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In London, between Monday afternoon and the early hours of Tuesday, 14 people were injured by rioters. These included a 75-year-old woman who suffered a broken hip in [[London Borough of Hackney|Hackney]].<ref name="independent_injuries">{{cite news|title=The night that rioters ruled and police lost control of the streets of London|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/the-night-that-rioters-ruled-and-police-lost-control-of-the-streets-of-london-2335067.html|work=The Independent |location=UK|accessdate=10 August 2011|date=10 August 2011}}</ref>
In London, between Monday afternoon and the early hours of Tuesday, 14 people were injured by rioters. These included a 75-year-old woman who suffered a broken hip in [[London Borough of Hackney|Hackney]].<ref name="independent_injuries">{{cite news|title=The night that rioters ruled and police lost control of the streets of London|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/the-night-that-rioters-ruled-and-police-lost-control-of-the-streets-of-london-2335067.html|work=The Independent |location=UK|accessdate=10 August 2011|date=10 August 2011}}</ref>


In [[Barking]], [[North East (London sub region)|North-East London]], 20-year-old [[Malaysians in the United Kingdom|Malaysian]] student Mohd Asyraf Haziq was beaten bloody and then robbed twice by looters emptying his rucksack. Footage of the mugging was uploaded onto YouTube. He suffered a broken jaw, requiring surgery.<ref name="bbc_mugging">[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14476828 England riots: YouTube mugging victim 'recovering']. ''[[BBC News]].'' Retrieved on 11 August 2011.</ref><ref name=autogenerated2>{{cite web|last=Wardrop|first=Murray|title=London riots: YouTube crime victim a Malaysian student|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/8691953/London-riots-YouTube-crime-victim-a-Malaysian-student.html|work=The Daily Telegraph |location=UK|accessdate=10 August 2011|date=10 August 2011}}</ref>
In [[Barking]], [[North East (London sub region)|North-East London]], 20-year-old [[Malaysians in the United Kingdom|Malaysian]] student Mohammad Asyraf Haziq was beaten bloody and then robbed twice by looters emptying his rucksack. Footage of the mugging was uploaded onto YouTube. He suffered a broken jaw, requiring surgery.<ref name="bbc_mugging">[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14476828 England riots: YouTube mugging victim 'recovering']. ''[[BBC News]].'' Retrieved on 11 August 2011.</ref><ref name=autogenerated2>{{cite web|last=Wardrop|first=Murray|title=London riots: YouTube crime victim a Malaysian student|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/8691953/London-riots-YouTube-crime-victim-a-Malaysian-student.html|work=The Daily Telegraph |location=UK|accessdate=10 August 2011|date=10 August 2011}}</ref>


186 police officers were injured.<ref name="cnn_figures"/> Five police dogs have also been reported injured.<ref>{{cite web|title=UK riots: Hundreds of arrests around the country as yobs find new targets|url=http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/top-stories/2011/08/10/uk-riots-hundreds-of-arrests-around-the-country-as-yobs-find-new-targets-115875-23333702/|work=Daily Mirror |location=UK|accessdate=10 August 2011|date=10/08/2011}}</ref>
186 police officers were injured.<ref name="cnn_figures"/> Five police dogs have also been reported injured.<ref>{{cite web|title=UK riots: Hundreds of arrests around the country as yobs find new targets|url=http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/top-stories/2011/08/10/uk-riots-hundreds-of-arrests-around-the-country-as-yobs-find-new-targets-115875-23333702/|work=Daily Mirror |location=UK|accessdate=10 August 2011|date=10/08/2011}}</ref>

Revision as of 22:05, 19 August 2011

Not to be confused with 2011 United Kingdom anti-austerity protests.

