Slovaks

Slovaks
(Slováci)

Anton Bernolák, Ludovít Štúr, Andrej Hlinka, Štefan Banic, Jozef Miloslav Hurban, Aurel Stodola, Adam František Kollár, Milan Hodža, Pavol Országh Hviezdoslav, Milan Rastislav Štefánik, Gustáv Husák, Alexander Dubcek
Regions with significant populations
Slovakia:    4,614,854 United States:    1,200,000 Czech Republic:    375,000 Canada:    64,145-100,000 Serbia:    59,021 Germany:    60,000 United Kingdom:    45,000 Ireland:    30,000 Austria:    30,000 Hungary:    17,693 Romania:    17.226 Australia:    15,000 Italy:    15,000 Poland:    15,000 France:    13,000 Belgium:    8,000 Netherlands:    6,000 Ukraine:    6,397 Israel:    5,300 Croatia:    4,712 Other:    120,000 (est.)
Languages
Slovak
Religion
Roman Catholic 73%, Protestant 10.8%, other or unspecified 3.2%, theism, agnostic or non-religious 13% (2001 census within Slovakia, extrapolated to outside Slovaks)
Related ethnic groups
Other Slavs, especially other West Slavs Czechs are the most related

The Slovaks (Slovak Slováci, singular Slovák, feminine Slovenka, plural Slovenky) are a West Slavic people that primarily inhabit Slovakia and speak the Slovak language, which is closely related to the Czech language.

Most Slovaks today live within the borders of the independent Slovakia (circa 4,600,000). There are Slovak minorities in the Czech Republic, Hungary, Serbia and sizeable populations of immigrants and their descendants in the U.S. and in Canada.

History

Main article: History of Slovakia

Slavs of the Pannonian Basin

The first known Slavic states on the territory of present-day Slovakia were the Empire of Samo and the Principality of Nitra, founded sometime in the 8th century.

Great Moravia

Pribina, ruler of Principality of Nitra and established and ruled the Balaton Principality from 839/840 to 861.

Great Moravia (833 - ?907) was a Slavic state in the 9th and early 10th centuries, whose creators were the ancestors of the Czechs and Slovaks. According to part of the historians, there is no continuity in politics, culture, or written language between this early Slavic polity and the modern Slovak nation. However, this subject is under debate among historians. Its formation and rich cultural heritage have attracted somewhat more interest since 19th century. Important developments took place at this time, including the mission of Greek monks Cyril and Methodius, the development of the Glagolitic alphabet (an early form of the Cyrillic alphabet), and the use of Old Church Slavonic as the official and literary language.

The original territory inhabited by the Slavic tribes included not only present-day Slovakia, but also parts of present-day southeastern Moravia and approximately the entire northern half of present-day Hungary.

Kingdom of Hungary

Main article: History of Hungary

Gallery of famous Slovak people, active in different areas (history, literature, education, religion, science). Published on occasion of establishing Matica slovenská ("Slovak Foundation"), major patriotic organization. List of portraited personalities: Ján Mallý-Dusarov, Juraj Tvrdý, Jozef Kozácek, Štefan Moyzes, Martin Culen, Karol Kuzmány, Štefan Závodník, Michal Chrástek, Viliam Pauliny-Tóth, Michal Miloslav Hodža, Štefan Marko Daxner, Ján Francisci-Rimavský, Ján Gotcár, Andrej Ludovít Radlinský, Jozef Miloslav Hurban, Jonáš Záborský, Jozef Karol Viktorin, Mikuláš Štefan Feriencík, Ján Kalinciak, Martin Hattala, Ján Palárik, František Vítazoslav Sasinek, Andrej Sládkovic, Daniel Gabriel Lichard, Ján Cipka, Juraj Slota, Andrej Kossa

File:Štúrovci.jpg

Štúr generation (Viliam Pauliny-Tóth, Andrej Sládkovic, Samo Tomášik, Samo Chalupka, Michal Miloslav Hodža, Janko Matúška, Janko Král, Ján Kalinciak, Ján Botto, Jozef Miloslav Hurban)

