, MD, PA. |journal=Mayo Clin Proc |volume=82:457-471 2007 |publisher=MAYO FOUNDATION FOR MEDICAL EDUCATION AND RESEARCH |pmid=17418075 |doi=10.4065/82.4.457 |year=2007 |issue=4 |pages=457–71}}</ref><ref name="ames">Ames, A. & Houston, D. A. (1990). ''[http://www.springerlink.com/content/g8g66p6370731x85/ Legal, social, and biological definitions of pedophilia.]'' ''Archives of Sexual Behavior''. '''19''' (4), 333-342.</ref> however, a small percentage do not meet the diagnostic criteria for pedophilia.<ref name="barbaree-seto">{{cite book|last= Laws|first=Dr. Richard |coauthors= William T. O'Donohue|contributors=H. E.Barbaree, M. C.Seto |year=1997 |title=''Sexual Deviance: Theory, Assessment, and Treatment'' |pages= 175–193 |publisher=Guilford Press |isbn=1572302410 }}</ref>
Approximately 15% to 25% of women and 5% to 15% of men were sexually abused when they were children.<ref name=Whealin>{{cite web |url=http://www.ncptsd.va.gov/ncmain/ncdocs/fact_shts/fs_child_sexual_abuse.html |title=Child Sexual Abuse |author=Julia Whealin, Ph.D. |publisher=National Center for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, US Department of Veterans Affairs |date=2007-05-22}}</ref><ref name="Finkelhor1994">{{cite journal|author=David Finkelhor |title=Current Information on the Scope and Nature of Child Sexual Abuse |journal=The Future of Children |date=summer/fall 1994 |volume=(1994) 4(2): 31-53|url=http://www.unh.edu/ccrc/pdf/VS75.pdf|format=PDF}}</ref><ref>[http://www.unh.edu/ccrc/ Crimes against Children Research Center]</ref><ref>[http://www.unh.edu/frl/ Family Research Laboratory]</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=The prevalence of child sexual abuse: Integrative review adjustment for potential response and measurement biases |journal=Child Abuse & Neglect |volume= 21| issue = 4, April 1997 |pages=391–398 |doi=10.1016/S0145-2134(96)00180-9 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V7N-3SWVJJ8-6&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=3bf4125ab05f663f306a1ca792f43398 |publisher=Elsevier Science Ltd. |author=Kevin M. Gorey and Donald R. Leslie|year=1997}}</ref> Most sexual abuse offenders are acquainted with their victims; approximately 30% are relatives of the child, most often fathers, uncles or cousins; around 60% are other acquaintances such as friends of the family, babysitters, or neighbors; strangers are the offenders in approximately 10% of child sexual abuse cases. Most child sexual abuse is committed by men; women commit approximately 14% of offenses reported against boys and 6% of offenses reported against girls.<ref name=Whealin/> Most offenders who abuse pre-pubescent children are [[Pedophilia|pedophiles]];<ref name=mayoclinic>{{cite journal |url=http://www.mayoclinicproceedings.com/content/82/4/457.full|format=PDF|title=A Profile of Pedophilia: Definition, Characteristics of Offenders, Recidivism, Treatment Outcomes, and Forensic Issues |last=Hall, MD|first=Ryan C. |coauthors=Richard C. W. Hall, MD, PA. |journal=Mayo Clin Proc |volume=82:457-471 2007 |publisher=MAYO FOUNDATION FOR MEDICAL EDUCATION AND RESEARCH |pmid=17418075 |doi=10.4065/82.4.457 |year=2007 |issue=4 |pages=457–71}}</ref><ref name="ames">Ames, A. & Houston, D. A. (1990). ''[http://www.springerlink.com/content/g8g66p6370731x85/ Legal, social, and biological definitions of pedophilia.]'' ''Archives of Sexual Behavior''. '''19''' (4), 333-342.</ref> however, a small percentage do not meet the diagnostic criteria for pedophilia.<ref name="barbaree-seto">{{cite book|last= Laws|first=Dr. Richard |coauthors= William T. O'Donohue|contributors=H. E.Barbaree, M. C.Seto |year=1997 |title=''Sexual Deviance: Theory, Assessment, and Treatment'' |pages= 175–193 |publisher=Guilford Press |isbn=1572302410 }}</ref>

Revision as of 06:59, 5 April 2010

For the journal titled Sexual Abuse, see Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment.
"Bad Touch" redirects here. For the song, see The Bad Touch.
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Sexual abuse, also referred to as molestation, is the forcing of undesired sexual behavior by one person upon another, when that force falls short of being a sexual assault. The offender is referred to as a sexual abuser or (often pejoratively) molester.[1] The term also covers any behavior by any adult towards a child to stimulate either the adult or child sexually. When the victim is younger than the age of consent, it is referred to as child sexual abuse.