2011 England riots
Firefighters douse a shop and flats destroyed by arson during the initial rioting in Tottenham, North London
Date6–10 August 2011
Location
Several districts of London and Greater Manchester, Merseyside the West Midlands, Bristol and several localised areas of other towns.
MethodsRioting, looting, arson, mugging, assault
Casualties and losses
5 deaths[1][2][3]
16+ civilian injuries[4][5][6]
186 police injuries[7][8][9]

Between 6 and 10 August 2011, many London districts and some other cities and towns in England suffered widespread rioting, looting and arson.

Following a peaceful march on 6 August 2011 in relation to the police response to the fatal shooting of Mark Duggan by Metropolitan Police Service firearms officers on 4 August 2011, a riot began in Tottenham, North London. In the following days, rioting spread to several London boroughs and districts and eventually to some other areas of England, with the most severe disturbances outside of London occurring in Bristol and cities in the Midlands and North West of England. Localised events connected to the major riots also took place in many smaller towns and cities in England.

The riots were characterised by rampant looting and arson attacks of unprecedented levels. As a result, British Prime Minister David Cameron returned early from his holiday in Italy and other government and opposition leaders also ended their holidays to attend to the matter. Additionally, all police leave was cancelled and Parliament was recalled on 11 August to debate the situation.

As of 15 August, about 3,100 people have been arrested, of whom more than 1,000 have been charged.[10] Arrests, charges and court proceedings continue, with courts working extended hours.

Five people died and at least 16 others were injured as a direct result of related violent acts. An estimated £200 million worth of property damage was incurred, and local economic activity was significantly compromised.

Police action has been blamed for the initial riot, and the subsequent police reaction has been criticised as being neither appropriate nor sufficiently effective. The riots have generated significant ongoing debate among political, social and academic figures about the causes and context in which they happened.[7][10][11][12]

Background to the initial disturbances in London

Police shooting of Mark Duggan

Ferry Lane, Tottenham Hale, location of the shooting
Main article: Death of Mark Duggan

On 4 August 2011, the police shot dead 29-year-old Mark Duggan during a planned attempt to arrest him, on the Ferry Lane bridge, next to Tottenham Hale station.[13][14][15][16]

The incident was referred to the Independent Police Complaints Commission (IPCC),[13] which is standard practice whenever a member of the public dies as a result of police action.[17] It is not yet known why police were attempting to arrest Duggan, but the IPCC said that the planned arrest was part of Operation Trident. Operation Trident investigates gun crime within the black community.[12]

Friends and relatives of Duggan claimed that he was unarmed.[18] The IPCC have stated that a loaded Bruni BBM blank-firing pistol, converted to fire live ammunition, was recovered from the scene.[19][20][21][22] The IPCC stated that there was no evidence that Duggan had shot at the police.[23]

After the shooting, the media widely reported that a bullet was found embedded in a police radio, implying Duggan fired on the police.[24] The Guardian reported that initial ballistics tests on the bullet recovered from the police radio and another also claimed to have been fired by Duggan indicate that both were "very distinct" police issue hollow-point bullets.[25][24]

Protest march

On Saturday 6 August, a protest was held, initially peacefully, beginning at Broadwater Farm and finishing at Tottenham police station.[26] The protest was organised by friends and relatives of Duggan to assert a perceived unmet need for justice for the family.[12][27][28] The rioting occurred shortly after about 120 people marched from the Broadwater Farm estate to Tottenham Police Station via the High Road. [29] The group of some 200 people demanded that a senior local police officer come out to speak to them. They stayed in front of the police station hours longer than they originally planned because they were not satisfied with the seniority of the officers available at the time. A younger and more aggressive crowd arrived at the scene around dusk, some of whom were carrying weapons. Violence broke out on the allegation that police had attacked a 16-year-old girl.[11][30]

Riots

See also: Timeline of 2011 England riots

On 6 August the peaceful march in Tottenham, calling for police answers over their fatal shooting of Mark Duggan was followed rioting and looting in Tottenham, and later into Tottenham Hale retail park.[31] The spread of news and rumours about the previous evening's disturbances in Tottenham sparked riots during the night of 7 August in the London districts of Brixton, Enfield, Islington and Wood Green and in Oxford Circus in the centre of London.[31]