The territory of present day Slovakia became part of the Kingdom of Hungary under Hungarian rule gradually from 907 to the early 14th century (major part by 1100) and remained within the framework of this kingdom (see also Upper Hungary or Kingdom of Hungary) until the formation of Czechoslovakia in 1918. However, according to other historians, from 895 to 902, the whole area of the present-day Slovakia became part of the rising Principality of Hungary, and became (without gradation) part of the Kingdom of Hungary a century later. The Slovaks never had political or territorial autonomy within Hungary. A separate entity called Nitra Frontier Duchy, existed at this time within the Kingdom of Hungary. This duchy was abolished in 1107. The territory inhabited by the Slovaks in present-day Hungary was gradually reduced.

When most of Hungary was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1541 (see Ottoman Hungary), Upper Hungary (now the territory of present day Slovakia) became the new center of the "reduced" kingdom that remained under Hungarian, and later Habsburg rule, officially called Royal Hungary. Some Croats settled around and in present-day Bratislava for similar reasons. Also, many Germans settled in the Kingdom of Hungary, especially in the towns, as work-seeking colonists and mining experts from the 13th to the 15th century. Jews and Gypsies also formed significant populations within the territory.

After the Ottoman Empire were forced to retreat from present-day Hungary around 1700, thousands of Slovaks were gradually settled in depopulated parts of the restored Kingdom of Hungary (present-day Hungary, Romania, Serbia, and Croatia) under Maria Theresia, and that is how present-day Slovak enclaves (like Slovaks in Vojvodina, Slovaks in Hungary) in these countries arose.

After Transylvania, Upper Hungary (the territory of present day Slovakia), was the most advanced part of the Kingdom of Hungary for centuries (the most urbanized part, intense mining of gold and silver), but in the 19th century, when Buda/Pest became the new capital of the kingdom, the importance of the territory, as well as other parts within the Kingdom fell, and many Slovaks were impoverished. As a result, hundreds of thousands of Slovaks emigrated to North America, especially in the late 19th and early 20th century (between cca. 1880–1910), a total of at least 1.5 million emigrants (~2/3 of them were part of some minority).

Slovakia exhibits a very rich folk culture. A part of Slovak customs and social convention are common with those of other nations of the former Habsburg monarchy (the Kingdom of Hungary was in personal union with the Habsburg monarchy from 1867 to 1918).

Czechoslovakia

Main article: History of Czechoslovakia

People of Slovakia spent most part of the 20th century within the framework of Czechoslovakia, a new state formed after World War I. Significant reforms and post-World War II industrialization took place during this time. The Slovak language has been strongly influenced by the Czech language during this period.

Contemporary Slovaks

The political transformations of 1989, 1993 and the accession to the EU in 2004 brought new liberties, which have considerably improved the outlook and prospects of all Slovaks.

Contemporary Slovak society organically combines elements of both folk traditions and Western European lifestyles.

Name and ethnogenesis

Ján Hollý (portrait from 1885)