Types of sexual abuse

There are many types of sexual abuse, including:

Spousal sexual abuse

Main article: Spousal abuse

Spousal sexual abuse is a form of domestic violence. When the abuse involves forced sex, it may constitute rape upon the other spouse, depending on the jurisdiction, and may also constitute an assault.

Positions of power

Sexual misconduct can occur where one person uses a position of authority to compel another person to engage in an otherwise unwanted sexual activity. For example, sexual harassment in the workplace might involve an employee being coerced into a sexual situation out of fear of being dismissed. Sexual harassment in education might involve a university student submitting to a professor's sexual advances in fear of being given a failing grade.

Several sexual abuse scandals have involved abuse of religious authority and often cover-up among non-abusers, including cases in the Baptist religion[2], Catholic Church, Episcopalian religion [3], Islam[4], Jehovah's Witnesses, Lutheran church [5], Methodist Church [6], The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints[7], the Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, Orthodox Judaism[8], and various cults.

Child sexual abuse

Main article: Child sexual abuse

Child sexual abuse is a form of child abuse in which a child is abused for the sexual gratification of an adult or older adolescent.[9][10] In addition to direct sexual contact, child sexual abuse also occurs when an adult indecently exposes their genitalia to a child, asks or pressures a child to engage in sexual activities, displays pornography to a child, or uses a child to produce child pornography.[9][11][12]

Effects of child sexual abuse include guilt and self-blame, flashbacks, nightmares, insomnia, fear of things associated with the abuse (including objects, smells, places, doctor's visits, etc.), self-esteem issues, sexual dysfunction, chronic pain, addiction, self-injury, suicidal ideation, somatic complaints, depression,[13] post-traumatic stress disorder,[14] anxiety,[15], other mental illnesses (including borderline personality disorder and dissociative identity disorder[citation needed]), propensity to re-victimization in adulthood,[16] and physical injury to the child, among other problems.[17]

Sexual abuse by a family member is a form of incest, and can result in more serious and long-term psychological trauma, especially in the case of parental incest.[18]

Approximately 15% to 25% of women and 5% to 15% of men were sexually abused when they were children.[19][20][21][22][23] Most sexual abuse offenders are acquainted with their victims; approximately 30% are relatives of the child, most often fathers, uncles or cousins; around 60% are other acquaintances such as friends of the family, babysitters, or neighbors; strangers are the offenders in approximately 10% of child sexual abuse cases. Most child sexual abuse is committed by men; women commit approximately 14% of offenses reported against boys and 6% of offenses reported against girls.[19] Most offenders who abuse pre-pubescent children are pedophiles;[24][25] however, a small percentage do not meet the diagnostic criteria for pedophilia.[26]

Sexual abuse of people with developmental disabilities

Main article: Sexual abuse of people with developmental disabilities

People with developmental disabilities are often victims of sexual abuse. According to research people with disabilities are at a greater risk for victimization of sexual assault or sexual abuse because of lack of understanding (Sobsey & Varnhagen, 1989). The rate of sexual abuse happening to people with disabilities is shocking, yet most of these cases will go unnoticed.

Sexual abuse and minorities

Sexual abuse is a big issue in some minority communities. In 2007, a number of Hispanic victims were included in the settlement of a massive sexual abuse case involving the Los Angeles archdiocese of the Catholic Church [27] To address the issue of sexual abuse in the African-American community, the prestigious Leeway Foundation [28] sponsored a grant to develop: www.blacksurvivors.org [4], a national online support group and resource center for African-American sexual abuse survivors. The non-profit group was founded in 2008 by Sylvia Coleman, an African-American sexual abuse survivor and national sexual abuse prevention expert.In pakistan there is also a research center in which doctors consider these type of diseases and concerning freely.