Rioters attempt to loot from a cycle shop in Chalk Farm, Camden

The morning of 8 August was quiet, but by evening areas across London were affected by widespread looting, arson and violence, with significant outbreaks in parts of Brixton, Bromley, Camden, Chingford Mount, Clapham, Croydon, Ealing, East Ham, Hackney, Lewisham, Peckham, Stratford, Waltham Forest and Woolwich. A man was found shot in Croydon, and died later in hospital. Another man who had been assaulted in Ealing died in hospital on Thursday 11 August. Localised outbreaks of copycat actions were reported outside London – notably in Birmingham, Bristol, Gillingham and Nottingham.[31]

Bank workers in Walthamstow observe the destruction which was caused in the early hours of the morning

Following a massively increased police presence, London was quiet on 9 August, but copycat actions continued in Birmingham (where up to eight shots were fired[32]) and Nottingham and spread to Leicester, West Bromwich and Wolverhampton in the midlands and to Bury, Liverpool, Manchester, Rochdale, Salford, Sefton and Wirral in the north-west of England.[31] On 10 August, London remained quiet whilst hundreds of arrests were being made there by the police. Three men were killed in Birmingham in a hit-and-run incident related to the disturbances. Looting and violence continued in two locations around Manchester and Liverpool.[31]

Effects

A burnt-out building being doused with water. Built for the London Co-operative Society in 1930 as Union Point, the building included a Carpetright on the ground floor and many apartments on the upper storeys.

Deaths and injuries

26-year-old Trevor Ellis, of Brixton Hill, died following a shooting in Croydon, South London.[1][33][34] His family has denied reports that Ellis, who had come from the Brixton area to Croydon with a group of friends, had been involved in looting.[35][36]

On 10 August, in Winson Green, Birmingham, three men – Haroon Jahan, 21 and brothers Shahzad Ali, 30, and Abdul Musavir, 31 – were killed in a hit-and-run incident while attempting to protect their neighbourhood from rioters and looters.[2][37][38]

A 68-year-old man, Richard Mannington Bowes, died on 11 August after he was attacked while attempting to stamp out a litter-bin fire in Ealing on the evening of 8 August.[39]

Burnt-out and vandalised car in Hackney with graffiti

In London, between Monday afternoon and the early hours of Tuesday, 14 people were injured by rioters. These included a 75-year-old woman who suffered a broken hip in Hackney.[4]

In Barking, North-East London, 20-year-old Malaysian student Mohammad Asyraf Haziq was beaten bloody and then robbed twice by looters emptying his rucksack. Footage of the mugging was uploaded onto YouTube. He suffered a broken jaw, requiring surgery.[6][40]

186 police officers were injured.[7] Five police dogs have also been reported injured.[41]

10 firefighters were injured as the London Fire Brigade dealt with over 100 serious fires caused by the disturbances. The LFB also reported that eight of its fire engines had their windscreens smashed and that two fire cars were attacked.[42]

Property and business damage

Vehicles, homes and shops were attacked and set alight. At least 100 homes were destroyed in the arson and looting.[43] Shopkeepers estimated the damages in their Tottenham Hale and Tottenham branches at several million pounds.[44] In addition, the riots caused the irretrievable loss of heritage architecture.[45] The Association of British Insurers have said they expect the industry to be paying out in excess of £200 million.[46]

Estimated losses in London have been indicated to be in the region of £100m.[47]

On 8 August 2011, a Sony DADC warehouse in Enfield at Enfield Lock which acted as the primary distribution centre for independent music distributor PIAS Entertainment Group was set on fire.[48] Most of PIAS' inventory was considered lost including the entire British stock of LPs and CDs for Domino Records, XL Records and over 100 other European independent record labels.[49] The total stock loss was reported to be between 3.5 million[50] and 25 million[51] LPs, CDs and DVDs. Several album and single releases were announced to be affected or delayed due to the destruction of stock.[48]. The British Phonographic Industry has set up a fund to distribute interest-free loans to labels that have lost inventory[52]. On 11 August 2011, London police reported that they had arrested three teenagers in connection with the warehouse fire.[53]