The origin of the Slovaks is disputed among scholars and it is very contentious. Throughout history, the diverse theories regarding the ethnogenesis of the Slovaks were used to justify or unjustify historical situations from variant historical perspectives, as the argument of ‘my-nation-was-here-first’ type was, and still remains to be a useful instrument of legitimizing a nation-state’s ownership of a given territory or its claim to an area outside its current borders. The national ideology that the Slovaks are descended from the Slavs who inhabited the territory of present-day Slovakia between the 5th-10th centuries has a long story and it is connected with the ambition of the Slovaks to reach self-determination or autonomy within Hungary (mostly under romantic nationalism of the 19th century and during the Slovak national revival). This continuity theory, supporting the supposed former common past of the Czech and Slovak nations, thus also legitimizating the creation of the united Czechoslovak nation, gained political subvention during the formation of Czechoslovakia. After the dissolution of Czechoslovakia in 1993, and the formation of independent Slovakia motivated interest in a particularly Slovak national identity. One reflection of this was the rejection of the common Czechoslovak national identity in favour of a pure Slovak one. Although the definition and identification of the inhabitants of Great Moravia proved to be politically imperative and difficult, additionally historical records are anything else but precise in this question, the current consensus among most of the Slovak historians is that Slovaks exist as a people with consciousness of their national identity since the 9th or 10th century, therefore we can identify the Slavic inhabitants living on the territory of this realm as Slovaks. Other Slovak scholars view is, that the emergence of sense of a common Slovak nationhood did not appear until the 18th or 19th century. According to polish scholar Tomasz Kamusella tracing the roots of the Slovak nation to the times of Great Moravia, claiming the polity to have been the first Slovak state is nothing else but "ethnolinguistic Slovak nationalism". This 'continuity theory' also contradicts with the internationally accepted theory that distinct Slavic nations had not yet emerged by the 9th century and the culture and language of various Slavic tribes in Central Europe were indistinguishable from each other. Naming various institutions after the saintly brothers and Great Moravian rulers and devoting commemorative plaques and monuments to them became widespread in post-1993 Slovakia. The laudation of the imagined history of Slovak culture and language led to the myth of the Cyrillo-Methodian dawn of the Slovak nation and was incorporated into the 1991 Slovak Constitution, which adverts the spiritual heritage of Cyril and Methodius and the historical heritage of the Great Moravian Empire as inherently Slovak:

We, the Slovak nation, mindful of the political and cultural heritage of our forebears, and of the centuries of experience from the struggle for national existence and our own statehood, in the sense of the spiritual heritage of Cyril and Methodius and the historical legacy of the Great Moravian Empire, proceeding from the natural right of nations to self-determination...

— Preamble, Constitution of the Slovak Republic (1991)

There are Slovak historians who suggest that:

It is not correct to label Great Moravia as the first state of the Czechs and the Slovaks for the simple reason that the membership of the Czechs in this state had been short lived.

— Stanislav, Kirschbaum (1995), A History of Slovakia: The Struggle for Survival, p. 35.

As Stanislav Kirschbaum points out:

Slavist and literary historians consider the Cyrillo-Methodian literature as the heritage of all Slavs. Other claim that it is the heritage of the Slavs who laid the bases of the Empire of Great Moravia, namely the Slovaks, the Moravians and the Slovenes. Slovak scholars have been saying for three centuries that the literature created in Great Moravia or translated by Sts. Cyril and Methodius and their disciples for the ancestors of the Slovaks are rather part of the Slovak cultural heritage.

— Stanislav, Kirschbaum (1995), A History of Slovakia: The Struggle for Survival, p. 35.

In this interpretation, the Slovaks have the oldest tradition of statehood in Central Europe, but unfortunately, the 'millennium of Hungarian occupation’ caused them to ‘forget’ their proud traditions. Although the idea of the Cyrillo-Methodian heritage is very prevalent in nowadays Slovakia, there is no continuity in politics, culture, or written language between this early Slavic polity and the modern Slovak nation. Although it seems reasonable to propose that the modern Slovaks may be descendants of the Great Moravian population, this proposition is also true in the case of many modern Central European countries. According to political scientist Timothy Haughton:

The Great Moravian Empire is viewed by some as a kind of golden age of Slovak nationalism. Such harking back to distant history is not retricted to expat nationalist Slovak historians , but is also enshrined in the preamble to the Slovak constitution. The golden age view has much to do with the fact that the Great Moravian Empire was followed by what is labeled as '1000 years of Magyar rule', followed by seventy years of second class citizenship in Czechoslovakia.

— Timothy, Haughton; (2005) Constraints and opportunities of leadership in post-Communist Europe, p. 109.