See also

References

  1. ^ "Peer commentaries on Green (2002) and Schmidt (2002)". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 31. 2002. Child molester is a pejorative term applied to both the pedophile and incest offender. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  2. ^ Stop Baptist Predators
  3. ^ Episcopalian Ministers
  4. ^ [1]
  5. ^ The LutheranLutheran abuse
  6. ^ Methodist abuse
  7. ^ Case Reports of the Mormon Alliance
  8. ^ Abuse Scandal Plagues Hasidic Jews In Brooklyn by Barbara Bradley Hagerty. All Things Considered, National Public Radio. 2 Feb 2009.
  9. ^ a b "Child Sexual Abuse". Medline Plus. U.S. National Library of Medicine,. 2008-04-02.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  10. ^ Committee on Professional Practice and Standards (COPPS), Board of Professional Affairs (BPA), American Psychological Association (APA) (1999). "Guidelines for Psychological Evaluations in Child Protection Matters". American Psychologist. 54 (8): 586–593. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.54.8.586. PMID 10453704. Retrieved 2008-05-07. Abuse, sexual (child): generally defined as contacts between a child and an adult or other person significantly older or in a position of power or control over the child, where the child is being used for sexual stimulation of the adult or other person. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |laydate= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |laysource= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |laysummary= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ Martin, J., Anderson, J., Romans, S., et al. (1993). Asking about child sexual abuse: methodological implications of a two-stage survey, Child Abuse and Neglect, 17, 383-392.
  12. ^ Child sexual abuse definition from the NSPCC
  13. ^ Roosa M.W., Reinholtz C., Angelini P.J. (1999). "The relation of child sexual abuse and depression in young women: comparisons across four ethnic groups," Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 27(1):65-76.
  14. ^ Widom C.S. (1999). "Post-traumatic stress disorder in abused and neglected children grown up," American Journal of Psychiatry; 156(8):1223-1229.
  15. ^ Levitan, R. D., N. A. Rector, Sheldon, T., & Goering, P. (2003). "Childhood adversities associated with major depression and/or anxiety disorders in a community sample of Ontario: Issues of co-morbidity and specificity," Depression & Anxiety; 17, 34-42.
  16. ^ Terri L. Messman-Moore & Patricia J. Long, "Child Sexual Abuse and Revictimization in the Form of Adult Sexual Abuse, Adult Physical Abuse, and Adult Psychological Maltreatment," 15 Journal of Interpersonal Violence 489 (2000).
  17. ^ Dinwiddie S, Heath AC, Dunne MP, et al. (2000). "Early sexual abuse and lifetime psychopathology: a co-twin-control study." Psychological Medicine, 30:41–52
  18. ^ Courtois, Christine A. (1988). Healing the Incest Wound: Adult Survivors in Therapy. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 208. ISBN 0393313565.
  19. ^ a b Julia Whealin, Ph.D. (2007-05-22). "Child Sexual Abuse". National Center for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, US Department of Veterans Affairs.
  20. ^ David Finkelhor (summer/fall 1994). "Current Information on the Scope and Nature of Child Sexual Abuse" (PDF). The Future of Children. (1994) 4(2): 31-53. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  21. ^ Crimes against Children Research Center
  22. ^ Family Research Laboratory
  23. ^ Kevin M. Gorey and Donald R. Leslie (1997). "The prevalence of child sexual abuse: Integrative review adjustment for potential response and measurement biases". Child Abuse & Neglect. 21 (4, April 1997). Elsevier Science Ltd.: 391–398. doi:10.1016/S0145-2134(96)00180-9.
  24. ^ Hall, MD, Ryan C. (2007). "A Profile of Pedophilia: Definition, Characteristics of Offenders, Recidivism, Treatment Outcomes, and Forensic Issues" (PDF). Mayo Clin Proc. 82:457-471 2007 (4). MAYO FOUNDATION FOR MEDICAL EDUCATION AND RESEARCH: 457–71. doi:10.4065/82.4.457. PMID 17418075. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  25. ^ Ames, A. & Houston, D. A. (1990). Legal, social, and biological definitions of pedophilia. Archives of Sexual Behavior. 19 (4), 333-342.
  26. ^ Laws, Dr. Richard (1997). Sexual Deviance: Theory, Assessment, and Treatment. Guilford Press. pp. 175–193. ISBN 1572302410. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |contributors= ignored (help)
  27. ^ [2]
  28. ^ [3]

Notes

  • Sorenson, Susan B. (1997). Violence and Sexual Abuse at Home: Current Issues in Spousal Battering and Child Maltreatment, New York: Haworth Press. ISBN 1-56024-681-2.
  • Leigh Ann Reynolds. "People with Mental Retardation & Sexual Abuse. The Arc Q & A", Arc National Headquarters, 1997
  • Baladerian, N.(1991). "Sexual abuse of people with developmental disabilities", Sexuality and Disability 9(4),323-335
  • Sobsey, D.(1994). Violence and Abuse in the Lives of People With Disabilities: The End of Silent Acceptance? Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co. ISBN 978-1557661487
  • Sobsey D. and Varnhagen, C.(1989). "Sexual abuse and exploitation of people with disabilities: Toward Prevention and Treatment". In M. Csapo and L. Gougen (Eds) Special Education Across Canada (pp. 199–218). Vancouver Centre for Human Developmental Research
  • Valenti-Hien, D. and Schwartz, L.(1995). "The sexual abuse interview for those with developmental disabilities". James Stanfield Company, Santa Barbara: California.

External links

Template:Abuse cases

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