Transport

On 9 August the Croydon Tramlink was partly closed due to damage inflicted along its route.[54] Transport for London, London Overground and London Underground shut Barking, Peckham Rye and Harrow-on-the-Hill and Hackney Central stations. The train operating company Southern later announced that trains were not stopping at many stations in south London.[54] National Express Coaches stopped serving Wolverhampton and suburban stops in the Birmingham area (but not Birmingham Coach Station itself) as well as Manchester (but not Manchester Airport).[55]

Sporting fixtures

Five Football League Cup games due to be played on 9 and 10 August were postponed after a request from police due to the riots. The games at Bristol City, Bristol Rovers, Charlton Athletic, Crystal Palace and West Ham United were all postponed.[56][57][58] There was also uncertainty on the Third Test cricket match between India national cricket team and England cricket team, at Edgbaston in Birmingham, but the match was not called off.[59][60]

The international football friendly match between England and Netherlands at Wembley Stadium due to take place on 10 August was cancelled,[57] as well as the international friendly between Ghana and Nigeria due to take place on 9 August at Vicarage Road, Watford.[61][62]

Tottenham Hotspur's opening game of the 2011–12 Premier League season against Everton on 13 August was postponed.[63][64] The League Two game between Cheltenham Town and Swindon Town, due to be played on the same day, was also initially postponed until further consultation allowed Gloucestershire Police to provide the required resources.[65]

Reactions

See also: Timeline of aftermath of 2011 England riots
"Keep Calm and Candy On" graffito on boards covering the windows of the Cyber Candy store in Upper Bull Street, Birmingham, smashed in the riots

Political

Following the initial disorder in Tottenham, the constituency's Labour MP David Lammy appealed for calm, saying that "true justice can only follow a thorough investigation of the facts"[66] and that Tottenham had had its "heart ripped out" by the riots.[67] He said that rioters were not representative of the local community as a whole[68] and insisted that the Independent Police Complaints Commission must fully establish the circumstances of Mark Duggan's death.[69] Lammy voiced concerns that the far-right EDL and BNP and those who appear to have far-right views such as David Starkey are playing on the London riots and people's fears to advance thier political motives. [70]

Streatham’s Labour MP Chuka Umunna condemned the violence in Brixton and Tottenham.[71][72][73] Umunna also called for the BlackBerry Messenger service, used by some of the rioters to coordinate their activities, to be "temporarily disabled" between 6 pm and 6 am BST.[74]

The use of BlackBerry Messenger has led to arrests – a Colchester man was detained under the Serious Crimes Act for organising a water-fight through the service[75]

John Randall, the Conservative MP for Uxbridge and South Ruislip said: "It’s a small minority of people causing the trouble. The events in Ealing brought it home, it’s just down the Uxbridge Road."[76]

Hackney North and Stoke Newington MP Diane Abbott called for the introduction of a curfew.

Newark MP Patrick Mercer, formerly a British Army colonel, called for the deployment of water cannons.[77] In December 2010 Theresa May, the Home Secretary, had said that the deployment of water cannon by police forces on the British mainland was an operational decision which had been "resisted until now by senior police officers."[78] On 9 August 2011, May rejected their use and said: "The way we police in Britain is not through use of water cannon. The way we police in Britain is through consent of communities." However, Ken Livingstone, the former London mayor, said "The issue of water cannon would be very useful given the level of arson we are seeing here." Scotland Yard said officers did not have any water cannon and if their use was approved they would have to be brought over from Northern Ireland.[79]

May said: "I condemn utterly the violence in Tottenham... Such disregard for public safety and property will not be tolerated, and the Metropolitan Police have my full support in restoring order."[80] She returned to the UK from holiday early to meet with senior police officials on 8 August.