The statue of Svatopluk I 9th century ruler of Great Moravia was erected on the courtyard of Bratislava Castle with a misleading inscription on the pedestal "which describes Svatopluk as a Slovak ruler when a separate Slovak identity did not emerge". Slovak archaeologists recommended the removal of the inscription and "if the sculptor of the statue, does not agree with this, then the statue should be transferred to the Slovak National Museum as an example of political manoeuvring and mythologizing..."

Josef Dobrovský

The theory of the "Great Moravian" and "Cyrillo-Methodian" heritage dates back to the 18th century. In his writing (Historia gentis Slavae. De regno regibusque Slavorum [History of the Slavic People: On the kingdom and kings of the Slavs]) Georgius Papanek (or Juraj Papánek) traces the roots of the Slovaks to Great Moravia.

According to the Czech priest Josef Dobrovský, Great Moravia was located in Upper Hungary and Moravia (i.e. Present-day Slovakia and Czech Republic). Writers of Slavic origin like Juraj Sklenár, and Juraj Fándly praised Great Moravia as opposed to the ‘heathen Magyars’ who destroyed this realm. In 1879, Jaroslav Vlcek wrote that Great Moravia was a common state of Slovaks and Moravians. František Viktor Sasinek asseted in his work "Die Slovaken. Eine Ethnographische Skizze" (The Slovaks: An ethnographic outline) that Great Moravia was the state of the Slovaks, Moravians and Bohemians. According to Josef Ladislav Píc ("O methode dejepisu Slovenska" [On the Methodology of Slovak Historiography]) Great Moravia was the state of the Czechoslovak nation, but he agreed that the separate Slovak nation emerged after the Hungarians destroyed the polity. Slovak historian Julius Botto Jr. asserted ("Slováci. Vývin ich národného povedomia" [The Slovaks: Development of their national consciousness]) that Great Moravia was solely a Slovak realm. Interestingly, Samuel Timon Jesuit priest claimed ("Imago antiquae Hungariae" [The Description of Old Hungary]) that the Hungarians by destroying Great Moravia, had liberated the Slovaks from the Moravian yoke. It was Ján Hollý who imprinted the idea of Great Moravia and the Cyrillo-Methodian literacy on the ideological blueprint of Slovak nationalism with his poems (Svatopluk, 1833; Cyrilo-Methodiana, 1835; Slav, 1839). When the Slovaks and Czechs lived in a common state it was suggested that Great Moravia was the equal legacy of both nations. However, Russian historian George Vernadsky asserted that Great Moravia is the legacy exclusively of the Czechs.

File:János Karácsonyi.jpg

János Karácsonyi

The opinion of Hungarian historian János Karácsonyi was, that the indigenous Slavs had died out or they had been assimilated by Hungarians, therefore contemporary Slovaks are the progeny of the White Croats (arrived from the north and north-west by the twelfth century in to Hungary) the Czech (Bohemian, Moravian), Polish (Lesser Polish) and German (Silesian, Saxonian, Swabian) settlers who came to Hungary during 10th–18th century. According to this theory, only a small part of present-day Slovakia was inhabited during the reign of Stephen I, thus there is no direct connection between the autochthonous Slavic population living in the territory of present-day Slovakia before the 12th century and modern Slovaks. After the Treaty of Trianon, the theory of Karácsonyi became very popular among Hungarian politicians and it was utilized to prove the Hungarian view that the separation of the territory of Slovakia from Hungary was unjustified. Czech historian Václav Chaloupecký also admitted that most of the territory of present-day Slovakia (except the southern parts) was a primeval forest until the thirteenth century and an intentionally unpopulated frontier region of the Kingdom of Hungary. Chaloupecký asserted that Slovaks are Czechs by origin but their almost 1000-years? existence in the Kingdom of Hungary led to their separation from the Czech nation. Furthermore, he also considered that the Walachian populations, especially in the sixteenth and the seventeenth centuries were significant agents in the ethnogenesis of the Slovaks. However Chaloupecký had no doubts about that after the eleventh century the Slavonic inhabitants of south-western Slovakia were descendants of those Slavs who had lived there in the ninth and the tenth centuries.