A spokesman for the Prime Minister's office added: "The rioting in Tottenham last night was utterly unacceptable. There is no justification for the aggression the police and the public faced, or for the damage to property."[80]

The deputy prime minister Nick Clegg later said that the riots were "completely unacceptable" and described the rioters as "needless and opportunistic".[81][82]

London's mayor, Boris Johnson, who cut short a holiday in Canada to return to the UK on 9 August, said: "I'm appalled at the scenes of violence and destruction in Tottenham"[68] whilst his deputy Kit Malthouse told a Sky News reporter that "criminal elements were to blame for the trouble."[68]

Prime Minister David Cameron condemned the "sickening scenes of people looting, vandalising, thieving, robbing" and told rioters "You will feel the full force of the law. And if you are old enough to commit these crimes, you are old enough to face the punishment."[83]

Croydon Central MP Gavin Barwell called the damage caused in the London Borough of Croydon "sickening".[84]

In a strongly worded criticism of what he deems to be a misplaced "hyper-sensitivity about race", dating back to the Macpherson Report of 1999, Civitas director David Green attributed the reluctance by police to use force to a fear of disciplinary action. He said that "officers in charge of a riot think it safer to wait for orders from the top".[85]

In a public speech on 15 August, David Cameron rallied for support to mend a "broken society" in "moral collapse"[86] – broad societal change themes common to his party's election campaign theme Broken Britain.

Council eviction threats

The city councils of Manchester and Salford are reported to be investigating their powers for ways of evicting tenants if they, or their children, have been involved in violence or looting in their cities.[87] The London Borough of Greenwich also stated on its website: "We shall seek the eviction of anyone living in council property if they are found to have been engaged in criminal acts."[88] On 13 August Wandsworth Council served the first eviction notice, on the mother of an 18-year-old suspect.[89]

International

Several countries issued warnings expressing caution to travellers visiting Britain during the riots.[90]

German far-left activists suggest using the riots in England as a role model to be applied to their political activities in Germany as well.[91]

Press

The riots were described by one journalist as "the worst disturbances of their kind since the 1995 Brixton riots".[11][30][92][93][94]

Commentators likened the riots to the Broadwater Farm riot of 1985, during which a police officer, Keith Blakelock, was murdered.[95][69] The disturbances were preceded by calls for better oversight of the Metropolitan Police, repeating observations which go back to the death of Stephen Lawrence and the New Cross Fire. In April 2011[96] there was a large nonviolent march to Scotland Yard as a result of the death of Smiley Culture, but the event was little reported.[97] The very widespread scale of the violence has prompted comparisons with the Gordon Riots of 1780.[98]

The Sun called the scenes "shameful" and lamented that "[w]ith the London Olympics less than a year away, our reputation is being damaged at the worst moment." It added: "This is anarchy, pure and simple. And it presents a serious threat to life and property."[99]

The Daily Telegraph's editorial said: "What we have experienced in London and elsewhere since Saturday night is a wholly new phenomenon: violent disorder whose sole intent is criminal... In such circumstances, there can be only one response if the law-abiding majority is to be protected: the thugs must be taught to respect the law of the land the hard way."[100]

The Guardian called on the public to back the police: "... Britain's 2011 riots have become a defining contest between disorder and order. In that contest, important caveats notwithstanding, there is only one right side to be on. The attacks, the destruction, the criminality and the reign of fear must be stopped. The rule of law in the cities of Britain must not only be defended against delinquent destruction. It must also be enforced."[101]

In its 9 August leading article, The Independent said the police's handling of Mark Duggan's death "looks to have been poor," and that there is "context of mistrust of the police here." The paper added that "it is spurious to draw a connection between that disaffection [by the inner-city youth] and specific outbreaks of violence of the sort we have seen in recent days."[102]

Peter Hitchens of the Daily Mail, disputed the idea that the events were riots on the basis that they were fundamentally apolitical. He further stated: "This is an equal-opportunity crime wave. The lawbreakers are not from any distinct ethnic group, and attempts to explain this behaviour on these ground are baseless and poisonous."[103]

The psychiatrist and writer Anthony Daniels (pen name Theodore Dalrymple) wrote an article for the New York Daily News where he blamed the "sense of entitlement" that he sees as being common among Britain's youth as a cause for the riots, and claimed that British youth are today among "the most unpleasant and violent in the world" as a result.[104][105]

Some journalists have made comparisons between these riots and the 2005 riots in France.[106][107] In both cases, the unrest started with the death of a young person during a confrontation with the police.[106] In fact, a television report by France 2, broadcast in November 2005, showed a visit by a delegation from Évry (just outside Paris) to Tottenham, with the report calling "Tottenham part of London 'regularly shaken by riots' in earlier decades, where 'a lot of money was invested' and 'the promotion of ethnic minorities,' had been made a priority."[106]

Public

Many people called for the government to urge the police to deploy anti-riot methods often used outside Britain, such as water cannon and baton rounds, the use of which has long been resisted by senior police commanders and politicians.[108][109][110] A third of respondents in a YouGov poll supported the use of 'live bullets'.[111]

'Peace wall' in the Manchester Arndale Centre

Tens of thousands of users of social networking sites coordinated clean-up operations of their local shopping areas and streets. Social media sites Twitter and Facebook were also used for reporting information on the riots and for a voluntary citizens' operation to clear up riot-hit areas, notably via the #RiotCleanUp hashtag, with tens of thousands following the @riotcleanup Twitter account.[112][113][114] In Clapham Junction, dozens of volunteers carrying brooms turned out to assist with clean-up efforts.[115] On Facebook, over 900,000 people joined a group entitled 'Supporting the Met Police against the London rioters'.[116] Many of the looters have not bothered to cover their faces as they raided electrical shops, sports shops and off-licences. Some have even posed for pictures with their haul, posting them on social-networking sites.[117] The Big Community Clean began in to Clapham town after night of looting and violence in a display of public unity and London civic pride on 10 August.[118] At 08:00 on 10 August, Jeremy Myers used Twitter alert to mobilise volunteers in Piccadilly Gardens to clean up there and in Piccadilly Plaza. Manchester City Councillor Pat Karney, the city centre spokesperson for Manchester City Council said: " The true Mancunian civic spirit has been shown in Manchester today.” Staff from city centre businesses and Manchester Metropolitan University joined the volunteers, as food outlets gave out free drinks and snacks.[119]

On 8 August, a woman from Hackney was filmed by a reporter, giving a speech to looters close to the rioting. The resulting Heroine of Hackney video subsequently went viral.[120][121][122] Three men killed in a hit-and-run incident in Birmingham, Haroon Jahan, Shazad Ali, and Abdul Musavir Tariq, have been described as "heroes" for dying while attempting to defend their neighbourhood.[123][124] Tariq Jahan, the father of 21 year-old victim Haroon Jahan, gave a speech appealing for calm and an end to the violence, just hours after his son's death. He has also been "hailed as a hero" for helping to ease tensions in Birmingham.[125][126]

Vigilantism

Some shop owners and locals indicated they wanted to defend their shops and other local property themselves due to a lack of police presence in certain areas. British Muslims grouped together in many areas to protect their businesses and property. On 8 and 9 August, there were instances of people from Muslim communities (Bangladeshi, Kurdish, Pakistani and Turkish) chasing down masked youths in several areas of North and East London, including Green Street, Hackney, Haringey, and Tower Hamlets. Conservative MEP Daniel Hannan praised the British Muslim community for their patriotism.[127][128][129][130][131][132] In Whitechapel, the Islamic Forum of Europe made use of social media to thwart and chase away a large mob of looters.[133]