Origin of the word 'Slovak'

The Slovaks and Slovenes are the only current Slavic nations that have preserved the old name of the Slavs (singular: sloven) in their name - the adjective "Slovak" is still slovenský and the feminine noun "Slovak" is still Slovenka in the Slovak language; only the masculine noun "Slovak" changed to Slovenin, probably in the High Middle Ages, and finally (under Czech and Polish influence) to Slovák around 1400. For Slovenes, the adjective is still slovenski and the feminine noun "Slovene" is still Slovenka, but the masculine noun has since changed to Slovenec. The Slovak name for their language is slovencina and the Slovene name for theirs is slovenšcina. The Slovak term for the Slovene language is slovincina; and the Slovenes call Slovak slovašcina. The name is derived from proto-Slavic form slovo "word, talk" (cf. Slovak sluch, which comes from the IE root *?lew-). Thus Slovaks as well as Slovenians would mean "people who speak (the same language)", i.e. people who understand each other.

According to Nestor and modern Slavic linguists, the above-mentioned word sloven probably was the original name of all Slavs, but most Slavs (Czechs, Poles, Croats, etc.) took other names in the Early Middle Ages. Although the Slovaks themselves seem to have had a slightly different word for "Slavs" (Slovan), they were called "Slavs" by Latin texts approximately up to the High Middle Ages. Thus, it is sometimes difficult to distinguish when Slavs in general and when Slovaks are meant. One proof of the use of "Slavs" in the sense of "Slovaks" are documents of the Kingdom of Hungary which mention Bohemians (Czechs), Poles under a different name. Slovaks of Hungary were dubbed as "Slavi Pannonii" and Czechs as "Slavi Bohemii". The semantic closeness of the ethnonym ‘Slovak’ to that of ‘Slav’ endowed the Slovak national movement with the myth that of all the Slavic nations the Slovaks are the most direct descendants of the original Slavs, and the Slovak language the most direct continuation of Old Slavic.

Ethnic affiliations and genetic origins

Slovaks -as other slavonic ethnical groups in Central Europe- carry Eurasian lineages as a consequence of admixture with Central Asian nomadic tribes, who migrated into Central and Eastern Europe in the early Middle Ages. Slovak populations do not cluster together. Western Slovaks are located together with the Czechs and Austrians, while eastern Slovaks are placed close to Slovenians. Slovak mtDNAs belong to the common West Eurasian mitochondrial haplogroups, but characterized by a small frequency of East Eurasian (2,8 percent) and Gypsy-specific (2,8 percent) mtDNA lineages. Furthermore, African mtDNAs (L2a) are present in the population from the eastern part of the country. About 3 percent of mtDNAs from eastern Slovakia encompass Gypsy-specific lineages, which belong to the Indian-specific haplogroups M5a1 and M35. The Gypsy related J1 haplotype appeares in 2,9 percent of persons from eastern Slovakia. The identified M-haplotype in Slovaks is also known among Italians, Saudi Arabians and Bedouins from Israel.

Quotes from important chronicles

This is how Nestor in his Primary Chronicle (historically correctly) describes the Slovaks: Slavs that were settled along the Danube, which have been occupied by the Hungarians, the Czechs, the Lachs, and Poles that are now known as the Rus. Nestor calls these Slavs "Slavs of Hungary" in another place of the text, and mentions them in the first place in a list of Slavic nations (besides Moravians, Bohemians, Poles, Russians, etc.), because he considers the Carpathian Basin (including what is today Slovakia) the original Slavic territory.

Anonymus, in his Gesta Hungarorum, calls the Slovaks (around 1200 with respect to past developments) Sclavi , i.e. Slavs (as opposed to "Boemy" - the Bohemians, and "Polony" - the Poles) or in another place Nytriensis Sclavi, i.e. Nitrian Slavs.

And this is how Slovaks were called in various very precise sources approximately from 1200 to about 1400: Slovyenyn, Slowyenyny; Sclavus, Sclavi, Slavus, Slavi; Tóth; Winde, Wende, Wenden.