On 9 August, several other communities did the same, including locals in Enfield,[128] locals and supporters of the football club Millwall in Eltham,[134][135][131] and the Sikh communities in Southall,[128] East Ham, Ilford, and Romford.[136] On Amazon, sales of baseball bats and truncheons increased significantly overnight.[131] While such actions have been compared to vigilantism,[128][131] deputy assistant commissioner Stephen Kavanagh stated: "We are already seeing a community kickback. People are angry. This is their neighbourhoods that are at stake."[131]

Sangat TV and Sikh Channel urged their viewers to protect Sikh temples after a report that one was attacked in Birmingham.[137] On the night of 9–10 August 2011, following violence, arson and rioting in London, members of the Sikh community in Southall volunteered to stand guard at various city Gurdwaras, with as many as 200 to 300 Sikhs of mixed age groups gathered in various Gurudwaras across Southall to safeguard their places of worship from rioters.[138][139]

On 10 August in Eltham, police clashed with a bottle-throwing crowd of about 200 vigilantes, including many English Defence League members.[140] Jack England, the EDL's south-east regional organiser, claimed that 50 EDL members were joining forces with local vigilantes to patrol the streets.[141][142] That same day, a senior police officer said that some vigilante groups were hampering police operations in London.[143]

Benefit cut petition

A petition was submitted to the UK government proposing that any convicted rioters have their benefit payments cut. This petition has been signed by over 200,000 people.[144]

Police

Comment

According to a statement by the Metropolitan Police Service, it was being led by Detective Superintendent John Sweeney of the Metropolitan Police Service, with detectives from the Homicide and Serious Crime Command, specialist investigators from the Public Order Branch, and police support staff.[145]

Assistant Chief Constable Garry Shewan of Greater Manchester police criticised "unprecedented" criminality. On 10 August, he warned: "Hundreds and hundreds of people, we have your image, we have your face, we have your acts of wanton criminality on film."[146]

Operations

The Metropolitan Police Service launched Operation Withern, an investigation into the events leading up to and during the riots.[147][148]

The Deputy Assistant Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police, Steve Kavanagh, has stated that the amount of officers deployed tripled between 6 and 7 August.[149]

Metropolitan Police deputy assistant commissioner Stephen Kavanagh confirmed that police were considering using baton rounds against rioters, not previously used by mainland police in public order operations (though they were first approved for use in England and Wales in 2001).[150]

The Metropolitan Police Service has assigned 450 detectives to hunt for rioters and looters.[151] The list of photographed looters has been made available on their website.[152]

Arrests and charges

As of 15 August, about 3100 people have been arrested, of whom more than 1100 have so far appeared in court.[10]

Justice system

Sentencing guidelines

It has been reported that courts have been advised by senior justice clerks to deal harshly with offences committed during the disturbances.[153] The advice is said to tell the courts that they can ignore existing sentencing guidelines and hand down heavy sentences.[153] David Cameron defended the courts for handing out tough sentences, whilst some Liberal Democrat MPs and civil rights groups criticised some of the sentences being handed down.[154][155][156] Groups of lawyers complained that Crown Prosecutors were opposing bail in more cases than usual.[157]

Sentences passed

Sentences of four years in a Young Offender Institution were given to two men who promoted riots via Facebook. The proposed events in Northwich and Warrington were not attended by any other people.[158][159]

Suggested contributory factors

Main article: Causes of the 2011 England riots

YouGov opinion poll

  Criminal behaviour (42%)
  Gang culture (26%)
  Government cuts (8%)
  Unemployment (5%)
  Racial tensions (5%)
  Poor policing (3%)
  Don't know (5%)
  Other (6%)

A YouGov poll was carried out on the 8–9 August 2011 asking what those surveyed believed to be the main cause of the riots.[160] The results appear in the adjacent sector graph.