Culture

See also List of Slovaks

File:Jánošík.jpg

Juraj Jánošík, Slovak folk hero

The art of Slovakia can be traced back to the Middle Ages, when some of the greatest masterpieces of the country's history were created. Significant figures from this period included the many Masters, among them the Master Paul of Levoca and Master MS. More contemporary art can be seen in the shadows of Koloman Sokol, Albín Brunovský, Martin Benka, Mikuláš Galanda, Ludovít Fulla. Julius Koller and Stanislav Filko, in the 21st century Roman Ondak, Blazej Balaz. The most important Slovak composers have been Eugen Suchon, Ján Cikker, and Alexander Moyzes, in the 21st century Vladimir Godar and Peter Machajdik.

The most famous Slovak names can indubitably be attributed to invention and technology. Such people include Jozef Murgaš, the inventor of wireless telegraphy; Ján Bahýl, Štefan Banic, inventor of the modern parachute; Aurel Stodola, inventor of the bionic arm and pioneer in thermodynamics; and, more recently, John Dopyera, father of modern acoustic string instruments. Štefan Anián Jedlík Slovakia is also known for its polyhistors, of whom include Pavol Jozef Šafárik, Matej Bel, Ján Kollár, and its political revolutionaries, such Milan Rastislav Štefánik and Alexander Dubcek.

There were two leading persons who codified the Slovak language. The first one was Anton Bernolák whose concept was based on the dialect of western Slovakia (1787). It was the enactment of the first national literary language of Slovaks ever. The second notable man was Ludovít Štúr. His formation of the Slovak language had principles in the dialect of central Slovakia (1843).

The best known Slovak hero was Juraj Jánošík (the Slovak equivalent of Robin Hood). Prominent explorer Móric Benyovszky had Slovak ancestors.

In terms of sports, the Slovaks are probably best known (in North America) for their hockey personalities, especially Stan Mikita, Peter Štastný, Peter Bondra, Žigmund Pálffy and Marián Hossa. For a list see List of Slovaks.

For a list of the most notable Slovak writers and poets, see List of Slovak authors.

• 
  Girl from Slovakia
• 
  Moravian-Slovak folk festival
• Easter in Slovakia
  Easter in Slovakia
• 
  Slovak peasant from the Tatra mountains, 1908
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  Tennis player Daniela Hantuchová
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  Viola Valachová a Partisan
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  Jana Kirschner pop singer
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  Adriana Sklenaríková fashion model
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  Jan Francisci-Rimavsky poet and revolutionary
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  Stan Mikita
• 
  Peter Štastný
• Marián Gáborík
  Marián Gáborík
• Jozef Gabcík Slovak soldier, assassin of Reinhard Heydrich
  Jozef Gabcík Slovak soldier, assassin of Reinhard Heydrich
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  Michael Strank, U.S Marine of Slovak ancestry, One of the men who raised the flag in Iwo Jima.
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  Miroslav Iringh, one of the Warsaw Uprising organisers.

Statistics

There are approximately 5.4 million autochthonous Slovaks in Slovakia. Further Slovaks live in the following countries (the list shows estimates of embassies etc. and of associations of Slovaks abroad in the first place, and official data of the countries as of 2000/2001 in the second place).

The list stems from Claude Baláž, a Canadian Slovak, the current plenipotentiary of the Government of the Slovak Republic for Slovaks abroad (see e.g.: ⁶)  :