Random selection

Death of Mark Duggan

Main article: Death of Mark Duggan

The first riots, in Tottenham, London, started following a peaceful demonstration that was organised after the death of Mark Duggan, who was shot by police on 4 August 2011 during an attempt to arrest him while he was carrying a gun.[183][184] The death is being investigated by the Independent Police Complaints Commission (IPCC) who are not expected to report for several months. It is reported that the IPCC initially implied that the police had first been fired on.[185] Another report on 10 August stated that there was no evidence that a non-police issue weapon found close to the scene had been fired.[186]

Race relations

The riots in Tottenham after the death of Mark Duggan were initially blamed on poor relations between the police and the black community.[187] Professor Gus John from the University of London has argued that stop and search laws have caused resentment of the police in the black community.[188]

Welfare dependence

Max Hastings has blamed a culture of welfare dependence.[189]

Social exclusion

Camila Batmanghelidjh writing in The Independent blames social exclusion and social deprivation.[190] In a House of Commons debate on the riots Home Secretary Theresa May stated that the riots were symptomatic of a "wider malaise" including worklessness, illiteracy, and drug abuse but also stated that "Everybody, no matter what their background or circumstances, has the freedom to choose between right and wrong".[191]

Absent fathers and family breakdown

Christina Odone writing in the Daily Telegraph links the riots to a lack of male role models and argues that "Like the overwhelming majority of youth offenders behind bars, these gang members have one thing in common: no father at home."[192] This has been linked further with England's having the "worst record in family breakdown in Europe".[193]

Spending cuts and economic crisis

The spending cuts of the coalition government in the United Kingdom has also been cited as a cause. Ken Livington, the Labour Candidate for Mayor of London in 2012 has argued that the '‘The economic stagnation and cuts being imposed by the Tory Government inevitably create social division'.[194] The government have stated that despite the riots planned cuts to police budgets will go ahead.[195]

Haringey Borough

The local government budget had been cut in the past year so Haringey Council, which includes Tottenham and Tottenham Hale, had to close eight of its 13 youth clubs in 2011. [196]

Multiculturalism

Russian Senator Mikhail Margelov has blamed a failure of multiculturalism for the riots.[182]

Haringey Borough

Tottenham has a multicultural population, with many ethnic groups inhabiting the area. It contains one of the largest and most significant populations of African-Caribbean people. South Tottenham is reported to be the most ethnically-diverse area in Europe, with up to 300 languages being spoken by its residents.[197]

There have been tensions between African-Caribbean people and the police since (and before) the 1985 Broadwater Farm riot,[30] in which, according to Lammy, the "cracks that already existed between the police and the community became deep fissures".[69]

Unemployment

The recorded number of unemployed people claiming the jobseeker's allowance also rose by 37,100, to 1,560,000 in July.[198]

David Lammy MP has said that Tottenham has the highest unemployment rate in London and the eighth highest in the United Kingdom.[199] The number of people chasing every one job vacancy in Haringey has been put at 23 and 54 in separate reports, and fears had spread of disorder after youth club closures in recent months.[200][201][202]

Incitement to riot

There were reports that the incidents had been incited using a variety of communications media, including BlackBerry Messenger broadcasts.[203][204] Research In Motion (RIM), the maker of the BlackBerry, announced that it was cooperating with police.[205] The Metropolitan Police considered whether to shut down the service in an effort to hamper coordination of rioting.[206]

The police stated that some messages were posted on Twitter that were "inflammatory, inaccurate", and they were considering arresting people for inciting violence.[207][208][209][210][211]

See also

References

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  211. ^ "Scottish youths arrested over Facebook 'riot' messages". BBC News. 9 August 2011. Retrieved 11 August 2011.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2011 riots in England.
External images
image icon Images of the Tottenham riot on 6 August 2011 (BBC)
image icon Map of the Tottenham riot on 6 August 2011 (Google Maps)
image icon Tottenham Riots: Torched houses, cars in London violence aftermath (YouTube)
image icon Damage at Leyton Mills Currys last night (TwitPic)

Media related to 2011 riots in England at Wikimedia Commons 2011 England riots at Wikinews


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