• USA (1 200 000 / 821 325*) [*(1)there were, however, 1 882 915 Slovaks in the US according to the 1990 census, (2) there are some 400 000 "Czechoslovaks" in the US, a large part of which are Slovaks] - 19th - 21st century emigrants; see also Census.gov. The vast majority of "Slovaks" in USA are Americans who are descendants of Slovaks. They speak English at home and cannot speak Slovak and have little knowledge of Slovak customs. Nevertheless like many other Americans, they are proud of their origins.
• Czech Republic (350 000 / 183 749*) [*there were, however, 314 877 Slovaks in the Czech Republic according to the 1991 census] - due to the existence of former Czechoslovakia
• Hungary (39 266 / 17 693)
• Canada (100 000 / 50 860) - 19th - 21st century migrants
• Serbia (60 000 / 59 021*) [especially in Vojvodina;*excl. the Rusins] - 18th & 19th century settlers
• Poland (2002) (47 000 / 2 000*) [* The Central Census Commission has accepted the objection of the Association of Slovaks in Poland with respect to this number ]- ancient minority and due to border shifts during the 20th century
• Romania (18 000 / 17 199) - ancient minority
• Ukraine (17 000 / 6 397) [especially in Carpathian Ruthenia] - ancient minority and due to the existence of former Czechoslovakia
• France (13 000/ n.a.)
• Australia (12 000 / n.a.) - 20th - 21st century migrants
• Austria (10 234 / 10 234) - 20th - 21st century migrants
• United Kingdom (10 000 / n.a.)
• Croatia (5 000 / 4 712) - 18th & 19th century settlers
• other countries

The number of Slovaks living outside Slovakia in line with the above data was estimated at max. 2 016 000 in 2001 (2 660 000 in 1991), implying that, in sum, there were max. some 6 630 854 Slovaks in 2001 (7 180 000 in 1991) in the world. The estimate according to the right-hand site chart yields an approximate population of Slovaks living outside Slovakia of 1.5 million.

Other (much higher) estimates stemming from the Dom zahranicných Slovákov (House of Foreign Slovaks) can be found on SME.

See also

• History of the Slovak language
• List of Slovak Americans
• List of Slovaks
• Slovakia
• Slovaks in Bulgaria
• Slovaks in Vojvodina
• Slovenes

References

1. Slovaks in the US PDF
2. Slovaks in Czech Republic
3. Slovaks in Serbia
4. Slovaks in Canada
5. Slovaks in Hungary
6. Baláž, Claude: Slovenská republika a zahranicní Slováci. 2004, Martin
7. Baláž, Claude: (a series of articles in:) Dilemma. 01/1999 – 05/2003

Sources

• Marsina, Richard (1997). Ethnogenesis of Slovaks, Human Affairs, 7, 1997, 1. Trnava, Slovakia: Faculty of Humanities, University of Trnava. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Kamusella, Tomasz (2009). The Politics of Language and Nationalism in Modern Central Europe. Basingstoke, UK (Foreword by Professor Peter Burke): Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 13: 978–0–230–55070. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Kirschbaum, Stanislav J. (March 1995). A History of Slovakia: The Struggle for Survival. New York: Palgrave Macmillan; St. Martin's Press. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-312-10403-0. {{cite book}}: Check |authorlink= value (help); External link in |authorlink= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Malyarchuk, B.A.; Perkova, M.A.; Derenko, M.V.; Vanecek, T.; Lazur, J.; Gomolcak, P. (2008). "Mitochondrial DNA Variability in Slovaks, with Application to the Roma Origin". Annals of Human Genetics. 72. Journal compilation 2008 University College London: 228. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2007.00410.x. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Eberhardt, Piotr (2003). Ethnic Groups and Population Changes in Twentieth-Century Central-Eastern Europe: History, Data, Analysis. M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 978-0765606655. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Mikuš, Joseph A. (1977). Slovakia and the Slovaks. Three Continents Press. ISBN 0914478885, 9780914478881. The work is superbly illustrated by Martin Benka, a Slovak painter of comparable {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)

Maps

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  Slovaks in Vojvodina, Serbia (2002 census)
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  The language spread of Slovak in the United States according to U. S. Census 2000 and other resources interpreted by research of U. S. English Foundation, percentage of home speakers

External links

• Some studies on the early Slovaks and Slavs, on the Slovak language and Slovak hydronymy
• Slovaks in America (Library of Congress)
• The Slovaks in the Kingdom of Hungary according to the (disputed) 1910 census